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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Sobrecarga de sal durante a gestação: efeito sobre o sistema renina angiotensiva sistêmico e renal da prole adulta de ratos Wistar / Salt overload during perinatal life: effect on the systemic and local renin-angiotensin system in adult offspring Wistar rats

Ramos, Débora Rothstein 31 August 2011 (has links)
O aporte de nutrientes ingerido pela mãe durante a gestação e o transporte dos nutrientes da placenta para o feto são essenciais para o crescimento fetal. A sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação tem demonstrado ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela hipertensão na vida adulta da prole. Um estudo anterior em nosso laboratório demonstrou que além do aumento da pressão arterial, o sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) da prole de mães que receberam sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação e lactação, não respondeu adequadamente em resposta a um teste com dieta hipersódica. O SRA é importante para a homeostase e a manutenção de eletrólitos no organismo. As enzimas ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS) interagem com o SRA. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação no SRA renal e sistêmico, COX-2 e nNOS da prole ao nascimento e na idade adulta. O grupo materno também foi investigado. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com dieta normossódica (NS) ou hipersódica (HS) durante a gestação. Foram divididos em dois grupos: no primeiro grupo, foram estudados a mãe e o recém-nascido e no segundo grupo, a dieta foi trocada para NS ao nascimento independente da dieta materna e a prole masculina avaliada com 12 semanas de vida. A pressão arterial caudal (tcBP) foi medida na prole adulta e no grupo materno. Atividade da renina renal e plasmática, aldosterona sérica, expressão gênica da renina renal, COX-2, nNOS foram analisadas no rim da mãe, recém-nascido e na prole adulta avaliada após a administração de dieta NS, hipossódica (LS) ou hipersódica (HS) por 7 dias. A dieta hipersódica durante a gestação induziu: 1-) no grupo materno: maior pressão arterial e expressão protéica da COX-2 na medula renal, e diminuição da atividade da renina plasmática e renal e a aldosterona sérica; 2-) no grupo neonato: menor expressão do mRNA da COX-2 mRNA e maior expressão protéica de nNOS nos rins, e nenhuma diferença foi observada na aldosterona sérica, na atividade plasmática, renal, e expressão gênica da renina renal 3-) na prole adulta: a menor expressão gênica do mRNA de renina, atividade da renina plasmática e aldosterona sérica, maior atividade da renina renal, maior expressão gênica e protéica da COX-2 na medula renal e menor expressão gênica da nNOS no córtex renal. Foi observada uma resposta exacerbada da atividade da renina plasmática e renal após a administração das dietas HO ou HR. Em conclusão, a sobrecarga de sódio materna induz a ativação do SRA e da COX-2 na medula renal na prole adulta, tornando-as mais sensíveis ao sal. Essas características foram herdadas de fenótipo materno / Maternal nutrient intake and its transportation from the placenta to the fetus are essential for fetal growth during pregnancy. The sodium overload during pregnancy has been shown to be one of the factors responsible for hypertension and disturbance of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in adulthood offspring. The RAS is important for homeostasis and maintenance of electrolytes in the body. The enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) interact with RAS, especially in renin release. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of maternal sodium overload during pregnancy on renal and systemic RAS, COX-2 and nNOS of offspring at birth and in adult age. A mother group was also investigated. For this, female Wistar rats were fed normossódica (NS) or hipersódica (HS) diet during pregnancy. It was divided in two groups: as soon as offspring´s birth one group was euthanized and studied the mother and new born. In second group, the diet was changed to NS diet independent of maternal diet after mother delivered and male offspring was studied at twelve weeks old. The tail cuff blood pressure (tcBP) of offspring and maternal group were evaluated. Plasma and renal renin activity, plasma aldosterone, gene expression of renal renin, COX-2, nNOS of mother, newborn and adult offspring were evaluated. The adult offspring RAS was evaluated after fed NS (control), low sodium (LS) or high sodium (HS) for 7 days. The high salt diet during pregnancy induced in 1) mother group: increased blood pressure and protein expression of COX-2 in renal medulla, and decreased plasma and renal renin activity and serum aldosterone. 2) newborn group: decreased gene expression of COX-2 mRNA and increased protein expression of nNOS in the kidney, and any difference was observed in serum aldosterone and plasma or renal renin activity or gene expression 3) adult offspring group: reduced gene expression of renin mRNA, plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone and increased renal renin. Also, increased gene and protein expression of COX-2 in the renal medulla and decreased nNOS gene expression in renal cortex. An exacerbated response of plasma or renal renin activity was observed after RAS stimulation or inhibition. In conclusion the maternal sodium overload induces an exacerbated response of the RAS and COX-2 activation in renal medulla in adult offspring. These characteristics were inherited from maternal phenotype
2

Programmation métabolique par l’environnement périnatal et profils hypothalamiques des microARNs chez le rat / Metabolic programming by perinatal environment and hypothalamic microRNA profiles in rats

Benoit, Charlotte 20 November 2012 (has links)
Les maladies métaboliques telles que l’obésité ou le diabète de type 2 sont multifactorielles et multigéniques. Ces dernières décennies, la prévalence de ces pathologies notamment chez les enfants et les jeunes adultes a drastiquement augmenté, désignant ainsi l’environnement comme un élément-clé de ces pathologies. Ainsi, un environnement métabolique et/ou endocrinien déséquilibré pendant les périodes de gestation et/ou lactation prédispose la descendance à certaines pathologies à l’âge adulte. Ces phénotypes sont souvent associés, dans l’hypothalamus, structure impliquée dans la régulation de l’homéostasie énergétique, à des modifications de l’expression d’ARNm ou de protéines. Les microARNs (miARNs), régulateurs post-transcriptionnels majeurs, apparaissent donc comme des candidats intéressants pour l’exploration des mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant les dysfonctionnements hypothalamiques. Le but du ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser le phénotype ainsi que le profil hypothalamique d’expression des miARNs chez des rats adultes nés et/ou allaités dans deux contextes différents de programmation métabolique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les conséquences à long-terme du blocage de la leptine postnatale, hormone contrôlant la mise en place du métabolisme et l’établissement de connexions hypothalamiques. Les rats traités avec un antagoniste de la leptine présentent un surpoids quel que soit le régime (normal ou hyperlipidique). Ces animaux présentent des signes de résistance à l’insuline dès le sevrage. Leur profil hypothalamique d’expression des microARNs est modifié notamment en ce qui concerne l’expression de certains miARNs associés à l’insulino-résistance périphérique. Dans un second temps nous avons étudié l’impact d’un régime maternel hyperlipidique. Ce régime maternel induit un moindre poids chez la descendance dès le deuxième jour postnatal. A l’âge adulte, les mâles présentent une sensibilité normale à l’insuline et à la leptine et ne sont pas prédisposés au surpoids lorsqu’ils sont soumis à un régime hyperlipidique. Les femelles présentent le même phénotype associé à une meilleure tolérance au glucose. Nous avons étudié le profil d’expression des miARNs dans les noyaux arqué et paraventriculaire de l’hypothalamus des mâles. L’expression de certains miARNs abondants est modulée chez les animaux nés de mères soumises au régime hyperlipidique. Les travaux de cette thèse ouvrent la voie à une étude systématique des profils hypothalamiques d’expression des miARNs dans un contexte de programmations métaboliques diverses. / Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the incidence of metabolic diseases in adults such as hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and the metabolic syndrome is markedly increased when maternal nutrition is altered at critical periods of foetal development. Numerous studies in humans and rodents have demonstrated the importance of the perinatal environment in metabolic programming. Thus, a metabolic or endocrine unbalanced environment predisposes offspring to various metabolic diseases in adulthood. These phenotypes are often associated with changes in mRNA or protein expression in the hypothalamus, a central structure involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) appear as attractive candidates for exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypothalamic dysfunction observed during metabolic programming. The aim of my project was to characterize the phenotype and the hypothalamic profile of miRNAs in the adult offspring in two contexts of metabolic programming. First, we studied the long-term consequences of early postnatal leptin blockade, a hormone described to be involved in the establishment of metabolism and hypothalamic connections. Rats treated with a leptin antagonist exhibit overweight (under chow and high-fat diet) and are also subjected to insulin resistance. As signs of insulin resistance appeared as soon as weaning, we analyzed at this age by microarray the hypothalamic miRNAs expression profile which reveals modification of hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern including miRNAs previously linked to peripheral insulin-résistance. In the second part of my thesis, we have demonstrated that a maternal high-fat diet induced a lower weight in the offspring from the second postnatal day. In adulthood, these animals exhibit similar insulin and leptin sensitivities as compared to controls and are not predisposed to overweight when exposed to a high fat diet. This phenotype is associated with changes in the miRNA expression profile in arcuate and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. In conclusion, we show for the first time that metabolic programming is associated with altered hypothalamic expression of miRNAs, which could contribute, at least partially, to the establishment of the offspring phenotype.
3

Sobrecarga de sal durante a gestação: efeito sobre o sistema renina angiotensiva sistêmico e renal da prole adulta de ratos Wistar / Salt overload during perinatal life: effect on the systemic and local renin-angiotensin system in adult offspring Wistar rats

Débora Rothstein Ramos 31 August 2011 (has links)
O aporte de nutrientes ingerido pela mãe durante a gestação e o transporte dos nutrientes da placenta para o feto são essenciais para o crescimento fetal. A sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação tem demonstrado ser um dos fatores responsáveis pela hipertensão na vida adulta da prole. Um estudo anterior em nosso laboratório demonstrou que além do aumento da pressão arterial, o sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) da prole de mães que receberam sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação e lactação, não respondeu adequadamente em resposta a um teste com dieta hipersódica. O SRA é importante para a homeostase e a manutenção de eletrólitos no organismo. As enzimas ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS) interagem com o SRA. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga de sódio durante a gestação no SRA renal e sistêmico, COX-2 e nNOS da prole ao nascimento e na idade adulta. O grupo materno também foi investigado. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com dieta normossódica (NS) ou hipersódica (HS) durante a gestação. Foram divididos em dois grupos: no primeiro grupo, foram estudados a mãe e o recém-nascido e no segundo grupo, a dieta foi trocada para NS ao nascimento independente da dieta materna e a prole masculina avaliada com 12 semanas de vida. A pressão arterial caudal (tcBP) foi medida na prole adulta e no grupo materno. Atividade da renina renal e plasmática, aldosterona sérica, expressão gênica da renina renal, COX-2, nNOS foram analisadas no rim da mãe, recém-nascido e na prole adulta avaliada após a administração de dieta NS, hipossódica (LS) ou hipersódica (HS) por 7 dias. A dieta hipersódica durante a gestação induziu: 1-) no grupo materno: maior pressão arterial e expressão protéica da COX-2 na medula renal, e diminuição da atividade da renina plasmática e renal e a aldosterona sérica; 2-) no grupo neonato: menor expressão do mRNA da COX-2 mRNA e maior expressão protéica de nNOS nos rins, e nenhuma diferença foi observada na aldosterona sérica, na atividade plasmática, renal, e expressão gênica da renina renal 3-) na prole adulta: a menor expressão gênica do mRNA de renina, atividade da renina plasmática e aldosterona sérica, maior atividade da renina renal, maior expressão gênica e protéica da COX-2 na medula renal e menor expressão gênica da nNOS no córtex renal. Foi observada uma resposta exacerbada da atividade da renina plasmática e renal após a administração das dietas HO ou HR. Em conclusão, a sobrecarga de sódio materna induz a ativação do SRA e da COX-2 na medula renal na prole adulta, tornando-as mais sensíveis ao sal. Essas características foram herdadas de fenótipo materno / Maternal nutrient intake and its transportation from the placenta to the fetus are essential for fetal growth during pregnancy. The sodium overload during pregnancy has been shown to be one of the factors responsible for hypertension and disturbance of renin angiotensin system (RAS) in adulthood offspring. The RAS is important for homeostasis and maintenance of electrolytes in the body. The enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) interact with RAS, especially in renin release. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of maternal sodium overload during pregnancy on renal and systemic RAS, COX-2 and nNOS of offspring at birth and in adult age. A mother group was also investigated. For this, female Wistar rats were fed normossódica (NS) or hipersódica (HS) diet during pregnancy. It was divided in two groups: as soon as offspring´s birth one group was euthanized and studied the mother and new born. In second group, the diet was changed to NS diet independent of maternal diet after mother delivered and male offspring was studied at twelve weeks old. The tail cuff blood pressure (tcBP) of offspring and maternal group were evaluated. Plasma and renal renin activity, plasma aldosterone, gene expression of renal renin, COX-2, nNOS of mother, newborn and adult offspring were evaluated. The adult offspring RAS was evaluated after fed NS (control), low sodium (LS) or high sodium (HS) for 7 days. The high salt diet during pregnancy induced in 1) mother group: increased blood pressure and protein expression of COX-2 in renal medulla, and decreased plasma and renal renin activity and serum aldosterone. 2) newborn group: decreased gene expression of COX-2 mRNA and increased protein expression of nNOS in the kidney, and any difference was observed in serum aldosterone and plasma or renal renin activity or gene expression 3) adult offspring group: reduced gene expression of renin mRNA, plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone and increased renal renin. Also, increased gene and protein expression of COX-2 in the renal medulla and decreased nNOS gene expression in renal cortex. An exacerbated response of plasma or renal renin activity was observed after RAS stimulation or inhibition. In conclusion the maternal sodium overload induces an exacerbated response of the RAS and COX-2 activation in renal medulla in adult offspring. These characteristics were inherited from maternal phenotype

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