The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three common grips used in four-mallet playing. The three grips were referred to as (a) the Musser grip, (b) the cross stick grip No. 1, and (c) the cross stick grip No. 2. A thorough description (including illustrations) was given for each grip. The evaluation of efficiency was made through research testing, which was conducted by the author. Forty individuals participated in the research testing. Four tests were conducted, and each test had ten participants. The individuals who participated in Tests I, II and III had no previous four-mallet experience. The individuals who participated in Test IV had previous four-mallet experience. The evaluation of the efficiency covered by the four tests was limited to (a) horizontal movement of the outside mallet(s), (b) horizontal movement of the inside mallet(s), and (c) horizontal movement of the hand (s). According to Tests I, II and III, the majority of beginning four-mallet players will find the cross stick grip No. 2 the easiest and most efficient (as far as the three movements which were tested are concerned) of the three grips. However, some individuals (a much smaller percentage) will prefer either the Musser grip or the cross stick grip No. 1. Many beginners will find the Musser grip extremely difficult. A very small percentage of beginning four-mallet students will have poor efficiency using cross stick grip No. 2. According to the results of Test IV, the efficiency of the Musser grip and the cross stick grip No. 2 improve at a faster rate than does the efficiency of the cross stick grip No. 1. The movements tested in this study are extremely important when playing with four mallets. However, this study was limited to the testing of three types of horizontal movements and, therefore, did not cover all the aspects of four-mallet playing. Because all factors were not included in this study, no one grip was proven to be ultimately the "'best." Each individual four-mallet player must decide for himself which grip is best suited for his particular needs. The findings of this study should aid in making that decision.

No abstract available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

In 1995 Charles Timothy Sivils completed his study, "Notable Percussion Excerpts of the Twentieth Century Wind-Band Literature." Sivils' intention was to create a formal list of percussion excerpts from substantial, originally composed wind-band literature that could supplement the study of orchestral excerpts. However, because of the continuingly increasing amount of literature being written and published for wind-bands, Sivils' original list no longer reflects recent or current trends in percussion writing for the wind-band. The objective of this study is to expand upon Sivils' excerpt list.The parameters outlined in Sivils' document have been adopted for this study with only minor adjustments. This paper will examine only the following wind-band compositions: (1) Compositions written between 1980 and 2005; (2) Compositions generally considered part of the standard wind-band repertoire; (3) Compositions originally conceived for the wind-band; (4) Compositions which do not feature a soloist in a concerto format; (5) compositions that are considered "concert marches" or movements entitled "March" from a multi-movement work.To provide the author with a body of information from which to start the research, a survey was sent to approximately forty wind-band conductors and percussionists throughout the United States asking them to list pieces, following the parameters previously outlined, from the wind-band repertoire that they feel contain the most significant percussion excerpts. Thirty-eight percent of those surveyed responded. Twenty-four of the suggested works were included in this study, creating a combined list of seventy-six excerpts from this and Sivils' document.Through the use of music notation software, a portion of each part has been reproduced as it appears in the original score. No attempt has been made to correct misprints or improve upon the composer's original notation. The excerpts have been formatted to create a single practicable part that contains all of the concerns discussed in the preceding pages. As with Sivils' study, a major component of this project has been to make the performer aware of these excerpts and to give insights into their performance. / School of Music

Note:

Žinant netradicinių mušamųjų instrumentų klasifikaciją ir jų panaudojimo galimybes neformaliame ugdyme, pedagogams ir būsimiems muzikantams bus lengviau pateikti ir perprasti mokomąją medžiagą, improvizuoti grojant bei lavinti kūrybiškumą, pasirinkti ar pasigaminti patį instrumentą. Bakalauro darbe analizuojami netradiciniai mušamieji instrumentai ir jų panaudojimo galimybės neformaliame ugdyme. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti netradicinius mušamuosius instrumentus ir atskleisti jų panaudojimo galimybes ugdant muzikantus. Tikslui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1) pateikti netradicinių mušamųjų instrumentų apibūdinimą; 2) klasifikuoti netradicinius mušamuosius instrumentus; 3) įvardinti netradicinių mušamųjų instrumentų naudojimo muzikinėje praktikoje ypatumus; 4) aprašyti netradicinių mušamųjų instrumentų panaudojimo galimybes neformaliame ugdyme; 5) surengti meninį projektą, paremtą teorine bakalauro darbo dalimi. Darbe naudojami tyrimo metodai: literatūros šaltinių vertimas, analizė ir interpretavimas; asmenines muzikines patirties apibendrinimas. Tyrimo metu išanalizuota literatūra aktualia tema, apibūdinti ir klasifikuoti netradiciniai mušamieji, pateiktos šių instrumentų panaudojimo neformaliame ugdyme galimybės. Norint pademonstruoti netradicinų mušamųjų instrumentų naudojimo ypatybes, išnagrinėtas teorinėje darbo dalyje, surengtas meninis projektas. Koncerte demonstruota dalis netradicinių mušamųjų instrumentų, atlikti kūriniai, kurie atskleidžia jų naudojimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Untraditional percussion instruments, their purpose of use and classification in non-formal education: this research is for educators and future musicians who want to present and comprehend the training material, to improvise during lectures and increase creativity in their students. Percussion instruments ant their use in non-formal education is analysed in this thesis. Research purpose: to analyze the unconditional percussion instruments and to define their usage in educating musicians. The targets for reaching the goal are as follows: 1. To present the description of the unconditional instruments. 2. To classify the unconditional percussion instruments. 3. To name the features of unconditional percussion instruments usage in musical practice. 4. To describe the options of use of the unconditional percussion instruments in non – formal education. Research methods used in the thesis: analysis of the literature sources, analysis and interpretation of the sheet music, description of personal experience. During this research, the topical literature of unconditional percussion instruments was analyzed, described and classified. An artistic project was arranged in order to demonstrate the internals of the instruments. During the project, several pieces were performed by percussion insrumentalists to reveal the instruments purpose of use.

Diss.--Tübingen, 1999. / Glossaire p. 577-585. Bibliogr. p. 586-598. Index.

This work is concerned with the numerical simulation of percussion instruments based on physical principles. Three novel modular environments for sound synthesis are presented: a system composed of various plates vibrating under nonlinear conditions, a model for a nonlinear double membrane drum and a snare drum. All are embedded in a 3D acoustic environment. The approach adopted is based on the finite difference method, and extends recent results in the field. Starting from simple models, the modular instruments can be created by combining different components in order to obtain virtual environments with increasing complexity. The resulting numerical codes can be used by composers and musicians to create music by specifying the parameters and a score for the systems. Stability is a major concern in numerical simulation. In this work, energy techniques are employed in order to guarantee the stability of the numerical schemes for the virtual instruments, by imposing suitable coupling conditions between the various components of the system. Before presenting the virtual instruments, the various components are individually analysed. Plates are the main elements of the multiple plate system, and they represent the first approximation to the simulation of gongs and cymbals. Similarly to plates, membranes are important in the simulation of drums. Linear and nonlinear plate/membrane vibration is thus the starting point of this work. An important aspect of percussion instruments is the modelling of collisions. A novel approach based on penalty methods is adopted here to describe lumped collisions with a mallet and distributed collisions with a string in the case of a membrane. Another point discussed in the present work is the coupling between 2D structures like plates and membranes with the 3D acoustic field, in order to obtain an integrated system. It is demonstrated how the air coupling can be implemented when nonlinearities and collisions are present. Finally, some attention is devoted to the experimental validation of the numerical simulation in the case of tom tom drums. Preliminary results comparing different types of nonlinear models for membrane vibration are presented.

Orientadores: Jônatas Manzolli, Fernando Augusto de Almeida Hashimoto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:36:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_CleberdaSilveira_D.pdf: 5383709 bytes, checksum: 9fbbd1f6fb089fb64097a7c772db5d62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Dentro da linha de pesquisa de processos criativos voltados à composição e à improvisação por meios acústicos e tecnológicos, a Tese apresenta um estudo focado na aplicação de processos graduais e recursivos para gerar estruturas musicais no contexto da percussão mediada por suporte tecnológico. Do repertório para percussão vinculada à noção de Processo Gradual, conceito criado por Reich (1968), extraíram-se Modelos para Processos Criativos em Percussão (MPCP). O estudo pormenorizado desses modelos permitiu a articulação de nuances, detalhes e diferenças existentes nos processos graduais aplicados à percussão, aqui representada pelo instrumento africano Djembê. O processamento computacional permitiu identificar, organizar, controlar e expandir as diferenças presentes nas estruturas sonoras através da criação de uma Taxonomia de Gestos Musicais Interpretativos (TGMI). Analisou-se o espectrograma para medir as frequências características e as durações das ressonâncias do Djembê. Tais medições, relacionadas às características físicas e geométricas do instrumento e com a parametrização da TGMI, nortearam o desenvolvimento de processos de interação musical. Adotaram-se, ainda, outros dois componentes na metodologia de pesquisa: 1) Modelagem sonora pré-composicional em que amostras sonoras do Djembê foram gravadas, analisadas e relacionadas às possibilidades de controle por computador - procedimento realizado em tempo diferido. O processo de análise foi conduzido à aplicação sistemática dos MPCP em Estudos Recursivos para Improvisação em Tempo Real; 2) Oficinas de criação em que foram relacionados ciclos musicais aplicados ao Djembê e manipulados pela improvisação via programação em Pure Data (PD), em tempo real. Ao final, concluiu-se que o conceito de Processo Gradual de Reich, relacionado aos instrumentos de percussão, foi ampliado com a TGMI desenvolvida durante a pesquisa. O processamento computacional vinculado a recursividade permitiram a manipulação de nuances sonoras encontradas nas oficinas, que produziram novos modelos timbrístico texturais no contexto da performance musical mediada por processos tecnológicos / Abstract: This Thesis presents a research on creative processes focusing composition and improvisation with percussion instruments and technology. It is a study on an application of Music Gradual Processes and recursive structures to musical improvisation. More specifically, it studies works composed for percussion based on the notion of Gradual Process, a concept created by Reich (1968), and extract from them Models for Creative Processes in Percussion (MPCP). The detailed study of these models brought up the possibility of articulating the nuances, details, variations on gradual processes applied to percussion. Further, we apply these models in compositional studies for the African percussion instrument - Djembe. The recursive models enabled to organize, control and expand the variation sound structures through the development of a methodology for a Taxonomy of Interpretive Musical Gestures (TGMI) of the Djembe. We analyzed the spectrogram to measure characteristic frequencies and durations of resonances produced by the Djembe. Such quantitative measures, which are related to the physical and geometrical characteristics of this instrument, enabled musical interaction in real time. In addition to this quantitative analysis, research methodology was based on two other components: 1) Workshops where the Djembe sound samples were recorded, analyzed and related to control via digital technology - procedure performed off-line; 2) Workshops in which they were created music cycles applied to African percussion instruments and manipulated through improvisation, used to generate melodic textural profiles programmatically in Pure Data (PD), a procedure performed in real time. Then the analysis was conducted to a systematic development of recursive MPCP Studies for Improvisation in real time. The Thesis conclusion point out to: Reich's Gradual Process concept, related exclusively with percussion instruments, has been expanded with the TGMI and computer processing enabled creation of new models for timbre and textural improvisation and for studying musical performance mediated by digital technology / Doutorado / Processos Criativos / Doutor em Música

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Music.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-22T13:52:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarina Percinio Moreira da Silva - 2014.pdf: 2567916 bytes, checksum: 7d57702d8817541950ad1cf158d3faea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-28T11:25:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarina Percinio Moreira da Silva - 2014.pdf: 2567916 bytes, checksum: 7d57702d8817541950ad1cf158d3faea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-28T11:25:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarina Percinio Moreira da Silva - 2014.pdf: 2567916 bytes, checksum: 7d57702d8817541950ad1cf158d3faea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research is organized into two sections: (A) Artistic Production and (B) Article. The first presents the repertoire and program notes, the final recital – held on April 25th, two thousand and fourteen, and the first recital – runs on September 6th, two thousand and Thirteen. The final recital exclusively presents premieres of this research composers, while the qualification recital was developed entirely with the resulting pieces of lifting repertoire for percussion marginalized instruments. Section B presents the paper, which discusses the experience of a collaborative process between performer-composer in the creation of seven new works for solo percussion. Initially, the theoretical apparatus of collaboration is exposed, sectioning the material raised on four types of approach to collaborative relationship. Then we discuss the choice of instruments and the use of marginalized experimental technique to realization of new compositions, expressing an aesthetic preference that agree Cagean thought that all sound is equally valid, and consequently that any object is likely to be the focus of a solo composition. The second part of the article deals with Call for new works for percussion. Initially displays the call on your part, drawn from the understanding gained in the bibliographical survey about collaborative relationship; then explains the process of selection of participants composers and finally lists with data on each of the seven compositions written for this research, using the following instruments: bass drum, tinplate, geophone, gongs Beijing, lion's roar, tambourine and bass drum. As a result of the registration of all the stages of relationship with composers, the third part of the article presents some examples of influences inherent in the collaborative authoring process, and this binding element in the exchange of information between collaborative pair of scores to specific passages. Attachments as well follow the scores of works, the process of collaboration, recorded in detail over the various stages of the proceedings including documents, emails and records exchanged between the performer and composers. / Este trabalho está organizado em duas seções: (A) Produção Artística e (B) Artigo. A primeira apresenta o repertório e notas de programa, do recital de defesa – realizado dia vinte e cinco de abril de dois mil e quatorze, e do recital de qualificação – executado em seis de setembro de dois mil e treze. O recital de defesa apresenta exclusivamente peças inéditas de alguns dos compositores que colaboraram com esta pesquisa, enquanto que o recital de qualificação foi elaborado inteiramente com as peças advindas do levantamento de repertório para instrumentos de percussão marginalizados. A seção B apresenta o artigo, que discute, detalha e registra a vivência de um processo de colaboração performer-compositor para criação de sete novas obras para percussão solo. Inicialmente, o aparato teórico sobre colaboração é exposto, seccionando o material levantado em quatro tipos de abordagem sobre a relação colaborativa. Em seguida, discute-se a escolha de instrumentos marginalizados e a utilização de uma abordagem técnica experimental, para realização das novas composições, explicitando uma preferência estética que vai ao encontro do pensamento cageano de que todo som é igualmente válido, e consequentemente, que qualquer objeto é passível de ser foco de uma composição solo. A segunda parte do artigo trata da Chamada para novas obras para percussão. Inicialmente apresenta a chamada em sua íntegra, elaborada a partir da compreensão adquirida no levantamento bibliográfico a respeito de relação colaborativa; depois explica o processo de seleção dos compositores participantes; e finalmente apresenta uma lista com dados sobre cada uma das sete composições escritas para esta pesquisa, utilizando os seguintes instrumentos: bumbo, folha de flandres, geofone, gongos de Pequim, rugido de leão, tamborim e zabumba. Como resultado do registro de todas as etapas de relação com os compositores, a terceira parte do artigo apresenta alguns exemplos de influências inerentes ao processo de criação colaborativa, e para tal vincula elementos da troca de informação entre o par colaborativo a trechos específicos das partituras. Como anexos seguem além das partituras das obras, a documentação do processo de colaboração, registrado em detalhes ao longo dos diversos momentos do processo, entre os quais, e-mails e gravações trocados entre a performer e os compositores.