Die Arbeit widmet sich der Einsatzplanung von Luftfahrzeugen (LFZ) und fokussiert dabei auf die herausfordernde Thematik des Verschleißes, der zu einer Heterogenität in der Brennstoffeffizienz innerhalb der Flotte führt. Dieser heterogene Effekt wird durch den sogenannten 'Performance Factor' (PF) quantifiziert, der den Verbrauch im Vergleich zu einem nicht verschleißbehafteten Referenz-LFZ adjustiert. Trotz der nachgewiesenen Auswirkungen auf die Effizienz wird der PF bisher in der Einsatzplanung weitgehend vernachlässigt. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit besteht in der systematischen Untersuchung des Potenzials zur Reduzierung des Brennstoffbedarfs und der damit verbundenen CO2-Emissionen durch eine effizienzorientierte Einsatzplanung mittels Berücksichtigung des PF. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein taktisches Modell, das sogenannte 'TARP-Modell,' entwickelt. Es ermöglicht eine integrierte Lösung der Phasen des Aircraft Routings und des Tail Assignments, wodurch individuelle Flugdurchführungskosten unter Berücksichtigung der Heterogenität der Flüge und der PF-Verteilung in der Flotte ermittelt werden können. Die erzielten Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass eine effizienzorientierte Einsatzplanung eine Senkung der Brennstoffkosten um etwa 0,25% bis 0,5% ermöglicht. Selbst bei unvorhergesehenen Flugplanstörungen und der vermehrten Nutzung von sogenannten Aircraft Swaps (TARP-R-Modell) bleibt das Potenzial weitestgehend erhalten, sofern der PF angemessen in die Entscheidungsfindung integriert wird. Es ist jedoch zu beachten, dass das Potenzial mit zunehmender Komplexität in der Flug- und LFZ-Zuordnung durch verstärkte Restriktionen abnehmen kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet somit einen Beitrag zur Ressourcenschonung und zur Verringerung der Klimawirksamkeit des Luftverkehrs. Es ist anzunehmen, dass zukünftige technologische Fortschritte im Bereich des digitalen Zwillings die Berechnung des PF noch präziser gestalten werden, wodurch dessen Bedeutung sowohl wissenschaftlich als auch operationell weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen dürfte. / The thesis is dedicated to the aircraft rotation and assignment and focuses on the challenging issue of aircraft performance degradation, which leads to heterogeneity in fuel efficiency within the fleet. This heterogeneous effect is quantified by the so-called 'Performance Factor' (PF), which adjusts fuel consumption in comparison to a non-worn reference aircraft. Despite its proven impact on efficiency, the PF has largely been disregarded in aircraft planning practices. The main objective of this research is to systematically investigate the potential for reducing fuel consumption and associated CO2 emissions through an efficiency-oriented aircraft planning approach, incorporating consideration of the PF. To achieve this goal, a tactical model, referred to as the 'TARP model,' is developed. The model facilitates an integrated solution to the aircraft routing and tail assignment phases, enabling the determination of individual flight execution costs while accounting for the heterogeneity of flights and PF distribution in the fleet. The results obtained underscore that an efficiency-oriented aircraft planning approach can yield a reduction in fuel costs of approximately 0.25% to 0.5%. Even in the presence of unforeseen flight schedule disruptions and increased utilization of aircraft swaps (TARP-R model), the potential remains largely preserved, provided the PF is adequately integrated into the decision-making process. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the potential may diminish with growing complexity in flight and aircraft assignment, stemming from heightened restrictions. Consequently, this study contributes to resource conservation and the mitigation of the aviation industry's climate impact. Anticipated advancements in digital twin technologies are expected to further refine PF calculations, enhancing its significance both from a scientific and operational standpoint.

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Le sujet de cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des systèmes tolérants aux défauts sous contraintes avec prise en considération de la dégradation des performances. L'objectif principal de ce travail consiste à considérer la gestion des références comme une partie intégrante du système de commande tolérant aux défauts. Dans la littérature, la plupart des méthodes actives de tolérance aux défauts supposent que le recouvrement du système nominal est toujours possible et que les performances nominales sont toujours atteignables. Cette condition est peu réaliste dans la pratique puisque plusieurs éléments empêchent le système reconfiguré de revenir à son mode de fonctionnement nominal. Dans le domaine industriel, l'ensemble des contraintes du système est un handicap majeur qui limite le fonctionnement nominal d'un système à des plages fonctionnelles bien définies. Ces plages fonctionnelles sont énormément réduites après l'apparition de certains défauts dits sévères et qui affectent généralement les actionneurs. Par conséquent, cette hypothèse de recouvrement des performances nominales dans le cas des systèmes sous contraintes limite l'ensemble des défauts traités par ces méthodes classiques à quelques défauts dits mineurs. Afin de remédier a ce problème, une architecture de reconfiguration structurée en deux niveaux est proposée. Le premier concerne les algorithmes classiques de reconfiguration en agissant sur un contrôleur reconfigurable, et le deuxième agit sur le module de gestion des références conçu à base d'un gouverneur de référence avec offset. La connaissance exacte du modèle en post-défaut nécessite un système de détection et diagnostic de défaut qui permet d'estimer l'amplitude de défaut, ce qui conduit à la synthèse d'un observateur adaptatif d'estimation de défaut à base de LMI. Afin de synchroniser le déroulement du processus FTC, deux indices ont été conçus. Le premier indice porte sur le mécanisme de décision permettant de sélectionner le/les niveau(x) de reconfiguration nécessaire(s) à l'accommodation du défaut. Le deuxième indice permet d'évaluer le niveau de dégradation du système « post-défaut ». Une dégradation de performance est toujours admise tant que les consignes de sécurité sont respectées / The subject of this thesis is part of fault tolerant control systems under constraints with consideration of performance degradation. The main objective of this work is to consider the reference management as an integral part of the fault tolerant control system. In the literature, the most active methods of fault tolerance imply that recovery of the nominal system is always possible and that performance ratings are still achievable. This requirement is unrealistic in practice because several factors prevent the system reconfigured back to its nominal operating mode. In industry, the set of system constraints is a major problem which limits the nominal operating of the system to defined functional ranges. These functional ranges are reduced dramatically after the occurrence of some faults known as severe faults that generally affect the capacity of actuators. Therefore, this assumption of nominal performance recovery in the case of systems under constraints limits the set of faults treated with these conventional methods to a few minor faults. To remedy this problem, architecture of reconfiguration structured in two levels is proposed. The first level concerns the conventional reconfiguration algorithms acting on a reconfigurable controller, and the second acts on the module of reference management based on a reference-offset governor. The exact knowledge of the post-fault model requires a fault detection and diagnosis system to estimate the magnitude of fault, which led to the synthesis of an adaptive observer based LMI for estimating fault. To synchronize the FTC process flow, two indices have been designed. The first index refers to the decision mechanism for selecting the reconfiguration level required for the accommodation of the fault. The second index used to evaluate the level of the degradation of the system "post-fault". The performance degradation is still allowed as long as safety instructions are respected

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the main causes of control loop performance degradation are the oscillations, which have a negative effect on the performance of these loops and may force the plant to operate at less than optimal conditions. One of the fundamental steps for the evaluation of industrial control loop performance is the detection and diagnosis of these oscillations, also motivated by the growing emphasis on security and earnings capacity of the installations. This paper uses wavelet analysis combined with other signal analysis techniques such as the autocorrelation function and the Granger Causality, to make the complete diagnosis of oscillations in control loops processes. Numerical test simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. First, the techniques are used for the diagnosis of a simple control loop in the format of internal model control. After, the methods are applied in a catalytic cracking unit operating under model predictive control (MPC). The results show the potentiality of the proposed methodology to real applications. / Uma das principais causas da degradação do desempenho em malhas de controle são as oscilações, as quais têm um efeito negativo sobre o desempenho dessas malhas e pode forçar a planta a operar em condições abaixo do ideal. Um dos passos fundamentais para a avaliação do desempenho de malhas de controle industriais são a detecção e diagnóstico dessas oscilações, motivados também pela crescente ênfase na segurança e capacidade de lucro das instalações. O presente trabalho usa a análise de Wavelet combinada com outras técnicas de análise de sinais, tais como a Função de Autocorrelação e a Causalidade de Granger, para fazer o diagnóstico completo de oscilações em malhas de controle de processos. Testes de simulações numéricas são apresentados para demonstrar a eficácia da metodologia proposta. Primeiramente, as técnicas são utilizadas para o diagnóstico de uma malha de controle simples no formato de controle por modelo interno. Posteriormente, os métodos são aplicados numa unidade de craqueamento catalítico operando sob controle preditivo (MPC). Os resultados obtidos mostram a potencialidade da metodologia proposta para aplicações reais.

The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledgebase regarding the technical lifetime of radio circuit boards. The purpose is to create opportunities to facilitate the design of products that live up to the customers' requirements and to Ericsson's sustainable responsibility goals. The problem at hand was to look for the average temperature that has contribiuted to the performance degradation of circuit boards used in the field. The method was to measure the performance degradation of capacitors used in a power distribution function on the circuit board and combining those values with the time the circuit board has been in operation, to derive the average operation temperature with the help of the Arrhenius equation. The radio circuit board used in the field showed signs of performance degradation that could be interpreted as having reached the end of its technical lifetime after being used for 31 800 hours (3,6 years) at an average temperature of 78 °C to 79 °C. For it to be possible to interpret the temperature results of the unit used in the field, the three parameters: measured performance degradation, time of operation and average temperature at that time, had to be collected. All three parameters are key when evaluating technical lifetime since they need to be interpreted in relation to each other. The temperature results exists in a thermodynamic system that includes the capacitors, circuit board, the temperature of the surrounding environment, and the global climate. The temperature results and the measured performance degradation is a consequence of how the radio was operated, which is linked to the desired performance it was designed for. The radio circuit boards are also designed to comply with customers' requirements and the requirements based in the companys's sustainability responsibility goals. It is likely that the desired performance of radios in the future needs to be balanced with the company's sustainability responisibility goals, and the temperatures created as an effect of climate change. / Målet med detta examensarbete var att öka kunskapen om radiokretskorts tekniska livslängd. Syftet var att skapa möjligheter att främja utveckling av produkter som möter kunders krav samt de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullt företagande. Problemformuleringen består av att söka efter medeltemperaturen som har bidragit till den prestandadegradering som lett till att kretskort i fält nått slutet på sin tekniska livslängd. Metoden som användes för att kunna härleda medeltemperaturen under drift var att mäta prestandadegraderingen hos kondensatorer som används i en specifik kraftfördelningsfunktion på radiokretskort och kombinera dessa mätvärden med tiden kretskortet varit i drift. Tiden och temperaturen härleddes med hjälp av Arrhenius ekvation. Den radiokretskortsenhet som användes i fält kan tolkas ha nått slutet på sin tekniska livslängd efter 31 800 timmar (3,6 år) och under tiden i drift haft medeltemperaturen på ungefär 78 °C till 79 °C. För att det skulle vara möjligt att tolka temperaturresultatet för radiokretskortet som användes i fält behövde följande tre parameterar samlas in: uppmätt prestandadegradering, tiden som radiokretskortet varit i drift samt medeltemperaturen under driftstiden. Samtliga tre parameterar behöver analyseras i relation till varandra när den tekniska livslängden ska utvärderas. Temperaturresultatet existerar i ett termodynamiskt system som består av kondensatorerna, krestkortet, temperaturen i den omkringliggande miljön samt det globala klimatsystemet. Temperaturresultatet och den uppmätta prestandadegraderingen är en konsekvens av hur radion har använts och är länkat till den den prestanda radion är designad för. Radiokretskorten är också designade för att följa kundernas krav och de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbarhet och ansvarsfullt företagande. Det är sannolikt att den önskade prestandan hos radioprodukter i framtiden behöver balanseras med de krav som följer av Ericssons strategi för hållbart företagande samt de temperaturer som skapas som konsekvens av klimatförändringarna.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence de la recharge rapide sur le vieillissement des batteries lithium, et son impact sur les performances des véhicules électriques dans le cadre d’une utilisation postale. La première partie est consacrée à la modélisation de batteries lithium par un modèle à circuit électriques équivalent, dont les paramètres sont identifiables par des tests de caractérisation linéaires. La deuxième partie est dédiée à l’étude du vieillissement, et abouti sur un estimateur de vieillissement par l’exploitation des données des tests de vieillissement accélérés. Ensuite, l’utilisation postale est étudiée, et un profil de courant représentatif de la sollicitation réelle de la batterie est proposé. Ce dernier a permis de valider le modèle de la batterie dans le domaine de l’utilisation postale. Ensuite un modèle de véhicules électriques est présenté, il intègre le modèle de batterie, tout en le faisant vieillir en utilisant l’estimateur de vieillissement. Enfin, les différentes stratégies de recharges possibles sont énumérées et comparées. Pour conclure sur leurs influences sur le vieillissement des batteries, et donc les performances de véhicules. / This thesis aims to study the influence of fast charging on the aging of lithium batteries, and its impact on the performances of electric vehicles as part of a postal use. The first part is devoted to the modeling of lithium batteries with an equivalent electric circuit model, whose parameters could be identified using linear characterization tests. The second part is dedicated to the study of aging, and results in an aging estimator using data collected from accelerated aging tests programs. Then the postal usage is studied, and a power profile representative of the actual load on the battery is provided. The latter was used to validate the model of the battery in the field of postal use. Then the postal use is studied, and a current profile representative of the real behavior of the battery is provided. This profile was used to validate the model of the battery in the postal use domain. Then a model of electric vehicles is presented, it integrates the battery model, which can simulates the aging state of the battery using the ageing estimator. Finally, the various possible strategies of recharge are listed and compared, which leads to conclusions about their influences on aging of batteries, and the vehicles performance.