La recherche se situe dans le champ de l’éducation pour la santé en périnatalité. Les sages-femmes en sont les acteurs privilégiés, notamment de la préparation à la naissance et à la parentalité (PNP) en période prénatale. Leur formation initiale se fait en alternance entre enseignements théoriques et stages. Elles assurent donc parfois une double mission : éducative auprès des femmes enceintes et formative auprès du stagiaire. Faisant l’hypothèse que les ancrages théoriques des pratiques éducatives et formatives des sages-femmes sont identiques, l’objectif de recherche est d’identifier ces ancrages en situation de PNP et d’encadrement d’un étudiant. La méthode de l’auto-confrontation simple et l’entretien de compréhension ont été utilisés. 14 sages-femmes volontaires ont participé à l’étude. Les données ont été traitées selon la méthode de l’analyse du contenu à partir d’une modélisation combinant des modèles d’éducation, d’apprentissage et de santé. Les principaux résultats valident l’hypothèse, avec cependant quelques exceptions. Les pratiques de transmission des recommandations et savoirs médicaux ou d’activité corporelle s’inscrivent majoritairement dans les combinatoires à la croisée des modèles béhavioristes, de l’éducation centrée sur l’instruction et de la santé biomédicale. Les modèles du développement du sujet ou de la santé biopsychosociale sont ponctuellement présents, alternant avec ceux qui sont prédominants. Les combinatoires basées sur le constructivisme et le modèle de santé du sujet autonome n’apparaissent qu’exceptionnellement. Les mêmes tendances sont retrouvées pour les modélisations éducation/apprentissage sous-jacentes aux pratiques formatives. / Our research lies in the field of perinatal health education in which midwives are key players, most notably for their roles in Childbirth and Parenting Education (CPE) during the prenatal period. Their initial training combines theoretical and vocational training immersion. They therefore are charged with fulfilling a dual mission: an educational one with pregnant women and a formative one with students. Based on the assumption that theoretical backgrounds of health education and of midwives’ training practices are identical, our objective is to identify and examine these models during the CPE and during the supervision of students. We resorted to the method of self-confrontation and to the method of the interview of understanding. To do so, we interviewed 14 volunteer midwives, who agreed to participate in the study, about their general skills. The data was collected and processed using the content analysis methodology based on a framework combining education, learning and health models.With a few exceptions, the main results largely validate our hypothesis: the practices of the transmission of medical knowledge and recommendations, as well as of physical activity, lie at the crossroads of the behaviorist models, of the education-centered instruction and of the biomedical health model. Models such as the development of the subject model and the bio psychosocial health model have been highlighted, along with other prevailing models. The combinatorial theories built upon constructivism and the health model of the autonomous subject have also been exposed, albeit very rarely. The same trends appear in the modeling of education/learning underlying training practices.

No description available.

Cette recherche de thèse propose un travail pluridisciplinaire d’épistémologie de la clinique et d’analyse socio historique de l’émergence et de l’organisation des formes de prise en charge des femmes qui présentent des troubles psychopathologiques et de leur bébé pendant la période périnatale, des conduites thérapeutiques préconisées et des dispositifs de soins mis en place à cette période. Une attention particulière a été portée aux idées, concepts et processus qui ont façonné cette offre de soins récente. L’objet de la recherche se situe donc à l’intersection d’une réflexion clinique (scientifique), institutionnelle (prévention précoce) et organisationnelle (travail en réseau). Prenant la psychologie clinique en actes comme sujet d’étude, il se fonde sur un cadre méthodologique approprié pour produire et analyser une généalogie de savoirs et d’interventions ainsi que des données inédites sur ce que nous appellerons : l’invention, la fabrique d’un nouveau champ intellectuel et de pratiques cliniques qui s’est constitué comme une innovation organisationnelle autour de la prise en charge des vulnérabilités psychiques maternelles pendant la période périnatale. / This thesis proposes a multidisciplinary epistemology of the clinic and a socio-historical analysis of the emergence and organization of forms of care for women who present psychopathological disorders and their baby during the perinatal period, professional therapeutic response, and the care arrangements put in place during this period. Particular attention is paid to the ideas, concepts and processes that shape this novel provision of care. The object of this research rests, therefore, at the intersection of clinical (scientific), institutional (early prevention) and organizational (networking) axes. Taking clinical psychology into action as a subject of study, it is based on grounded theory and discourse analysis to produce and analyze a genealogy of knowledge and intervention as well as new data on what we call: the invention, the creation of a new intellectual field and clinical practice that has been constituted as an innovative organizational structure around the management of maternal psychic vulnerabilities during the perinatal period.

Many studies have focused on the concept of humanization of birth in normal pregnancy cases or at low obstetric risk, but no studies, at our knowledge, have so far specifically focused on the humanization of birth in both high-risk, and low risk pregnancies, in a highly specialized hospital setting. The present study thus aims to: 1) define the specific components of the humanized birth care model which bring satisfaction to women who seek obstetrical care in highly specialized hospitals; and 2) explore the organizational and cultural dimensions which act as barriers or facilitators for the implementation of humanized birth care practices in a highly specialized, university affiliated hospital in Quebec. A single case study design was chosen for this thesis. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, participant observations, selfadministered questionnaire, relevant documents, and archives. The samples comprised: 11 professionals from different disciplines, 6 administrators from different hierarchical levels within the hospital, and 157 women who had given birth at the hospital during the study. The performed analysis covered both quantitative descriptive and qualitative deductive and inductive content analyses. The thesis comprises three articles. In the first article, we proposed a conceptual framework, based on Allaire and Firsirotu’s (1984) organizational culture theory. It attempts to examine childbirth patterns as an organizational cultural phenomenon. In our second article, we answered the following specific question: according to the managers and multidisciplinary professionals practicing in a highly specialized hospital as well as the women seeking perinatal care in this hospital setting, what is the definition of humanized care? Analysis of the data collected uncovered the following themes which explained the perceptions of what humanized birth was: personalized care, recognition of women’s rights, humanly care for women, family-centered care,women’s advocacy and companionship, compromise of security, comfort and humanity, and non-stereotyped pregnancies. Both high and low risk women felt more satisfied with the care they received if they were provided with informed choices, were given the right to participate in the decision-making process and were surrounded by competent care providers. These care providers who humanly cared for them were also able to provide relevant medical intervention. The professionals and administrators’ perceptions of humanized birth, on the other hand, mostly focused on personalized and family-centered care. In the third article of the thesis, we covered the dimensions of the internal and external components of an institution which can act as factors that facilitate or barriers that prevent, a specialized and university affiliated hospital in Quebec from adopting a humanized child birthing care. The findings revealed that both the external dimensions of a highly specialized hospital -including its history, society, and contingency-; and its internal dimensions -including culture, structure, and the individuals present in the hospital-, can all affect the humanization of birth care in such an institution, whether separately, simultaneously or in interaction. We thus hereby conclude that the humanization of birth care in a highly specialized hospital setting, should aim to meet all the physiological, as well as psychological aspects of birth care, including respect of the fears, beliefs, values, and needs of women and their families. Integration of competent and caring professionals and the use of obstetric technology to enhance the level of certainty and assurance in both high-risk and low risk women are both positive factors for the implementation of humanized care in a highly specialized hospital. Finally, the humanization of birth care approach in a highly specialized and university affiliated hospital setting demands a new healthcare policy. Such policy must offer a guarantee for women to have the place of birth, and the health care professional of their choice as well as those, which will enable women to make informed choices from the beginning of their pregnancy. / De nombreuses études ont mis l'accent sur le concept de l'humanisation des soins de naissance d’une grossesse normale ou à faible risque obstétrical. Mais, à notre connaissance, aucune étude à ce jour n’a spécifiquement porté sur l'humanisation des soins de la naissance dans les grossesses à haut et à faible risque dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé. La présente étude vise à: 1) définir les composantes spécifiques de l'humanisation des soins qui apportent satisfaction aux femmes qui cherchent des soins obstétricaux dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé; 2) explorer les dimensions organisationnelles et culturelles qui constituent des obstacles ou des facilitateurs pour les pratiques périnatales favorisant l'humanisation des soins dans un centre hospitalier universitaire très spécialisé, au Québec. Une étude de cas unique a été choisie pour notre thèse. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d'entrevues semi-structurées, de notes de terrain, d’observation des participants, d’un questionnaire auto-administré, et de documents et d’archives pertinents. L’échantillon est composé de : 11 professionnels de différentes disciplines, six administrateurs de différents niveaux hiérarchiques de l'hôpital et 157femmes qui ont accouché à l'hôpital durant la période de l’étude. Une analyse à la fois descriptive quantitative et qualitative déductive et inductive a été réalisée. La thèse comprend trois articles. Dans le premier article, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel fondé sur la théorie de la culture organisationnelle développée par Allaire et Firsirotu (1984). Le but de cet article est d’examiner les tendances d’accouchement en tant que phénomène de culture organisationnelle. Le second article, répond à une question spécifique : quelle est la définition des soins humanisés selon les administrateurs et des professionnels multidisciplinaires oeuvrant dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé, ainsi que celle des femmes soignées dans cet hôpital ? L'analyse des données permet de ressortir les thèmes suivants sur la perception de l'humanisation de la naissance : les soins personnalisés, la reconnaissance du droit desfemmes, des soins humains, des soins centrés sur la famille, la défense des femmes et de leur compagnon, le compromis de sécurité, le confort et l'humanité, et les grossesses non stéréotypées. Les femmes à risque élevé et à faible risque semblent plus satisfaites des soins s'ils sont fournis selon un choix éclairé et qu’elles ont participé au processus décisionnel, tout en étant entourées par des fournisseurs de soins compétents, qui soignent de façon humaine et font des interventions médicales lorsque requises. Les perceptions des professionnels et des administrateurs à propos de la naissance humanisée mettent principalement l'accent sur des soins personnalisés et centrés sur la famille. Dans notre troisième article, nous traitons les composantes internes et externes d'une institution, qui prédisposent ou qui empêchent un hôpital spécialisé et universitaire affilié au Québec d'adopter des soins humanisés de naissance. Les résultats révèlent qu’à la fois des dimensions externes d'un hôpital hautement spécialisé, -son histoire, son affiliation, et ses contingences - ainsi que des dimensions internes- sa culture, sa structure et ses individus - peuvent tous influer sur l'humanisation de la pratique des soins de naissance dans un tel établissement, que ce soit séparément, simultanément ou en interaction. Nous avons donc conclu que l'humanisation des soins de naissance dans un l'hôpital hautement spécialisé doit répondre à tous les aspects physiologiques et psychologiques des soins périnatals dont le respect des craintes, des croyances et des valeurs et besoins des femmes et de leur famille. L'intégration de professionnels compétents et attentionnés utilisant la technologie obstétrique améliore le niveau de certitude et d'assurance dans les grossesses à haut et à faible risque dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé. Enfin, l'humanisation de l'approche de la naissance dans un centre hospitalier très spécialisé et universitaire affilié requiert des nouvelles politiques de système de santé. Une telle politique garantit, pour une femme enceinte dès le début de sa grossesse, une place dans une institution, un professionnel de la santé de son choix et la possibilité de faire des choix éclairés tout au long du processus de la naissance.

L’Assistance Médicale à la Procréation est considérée comme une solution thérapeutique en cas d’infertilité. Au-delà des questions économiques et éthiques qui sont soulevées au niveau de la société, l’impact sur la santé des enfants nés grâce à ces techniques pose de nombreuses questions. En effet, ces techniques ont été introduites chez l’homme sans aucun essai clinique ni aucune évaluation sur les effets à long terme sur la santé.Dans ce travail, nous présentons trois études réalisées à partir d’une cohorte de plus de 3000 enfants (singletons et jumeaux) constituée depuis 1994 au sein du service de médecine et de biologie de la reproduction de l’Hôpital Saint Joseph à Marseille. Nous avons évalué différents indicateurs de la santé périnatale (la prématurité, le faible poids et la macrosomie à la naissance, l’hypotrophie et l’hypertrophie pondérales par rapport à l’âge gestationnel et les anomalies congénitales), chez des enfants conçus à partir de différentes techniques : fécondation in vitro classique, fécondation in vitro avec micromanipulation, fécondation après transfert d’embryon congelé et fécondation après vitrification et réchauffement ovocytaire.Nos résultats ont suggéré que l’Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, quelle que soit la technique mise en œuvre, était associée à des problèmes de santé chez les enfants nés grâce à ces techniques. Il est nécessaire de continuer à développer des systèmes de surveillance visant à rendre plus performant le suivi de l’état de santé à long terme des enfants concernés, d’autant plus que de nouvelles techniques et procédés continueront à être développés. / Assisted reproductive technologies are considered as a therapeutic solution in infertility cases. Beyond the economic and ethical questions that arise at the societal level, the impact on children’s health born after these techniques raises many questions. Indeed, these techniques have been introduced to the human without any clinical trial or assessment of long-term health effects. The main interest of this thesis is to contribute to the existing debate on the safety of these techniques regarding children’s health and well-being and to open new perspectives for future research on this subject.This research presents three studies based on a cohort of more than 3000 children (singletons and twins) constituted since 1994 in the Medicine and Reproductive Biology Department at the Saint Joseph Hospital in Marseille. The thesis evaluates various indicators of perinatal health (preterm birth, low birth weight and macrosomia, small and large for gestational age, and congenital anomalies) in children conceived from different techniques: classical In Vitro fertilisation, In Vitro fertilisation with micromanipulation, fertilisation after frozen embryo transfer and fertilisation after vitrified/warmed oocyte.The results suggest that assisted reproductive technologies, regardless of the technique used, were associated with health problems in children born through these techniques. There is a need to continue to develop surveillance systems to improve the long-term monitoring of the health status of children, especially as new techniques and procedures will continue to be developed.

Melhorar a saúde das gestantes é uma prioridade para as agências de saúde global e para os governos dos países de baixa e média renda. O desafio da erradicação e/ou redução das morbimortalidades materna e perinatal evitáveis vem colocando em destaque a necessidade de expandir as ações para prevenção de agravos para além da abordagem clínica das complicações obstétricas, a partir do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde e da valorização da autonomia das mulheres dentro das sociedades, implementando a abordagem de direitos humanos como um dos componentes da qualidade do cuidado à saúde reprodutiva. O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar se um programa de educação em saúde e apoio às gestantes, adaptado à realidade do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro e às especificidades da telefonia celular, é um complemento útil ao acompanhamento pré-natal padrão. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas, tendo início com a condução de uma pesquisa formativa, exploratória, para identificar barreiras e facilitadores da atenção ao pré-natal e parto, avaliar aceitação do uso de mensagens de texto como item complementar ao cuidado pré-natal padrão, e desenvolver e refinar a intervenção do programa PRENACEL. Esta compreende um programa de 148 mensagens de texto no celular com informações essenciais para o acompanhamento do ciclo gravídico-puerperal de mulheres saudáveis, em atendimento na rede pública de saúde. Foi desenvolvida com propósitode melhorar resultados maternos e perinatais. Sua efetividade foi avaliada por meio de um ensaio aleatorizado por conglomerados, realizado em 20 unidades de saúde que provêm assistência pré-natal em uma cidade da região sudeste do Brasil. Gestantes em acompanhamento pré-natal nas unidades de saúde sorteadas para o grupo intervenção foram convidadas a participar do PRENACEL. Em unidades de saúde alocadas ao grupo controle, as gestantes receberam a atenção pré-natal padrão. Os dados analisados foram coletados durante a internação para o parto em quatro maternidades públicas da mesma localidade. Para cada variável de interesse, foram realizadas análise por intenção de tratar e análise por protocolo, pelo cálculo dos riscos relativos, com 95% de intervalo de confiança. Ao final do seguimento da gestação, 1210 mulheres elegíveis à participação no estudo tiveram seus desfechos avaliados nas maternidades selecionadas para a pesquisa, por meio de revisão de prontuários, cartões de pré-natal e entrevista individual estruturada. Das mulheres incluídas nas análises, 770 eram provenientes das unidades de saúde do grupo intervenção e 440 das unidades controle. Receber informações do programa PRENACEL durante a gestação foi associado a um aumento na percepção das mulheres de sentirem-se melhor preparadas para o parto, e na percepção de que o pré-natal colabora para que se sintam mais preparadas. Também foram observados impactos no estabelecimento do contato pele-a-pele e aleitamento materno e no conhecimento sobre intervenções obstétricas. Não foram observadas diferenças nos demais desfechos maternos e perinatais avaliados, incluindo a satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento. Nossa conclusão é de que o PRENACEL pode contribuir para a ampliação do acesso das mulheres a informações que lhes sejam estratégicas para que se sintam melhor preparadas para a experiência do parto. / Improving maternal health is a priority for global health agencies and for governments in low- and middle-income countries. The challenge of reducing preventable maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality has highlighted the need to expand actions to prevent injuries beyond the clinical approach to obstetric complications, through strengthening health systems and enhancing autonomy of women within societies, by implementing a human rights approach as one of the components of the quality of reproductive health care. The objective of this research is to determine if a program of health education and support to pregnant women, adapted to be used by Brazilian National Health System and delivered by short messages service (SMS) on the cell phone is a useful complement to standard prenatal follow-up. The research was carried out in two stages, starting with the conduction of a formative and exploratory research to identify barriers and facilitators of antenatal and delivery care, to evaluate the acceptance of the use of SMS as a complementary item to antenatal care and to develop and refine the PRENACEL program intervention. It comprises a program of 148 SMS with essential information from pregnancy to puerperium, for healthy pregnant women attending antenatal care. It was developed with the purpose of improving maternal and perinatal outcomes. Its effectiveness was evaluated through a cluster-randomized trial conducted in 20 health units that provide antenatal care in a city in the southeastern region of Brazil. Pregnant women from the health units drawn for the intervention group were invited to participate in PRENACEL. In health unitsallocated to the control group, pregnant women received standard antenatal care. Analyzed data were collected during admission to labor in four public maternity hospitals in the same locality. For each variable of interest, intention-to-treat analysis and analysis by protocol were carried out, as well as the relative risk, with 95% of confidence interval. At the end of the gestation follow-up, 1210 women eligible to participate in the study had their outcomes evaluated in the maternity wards, through their medical records review, antenatal cards review and individual structured interviews. Of the women included in the analyzes, 770 came from the health units of the intervention group and 440 from the control units. Receiving information from the PRENACEL program during pregnancy was associated with an increase in women\'s perception of better preparedness for delivery, and the perception that antenatal care helps them feel more prepared. Enhancement of the timing for early skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding, and knowledge on obstetric interventions were also observed. No differences were observed in other maternal and perinatal outcomes evaluated, including women\'s satisfaction with care. We concluded that PRENACEL can contribute to increase women\'s access to information that are strategic to the improve their perception of feeling confident and better prepared for the childbirth experience.

Introdução: A assistência ao parto no Brasil tem enfrentado desafios nos últimos anos, no sentido de reduzir práticas desnecessárias e inseguras. No entanto, medidas utilizadas para acelerar o trabalho de parto e demais intervenções durante o trabalho de parto e parto ainda são frequentes e podem impactar negativamente as condições de vitalidade do recém-nascido. Objetivos: Analisar a associação entre os fatores sociodemográficos, organizacionais, obstétricos e assistenciais e desfecho neonatal desfavorável entre RNs de termo e estimar sua frequência. Método: Estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do inquérito nacional Nascer no Brasil, referentes à região Sudeste. A amostra foi composta por puérperas que tiveram RNs vivos, natimortos (peso 500 gramas e/ou idade gestacional 22 semanas), nascidos em hospitais com 500 partos em 2011 e 2012. Foram excluídos os recém-nascidos prematuros, gemelares e aqueles com malformações. A variável dependente desfecho neonatal desfavorável foi construída por meio da composição das variáveis intubação traqueal, massagem cardíaca, uso de drogas na reanimação neonatal, internação em UTI neonatal e Apgar <7 no 5.o minuto de vida no período pós-natal imediato. A associação entre as variáveis de interesse e a variável desfecho foi estimada por meio de regressão logística binária univariada e múltipla, calculando-se Odds ratio (OR) brutas e ajustadas com intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento ). Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 8.783 mulheres e seus RNs. A proporção de RNs que apresentou desfecho neonatal desfavorável foi de 9,6 por cento (844). Ensino fundamental incompleto (OR=2,139; IC 95 por cento 1,292-3,540), baixo peso ao nascer (peso 2.500g; OR=2,822; IC 95 por cento 1,641-4,851), intercorrência obstétrica (OR=1,421; IC 95 por cento 1,055-1,914) e parto fórceps (OR=3,761; IC 95 por cento 1,824-7,754) constituíram fatores associados ao desfecho neonatal desfavorável. Discussão: Os fatores independentemente associados ao desfecho neonatal desfavorável na Região Sudeste do Brasil foram em sua maioria condições clínicas que têm influência sobre a condição do recém-nascido no período pós-parto imediato. Recém-nascidos com baixo peso e aqueles filhos de mulheres com problemas obstétricos têm condições como líquido amniótico reduzido ou insuficiência placentária que resultam em alterações da vitalidade. Mulheres com baixa escolaridade têm maior dificuldade em acessar os serviços de saúde, o que pode dificultar a identificação e tratamento de problemas obstétricos e baixo peso ao nascer. O parto fórceps pode representar a resolução de trabalhos de parto distócicos e também ser um marcador para os fetos cuja vitalidade encontrava-se alterada durante o trabalho de parto. Conclusões: Fatores clínicos e associados a desigualdades sociais têm impacto negativo sobre a vitalidade dos recém-nascidos. Os desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis ainda são pouco investigados, por isso ações que visem à melhoria da atenção pré-natal e do trabalho de parto, principalmente entre mulheres com baixa escolaridade e aquelas com complicações obstétricas, podem resultar em melhores desfechos de saúde para o recém-nascido. Encontramos uma proporção de 9,6 por cento (844) entre os recém-nascidos no termo gestacional que apresentaram desfecho neonatal desfavorável. Neste estudo foi possível observar a existência de associação entre fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e assistenciais maternos e desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis entre os RNs de termo / Introduction: Childbirth care in Brazil has faced challenges in recent years to reduce unnecessary and unsafe practices. However, measures used to accelerate labour and other interventions during labour and delivery are still frequent and may negatively impact the vitality of the newborn. Objectives: To analyze the association between sociodemographic, organizational, obstetric and care factors and unfavorable neonatal outcomes among term newborns and to estimate the frequency of these outcomes. Method: A cross-sectional study, based on data from the national survey \"Birth in Brazil\" in the the Southeast region of Brazil. The sample consisted of mothers who had live births, stillbirths (weight 500 grams and / or gestational age 22 weeks) in hospitals with 500 births in 2011 and 2012. Premature babies, twins, preterm newborns and those with malformations were excluded from the analysis. The dependent variable \"unfavorable neonatal outcome\" was constructed through the composition of the variables tracheal intubation, cardiac massage, drug use in neonatal resuscitation, neonatal ICU admission, and Apgar <7 at the 5th minute of life in the immediate postnatal period. The association between the variables of interest and the outcome variable was estimated using univariate and multiple binary logistic regression, calculating crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent CI). Results: The sample consisted of 8,773 women and their newborns. The proportion of newborns who presented an unfavorable neonatal outcome was 9.6 per cent (844). Incomplete primary education (OR = 2.139, 95 per cent CI 1.292-3.540), low birth weight (weight 2.500g, OR = 2.822, 95 per cent CI 1.641-4.851), obstetric complication (OR = 1.421, 95 per cent CI 1.055-1.914) and Forceps (OR = 3.761, 95 per cent CI, 1.824-7.754) were factors associated with unfavorable neonatal outcome. Discussion: Factors independently associated with unfavorable neonatal outcomes in the Southeast Region of Brazil were mostly clinical conditions that influence the condition of the newborn in the immediate postpartum period. Infants with low birth weight and those of women with obstetric problems have conditions such as reduced amniotic fluid or placental insufficiency that result in changes in vitality. Women with low schooling have greater difficulty in accessing health services, which make it difficult to identify and treat obstetric problems and low birth weight. Forceps delivery may represent resolution of dystocic labor and was also be a marker for fetuses whose vitality was altered during labor. Conclusions: Clinical factors associated with social inequalities have a negative impact on the vitality of newborns. Negative neonatal outcomes are still poorly investigated, so actions aimed at improving prenatal care and labor, especially among women with low schooling and those with obstetric complications, may result in better health outcomes for the newborn. We found a proportion of 9.6 per cent (844) among neonates in the gestational term who presented an unfavorable neonatal outcome. In this study it was possible to observe the existence of an association between sociodemographic, clinical and maternal care factors and unfavorable neonatal outcomes among the term newborns

Introdução: A assistência ao parto no Brasil tem enfrentado desafios nos últimos anos, no sentido de reduzir práticas desnecessárias e inseguras. No entanto, medidas utilizadas para acelerar o trabalho de parto e demais intervenções durante o trabalho de parto e parto ainda são frequentes e podem impactar negativamente as condições de vitalidade do recém-nascido. Objetivos: Analisar a associação entre os fatores sociodemográficos, organizacionais, obstétricos e assistenciais e desfecho neonatal desfavorável entre RNs de termo e estimar sua frequência. Método: Estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do inquérito nacional Nascer no Brasil, referentes à região Sudeste. A amostra foi composta por puérperas que tiveram RNs vivos, natimortos (peso 500 gramas e/ou idade gestacional 22 semanas), nascidos em hospitais com 500 partos em 2011 e 2012. Foram excluídos os recém-nascidos prematuros, gemelares e aqueles com malformações. A variável dependente desfecho neonatal desfavorável foi construída por meio da composição das variáveis intubação traqueal, massagem cardíaca, uso de drogas na reanimação neonatal, internação em UTI neonatal e Apgar <7 no 5.o minuto de vida no período pós-natal imediato. A associação entre as variáveis de interesse e a variável desfecho foi estimada por meio de regressão logística binária univariada e múltipla, calculando-se Odds ratio (OR) brutas e ajustadas com intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento ). Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 8.783 mulheres e seus RNs. A proporção de RNs que apresentou desfecho neonatal desfavorável foi de 9,6 por cento (844). Ensino fundamental incompleto (OR=2,139; IC 95 por cento 1,292-3,540), baixo peso ao nascer (peso 2.500g; OR=2,822; IC 95 por cento 1,641-4,851), intercorrência obstétrica (OR=1,421; IC 95 por cento 1,055-1,914) e parto fórceps (OR=3,761; IC 95 por cento 1,824-7,754) constituíram fatores associados ao desfecho neonatal desfavorável. Discussão: Os fatores independentemente associados ao desfecho neonatal desfavorável na Região Sudeste do Brasil foram em sua maioria condições clínicas que têm influência sobre a condição do recém-nascido no período pós-parto imediato. Recém-nascidos com baixo peso e aqueles filhos de mulheres com problemas obstétricos têm condições como líquido amniótico reduzido ou insuficiência placentária que resultam em alterações da vitalidade. Mulheres com baixa escolaridade têm maior dificuldade em acessar os serviços de saúde, o que pode dificultar a identificação e tratamento de problemas obstétricos e baixo peso ao nascer. O parto fórceps pode representar a resolução de trabalhos de parto distócicos e também ser um marcador para os fetos cuja vitalidade encontrava-se alterada durante o trabalho de parto. Conclusões: Fatores clínicos e associados a desigualdades sociais têm impacto negativo sobre a vitalidade dos recém-nascidos. Os desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis ainda são pouco investigados, por isso ações que visem à melhoria da atenção pré-natal e do trabalho de parto, principalmente entre mulheres com baixa escolaridade e aquelas com complicações obstétricas, podem resultar em melhores desfechos de saúde para o recém-nascido. Encontramos uma proporção de 9,6 por cento (844) entre os recém-nascidos no termo gestacional que apresentaram desfecho neonatal desfavorável. Neste estudo foi possível observar a existência de associação entre fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e assistenciais maternos e desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis entre os RNs de termo / Introduction: Childbirth care in Brazil has faced challenges in recent years to reduce unnecessary and unsafe practices. However, measures used to accelerate labour and other interventions during labour and delivery are still frequent and may negatively impact the vitality of the newborn. Objectives: To analyze the association between sociodemographic, organizational, obstetric and care factors and unfavorable neonatal outcomes among term newborns and to estimate the frequency of these outcomes. Method: A cross-sectional study, based on data from the national survey \"Birth in Brazil\" in the the Southeast region of Brazil. The sample consisted of mothers who had live births, stillbirths (weight 500 grams and / or gestational age 22 weeks) in hospitals with 500 births in 2011 and 2012. Premature babies, twins, preterm newborns and those with malformations were excluded from the analysis. The dependent variable \"unfavorable neonatal outcome\" was constructed through the composition of the variables tracheal intubation, cardiac massage, drug use in neonatal resuscitation, neonatal ICU admission, and Apgar <7 at the 5th minute of life in the immediate postnatal period. The association between the variables of interest and the outcome variable was estimated using univariate and multiple binary logistic regression, calculating crude and adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (95 per cent CI). Results: The sample consisted of 8,773 women and their newborns. The proportion of newborns who presented an unfavorable neonatal outcome was 9.6 per cent (844). Incomplete primary education (OR = 2.139, 95 per cent CI 1.292-3.540), low birth weight (weight 2.500g, OR = 2.822, 95 per cent CI 1.641-4.851), obstetric complication (OR = 1.421, 95 per cent CI 1.055-1.914) and Forceps (OR = 3.761, 95 per cent CI, 1.824-7.754) were factors associated with unfavorable neonatal outcome. Discussion: Factors independently associated with unfavorable neonatal outcomes in the Southeast Region of Brazil were mostly clinical conditions that influence the condition of the newborn in the immediate postpartum period. Infants with low birth weight and those of women with obstetric problems have conditions such as reduced amniotic fluid or placental insufficiency that result in changes in vitality. Women with low schooling have greater difficulty in accessing health services, which make it difficult to identify and treat obstetric problems and low birth weight. Forceps delivery may represent resolution of dystocic labor and was also be a marker for fetuses whose vitality was altered during labor. Conclusions: Clinical factors associated with social inequalities have a negative impact on the vitality of newborns. Negative neonatal outcomes are still poorly investigated, so actions aimed at improving prenatal care and labor, especially among women with low schooling and those with obstetric complications, may result in better health outcomes for the newborn. We found a proportion of 9.6 per cent (844) among neonates in the gestational term who presented an unfavorable neonatal outcome. In this study it was possible to observe the existence of an association between sociodemographic, clinical and maternal care factors and unfavorable neonatal outcomes among the term newborns

Melhorar a saúde das gestantes é uma prioridade para as agências de saúde global e para os governos dos países de baixa e média renda. O desafio da erradicação e/ou redução das morbimortalidades materna e perinatal evitáveis vem colocando em destaque a necessidade de expandir as ações para prevenção de agravos para além da abordagem clínica das complicações obstétricas, a partir do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde e da valorização da autonomia das mulheres dentro das sociedades, implementando a abordagem de direitos humanos como um dos componentes da qualidade do cuidado à saúde reprodutiva. O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar se um programa de educação em saúde e apoio às gestantes, adaptado à realidade do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro e às especificidades da telefonia celular, é um complemento útil ao acompanhamento pré-natal padrão. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas, tendo início com a condução de uma pesquisa formativa, exploratória, para identificar barreiras e facilitadores da atenção ao pré-natal e parto, avaliar aceitação do uso de mensagens de texto como item complementar ao cuidado pré-natal padrão, e desenvolver e refinar a intervenção do programa PRENACEL. Esta compreende um programa de 148 mensagens de texto no celular com informações essenciais para o acompanhamento do ciclo gravídico-puerperal de mulheres saudáveis, em atendimento na rede pública de saúde. Foi desenvolvida com propósitode melhorar resultados maternos e perinatais. Sua efetividade foi avaliada por meio de um ensaio aleatorizado por conglomerados, realizado em 20 unidades de saúde que provêm assistência pré-natal em uma cidade da região sudeste do Brasil. Gestantes em acompanhamento pré-natal nas unidades de saúde sorteadas para o grupo intervenção foram convidadas a participar do PRENACEL. Em unidades de saúde alocadas ao grupo controle, as gestantes receberam a atenção pré-natal padrão. Os dados analisados foram coletados durante a internação para o parto em quatro maternidades públicas da mesma localidade. Para cada variável de interesse, foram realizadas análise por intenção de tratar e análise por protocolo, pelo cálculo dos riscos relativos, com 95% de intervalo de confiança. Ao final do seguimento da gestação, 1210 mulheres elegíveis à participação no estudo tiveram seus desfechos avaliados nas maternidades selecionadas para a pesquisa, por meio de revisão de prontuários, cartões de pré-natal e entrevista individual estruturada. Das mulheres incluídas nas análises, 770 eram provenientes das unidades de saúde do grupo intervenção e 440 das unidades controle. Receber informações do programa PRENACEL durante a gestação foi associado a um aumento na percepção das mulheres de sentirem-se melhor preparadas para o parto, e na percepção de que o pré-natal colabora para que se sintam mais preparadas. Também foram observados impactos no estabelecimento do contato pele-a-pele e aleitamento materno e no conhecimento sobre intervenções obstétricas. Não foram observadas diferenças nos demais desfechos maternos e perinatais avaliados, incluindo a satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento. Nossa conclusão é de que o PRENACEL pode contribuir para a ampliação do acesso das mulheres a informações que lhes sejam estratégicas para que se sintam melhor preparadas para a experiência do parto. / Improving maternal health is a priority for global health agencies and for governments in low- and middle-income countries. The challenge of reducing preventable maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality has highlighted the need to expand actions to prevent injuries beyond the clinical approach to obstetric complications, through strengthening health systems and enhancing autonomy of women within societies, by implementing a human rights approach as one of the components of the quality of reproductive health care. The objective of this research is to determine if a program of health education and support to pregnant women, adapted to be used by Brazilian National Health System and delivered by short messages service (SMS) on the cell phone is a useful complement to standard prenatal follow-up. The research was carried out in two stages, starting with the conduction of a formative and exploratory research to identify barriers and facilitators of antenatal and delivery care, to evaluate the acceptance of the use of SMS as a complementary item to antenatal care and to develop and refine the PRENACEL program intervention. It comprises a program of 148 SMS with essential information from pregnancy to puerperium, for healthy pregnant women attending antenatal care. It was developed with the purpose of improving maternal and perinatal outcomes. Its effectiveness was evaluated through a cluster-randomized trial conducted in 20 health units that provide antenatal care in a city in the southeastern region of Brazil. Pregnant women from the health units drawn for the intervention group were invited to participate in PRENACEL. In health unitsallocated to the control group, pregnant women received standard antenatal care. Analyzed data were collected during admission to labor in four public maternity hospitals in the same locality. For each variable of interest, intention-to-treat analysis and analysis by protocol were carried out, as well as the relative risk, with 95% of confidence interval. At the end of the gestation follow-up, 1210 women eligible to participate in the study had their outcomes evaluated in the maternity wards, through their medical records review, antenatal cards review and individual structured interviews. Of the women included in the analyzes, 770 came from the health units of the intervention group and 440 from the control units. Receiving information from the PRENACEL program during pregnancy was associated with an increase in women\'s perception of better preparedness for delivery, and the perception that antenatal care helps them feel more prepared. Enhancement of the timing for early skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding, and knowledge on obstetric interventions were also observed. No differences were observed in other maternal and perinatal outcomes evaluated, including women\'s satisfaction with care. We concluded that PRENACEL can contribute to increase women\'s access to information that are strategic to the improve their perception of feeling confident and better prepared for the childbirth experience.

Many studies have focused on the concept of humanization of birth in normal pregnancy cases or at low obstetric risk, but no studies, at our knowledge, have so far specifically focused on the humanization of birth in both high-risk, and low risk pregnancies, in a highly specialized hospital setting. The present study thus aims to: 1) define the specific components of the humanized birth care model which bring satisfaction to women who seek obstetrical care in highly specialized hospitals; and 2) explore the organizational and cultural dimensions which act as barriers or facilitators for the implementation of humanized birth care practices in a highly specialized, university affiliated hospital in Quebec. A single case study design was chosen for this thesis. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field notes, participant observations, selfadministered questionnaire, relevant documents, and archives. The samples comprised: 11 professionals from different disciplines, 6 administrators from different hierarchical levels within the hospital, and 157 women who had given birth at the hospital during the study. The performed analysis covered both quantitative descriptive and qualitative deductive and inductive content analyses. The thesis comprises three articles. In the first article, we proposed a conceptual framework, based on Allaire and Firsirotu’s (1984) organizational culture theory. It attempts to examine childbirth patterns as an organizational cultural phenomenon. In our second article, we answered the following specific question: according to the managers and multidisciplinary professionals practicing in a highly specialized hospital as well as the women seeking perinatal care in this hospital setting, what is the definition of humanized care? Analysis of the data collected uncovered the following themes which explained the perceptions of what humanized birth was: personalized care, recognition of women’s rights, humanly care for women, family-centered care,women’s advocacy and companionship, compromise of security, comfort and humanity, and non-stereotyped pregnancies. Both high and low risk women felt more satisfied with the care they received if they were provided with informed choices, were given the right to participate in the decision-making process and were surrounded by competent care providers. These care providers who humanly cared for them were also able to provide relevant medical intervention. The professionals and administrators’ perceptions of humanized birth, on the other hand, mostly focused on personalized and family-centered care. In the third article of the thesis, we covered the dimensions of the internal and external components of an institution which can act as factors that facilitate or barriers that prevent, a specialized and university affiliated hospital in Quebec from adopting a humanized child birthing care. The findings revealed that both the external dimensions of a highly specialized hospital -including its history, society, and contingency-; and its internal dimensions -including culture, structure, and the individuals present in the hospital-, can all affect the humanization of birth care in such an institution, whether separately, simultaneously or in interaction. We thus hereby conclude that the humanization of birth care in a highly specialized hospital setting, should aim to meet all the physiological, as well as psychological aspects of birth care, including respect of the fears, beliefs, values, and needs of women and their families. Integration of competent and caring professionals and the use of obstetric technology to enhance the level of certainty and assurance in both high-risk and low risk women are both positive factors for the implementation of humanized care in a highly specialized hospital. Finally, the humanization of birth care approach in a highly specialized and university affiliated hospital setting demands a new healthcare policy. Such policy must offer a guarantee for women to have the place of birth, and the health care professional of their choice as well as those, which will enable women to make informed choices from the beginning of their pregnancy. / De nombreuses études ont mis l'accent sur le concept de l'humanisation des soins de naissance d’une grossesse normale ou à faible risque obstétrical. Mais, à notre connaissance, aucune étude à ce jour n’a spécifiquement porté sur l'humanisation des soins de la naissance dans les grossesses à haut et à faible risque dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé. La présente étude vise à: 1) définir les composantes spécifiques de l'humanisation des soins qui apportent satisfaction aux femmes qui cherchent des soins obstétricaux dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé; 2) explorer les dimensions organisationnelles et culturelles qui constituent des obstacles ou des facilitateurs pour les pratiques périnatales favorisant l'humanisation des soins dans un centre hospitalier universitaire très spécialisé, au Québec. Une étude de cas unique a été choisie pour notre thèse. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen d'entrevues semi-structurées, de notes de terrain, d’observation des participants, d’un questionnaire auto-administré, et de documents et d’archives pertinents. L’échantillon est composé de : 11 professionnels de différentes disciplines, six administrateurs de différents niveaux hiérarchiques de l'hôpital et 157femmes qui ont accouché à l'hôpital durant la période de l’étude. Une analyse à la fois descriptive quantitative et qualitative déductive et inductive a été réalisée. La thèse comprend trois articles. Dans le premier article, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel fondé sur la théorie de la culture organisationnelle développée par Allaire et Firsirotu (1984). Le but de cet article est d’examiner les tendances d’accouchement en tant que phénomène de culture organisationnelle. Le second article, répond à une question spécifique : quelle est la définition des soins humanisés selon les administrateurs et des professionnels multidisciplinaires oeuvrant dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé, ainsi que celle des femmes soignées dans cet hôpital ? L'analyse des données permet de ressortir les thèmes suivants sur la perception de l'humanisation de la naissance : les soins personnalisés, la reconnaissance du droit desfemmes, des soins humains, des soins centrés sur la famille, la défense des femmes et de leur compagnon, le compromis de sécurité, le confort et l'humanité, et les grossesses non stéréotypées. Les femmes à risque élevé et à faible risque semblent plus satisfaites des soins s'ils sont fournis selon un choix éclairé et qu’elles ont participé au processus décisionnel, tout en étant entourées par des fournisseurs de soins compétents, qui soignent de façon humaine et font des interventions médicales lorsque requises. Les perceptions des professionnels et des administrateurs à propos de la naissance humanisée mettent principalement l'accent sur des soins personnalisés et centrés sur la famille. Dans notre troisième article, nous traitons les composantes internes et externes d'une institution, qui prédisposent ou qui empêchent un hôpital spécialisé et universitaire affilié au Québec d'adopter des soins humanisés de naissance. Les résultats révèlent qu’à la fois des dimensions externes d'un hôpital hautement spécialisé, -son histoire, son affiliation, et ses contingences - ainsi que des dimensions internes- sa culture, sa structure et ses individus - peuvent tous influer sur l'humanisation de la pratique des soins de naissance dans un tel établissement, que ce soit séparément, simultanément ou en interaction. Nous avons donc conclu que l'humanisation des soins de naissance dans un l'hôpital hautement spécialisé doit répondre à tous les aspects physiologiques et psychologiques des soins périnatals dont le respect des craintes, des croyances et des valeurs et besoins des femmes et de leur famille. L'intégration de professionnels compétents et attentionnés utilisant la technologie obstétrique améliore le niveau de certitude et d'assurance dans les grossesses à haut et à faible risque dans un hôpital hautement spécialisé. Enfin, l'humanisation de l'approche de la naissance dans un centre hospitalier très spécialisé et universitaire affilié requiert des nouvelles politiques de système de santé. Une telle politique garantit, pour une femme enceinte dès le début de sa grossesse, une place dans une institution, un professionnel de la santé de son choix et la possibilité de faire des choix éclairés tout au long du processus de la naissance.