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To survive, neurons and other eukaryotic cells must rapidly repair (seal) plasmalemmal damage. Such repair occurs by an accumulation of intracellular vesicles at or near the plasmalemmal disruption. Diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent and cAMP-dependent proteins are involved in many vesicle trafficking pathways. Although recent studies have implicated the signaling molecule cAMP in sealing, no study has investigated how DAG and DAG-dependent proteins affect sealing and, whether pharmacological inhibition of such proteins could promote immediate repair of damaged mammalian axons. To this end, I investigated the role of DAG, protein kinase C (PKC) and other DAG-activated proteins in plasmalemmal sealing in B104 neurons in vitro and rat sciatic nerves in vivo. Using dye exclusion to assess Ca2+-dependent vesicle-mediated sealing of transected neurites of individually identifiable rat hippocampal B104 cells, I now report that, compared to non-treated controls, sealing probabilities and rates are increased by DAG and cAMP analogs that activate PKC and Munc13-1, and protein kinase A (PKA). Sealing is decreased by inhibiting DAG-activated novel protein kinase C isozymes η (nPKCη) and θ (nPKCθ) and, Munc13-1, the PKC effector myristoylated alanine rich PKC substrate (MARCKS) or phospholipase C (PLC). DAG-increased sealing is prevented by inhibiting MARCKS or PKA. Sealing probability is further decreased by simultaneously inhibiting nPKCη, nPKCθ and PKA. Extracellular Ca2+, DAG or cAMP analogs do not affect this decrease in sealing. I also report that applying inhibitors of nPKC and PKA to rat sciatic axons crush-severed in vivo under physiological calcium, do not promote immediate repair by polyethylene glycol (PEG), as assessed by compound action potential conduction and dye diffusion through crush sites. These and other data suggest that DAG increases sealing through MARCKS and that nPKCη, nPKCθ and PKA are all required to seal plasmalemmal damage in B104 neurons, and likely all eukaryotic cells. / text

O objetivo desta Tese foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento de equilíbrio e coordenação e do treinamento aeróbico sobre variáveis funcionais, morfológicas do nervo isquiático e do músculo sóleo, bem como a imunorreatividade para sinaptofisina e da neurotrofina-3 na medula espinal após uma lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático. Para isso, ratos Wistar adultos foram divididos de maneira aleatória em 4 grupos experimentais: Sham-operado (SH), Não-treinados (NT), Treinamento Aeróbico (Endurance Training – ET) e Treinamento de Equilíbrio e Coordenação (Balance and Coordination Training – BCT), sendo que os três últimos grupos experimentais foram submetidos à lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático, que teve como consequência uma axonotmese. Os protocolos de treinamento tiveram início na fase aguda, 48 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico para o esmagamento do nervo e tiveram a duração de 4 semanas. Nossos resultados demonstraram que na análise funcional sensoriomotora (Teste da Escada Horizontal e Teste da Barra Estreita) os animais do grupo BCT apresentaram um melhor desempenho que os animais dos outros grupos. Entretanto, na análise funcional locomotora (Índice de Funcionalidade do Nervo Isquiático e Comprimento da Passada do Membro Lesionado), os resultados do Índice de Funcionalidade do Nervo Isquiático foram similares entre os grupos lesionados (NT, ET e BCT) enquanto no Comprimento da Passada do Membro Lesionado, os animais do ET apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios que os demais grupos. No estudo morfológico quantitativo do músculo sóleo, a análise morfométrica muscular demonstrou que os grupos ET e BCT apresentaram resultados semelhantes entre si e melhores que o grupo NT nos parâmetros de área de tecido muscular, de tecido conjuntivo, de vasos sanguíneos, de densidade de fibras musculares e da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares. Na análise morfométrica da porção distal do nervo lesionado os resultados dos dois grupos treinados foram similares entre si em todos os parâmetros analisados. Esses animais treinados apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparado ao grupo NT para a variável diâmetro médio das fibras nervosas, enquanto o grupo ET na área total dos vasos sanguíneos e na densidade das fibras mielínicas. A análise qualitativa, tanto do músculo sóleo como do nervo isquiático, mostrou que os grupos lesionados apresentaram características de nervo e de músculo em regeneração, não sendo possível verificar diferenças entre os grupos treinados e o grupo não treinado. A imunorreação para sinaptofisina na medula espinal, por meio da análise da densitometria óptica no corno dorsal dos níveis L4-L6 da medula espinal revelou-se significativamente maior no grupo BCT quando comparado ao grupo NT. Na análise da neurotrofina-3 na mesma região da medula espinal, o grupo BCT apresentou resultados significativamente superiores aos demais grupos. Hipotetizamos que essa imunorreação específica do grupo BCT está diretamente relacionada com os melhores resultados deste grupo nos testes sensoriomotores, uma vez que nas análises morfológicas quantitativas e qualitativas os grupos ET e BCT apresentaram resultados similares. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of balance and coordination training, and aerobic training on functional variables, morphological variables of the sciatic nerve and soleus muscle, as well as synaptophysin and neurotrophin-3 immureactivity in the spinal cord after a crush injury of the sciatic nerve. Therefore, adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham-operated (SH); Non-trained (NT); Endurance Training (ET), and Balance and Coordination Training (BCT). The last three experimental groups were submitted to sciatic nerve crush injury, which resulted in an axonotmesis. The training protocols, which lasted for four weeks, were initiated early during the acute phase - 48 hours after the surgical procedures. Our results showed that for the sensorimotor functional analysis (Horizontal Ladder Rung Walking Test and Narrow Bar Test) the BCT group animals presented better performance than the other group’s animals. However, for the locomotor functional analysis (Sciatic Functional Index and Right Hindlimb Paw Stride Length), the Sciatic Functional Index presented similar results between the injured groups (NT, ET, and BCT) while the Right Hindlimb Paw Stride Length, the animals from the ET group showed better results than those from the other groups. In the quantitative morphological study of the soleus muscle, the muscular morphometric analysis showed that ET and BCT groups presented similar results in comparison to each other, and better results than NT group regarding the parameters of muscle tissue areas, connective tissue, blood vessels, muscle fiber density, and the muscle fibers cross-sectional area. In the morphometric analysis of the distal portion of the damaged nerve, the results from both trained groups were similar in comparison to each other in all analyzed parameters as well. This trained animals presented better results when compared to the NT group to the nerve fiber diameter, while the ET group presented better results regarding the blood vessel total area and the myelinated fiber density. The qualitative analysis - both of the soleus muscle and the sciatic nerve - showed that the injured groups had characteristics of nerve and muscle regeneration, not being possible to verify differences between the trained and untrained groups. The spinal cord synaptophysin immureactivity, through optical densitometry at spinal cord L4-L6 levels of the dorsal horn revealed to be significantly in the BCT in comparison to the NT group. In the same region of the spinal cord neurotrophin-3 analysis, the BCT group showed significantly better results than the other groups. We hypothesized that this specific immureactivity in group BCT is directly related to the best results from this group in the sensorimotor tests, once the quantitative and qualitative morphological analyzes of the ET and BCT groups showed similar results.

O objetivo desta Tese foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento de equilíbrio e coordenação e do treinamento aeróbico sobre variáveis funcionais, morfológicas do nervo isquiático e do músculo sóleo, bem como a imunorreatividade para sinaptofisina e da neurotrofina-3 na medula espinal após uma lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático. Para isso, ratos Wistar adultos foram divididos de maneira aleatória em 4 grupos experimentais: Sham-operado (SH), Não-treinados (NT), Treinamento Aeróbico (Endurance Training – ET) e Treinamento de Equilíbrio e Coordenação (Balance and Coordination Training – BCT), sendo que os três últimos grupos experimentais foram submetidos à lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático, que teve como consequência uma axonotmese. Os protocolos de treinamento tiveram início na fase aguda, 48 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico para o esmagamento do nervo e tiveram a duração de 4 semanas. Nossos resultados demonstraram que na análise funcional sensoriomotora (Teste da Escada Horizontal e Teste da Barra Estreita) os animais do grupo BCT apresentaram um melhor desempenho que os animais dos outros grupos. Entretanto, na análise funcional locomotora (Índice de Funcionalidade do Nervo Isquiático e Comprimento da Passada do Membro Lesionado), os resultados do Índice de Funcionalidade do Nervo Isquiático foram similares entre os grupos lesionados (NT, ET e BCT) enquanto no Comprimento da Passada do Membro Lesionado, os animais do ET apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios que os demais grupos. No estudo morfológico quantitativo do músculo sóleo, a análise morfométrica muscular demonstrou que os grupos ET e BCT apresentaram resultados semelhantes entre si e melhores que o grupo NT nos parâmetros de área de tecido muscular, de tecido conjuntivo, de vasos sanguíneos, de densidade de fibras musculares e da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares. Na análise morfométrica da porção distal do nervo lesionado os resultados dos dois grupos treinados foram similares entre si em todos os parâmetros analisados. Esses animais treinados apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparado ao grupo NT para a variável diâmetro médio das fibras nervosas, enquanto o grupo ET na área total dos vasos sanguíneos e na densidade das fibras mielínicas. A análise qualitativa, tanto do músculo sóleo como do nervo isquiático, mostrou que os grupos lesionados apresentaram características de nervo e de músculo em regeneração, não sendo possível verificar diferenças entre os grupos treinados e o grupo não treinado. A imunorreação para sinaptofisina na medula espinal, por meio da análise da densitometria óptica no corno dorsal dos níveis L4-L6 da medula espinal revelou-se significativamente maior no grupo BCT quando comparado ao grupo NT. Na análise da neurotrofina-3 na mesma região da medula espinal, o grupo BCT apresentou resultados significativamente superiores aos demais grupos. Hipotetizamos que essa imunorreação específica do grupo BCT está diretamente relacionada com os melhores resultados deste grupo nos testes sensoriomotores, uma vez que nas análises morfológicas quantitativas e qualitativas os grupos ET e BCT apresentaram resultados similares. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of balance and coordination training, and aerobic training on functional variables, morphological variables of the sciatic nerve and soleus muscle, as well as synaptophysin and neurotrophin-3 immureactivity in the spinal cord after a crush injury of the sciatic nerve. Therefore, adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham-operated (SH); Non-trained (NT); Endurance Training (ET), and Balance and Coordination Training (BCT). The last three experimental groups were submitted to sciatic nerve crush injury, which resulted in an axonotmesis. The training protocols, which lasted for four weeks, were initiated early during the acute phase - 48 hours after the surgical procedures. Our results showed that for the sensorimotor functional analysis (Horizontal Ladder Rung Walking Test and Narrow Bar Test) the BCT group animals presented better performance than the other group’s animals. However, for the locomotor functional analysis (Sciatic Functional Index and Right Hindlimb Paw Stride Length), the Sciatic Functional Index presented similar results between the injured groups (NT, ET, and BCT) while the Right Hindlimb Paw Stride Length, the animals from the ET group showed better results than those from the other groups. In the quantitative morphological study of the soleus muscle, the muscular morphometric analysis showed that ET and BCT groups presented similar results in comparison to each other, and better results than NT group regarding the parameters of muscle tissue areas, connective tissue, blood vessels, muscle fiber density, and the muscle fibers cross-sectional area. In the morphometric analysis of the distal portion of the damaged nerve, the results from both trained groups were similar in comparison to each other in all analyzed parameters as well. This trained animals presented better results when compared to the NT group to the nerve fiber diameter, while the ET group presented better results regarding the blood vessel total area and the myelinated fiber density. The qualitative analysis - both of the soleus muscle and the sciatic nerve - showed that the injured groups had characteristics of nerve and muscle regeneration, not being possible to verify differences between the trained and untrained groups. The spinal cord synaptophysin immureactivity, through optical densitometry at spinal cord L4-L6 levels of the dorsal horn revealed to be significantly in the BCT in comparison to the NT group. In the same region of the spinal cord neurotrophin-3 analysis, the BCT group showed significantly better results than the other groups. We hypothesized that this specific immureactivity in group BCT is directly related to the best results from this group in the sensorimotor tests, once the quantitative and qualitative morphological analyzes of the ET and BCT groups showed similar results.

O objetivo desta Tese foi analisar os efeitos do treinamento de equilíbrio e coordenação e do treinamento aeróbico sobre variáveis funcionais, morfológicas do nervo isquiático e do músculo sóleo, bem como a imunorreatividade para sinaptofisina e da neurotrofina-3 na medula espinal após uma lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático. Para isso, ratos Wistar adultos foram divididos de maneira aleatória em 4 grupos experimentais: Sham-operado (SH), Não-treinados (NT), Treinamento Aeróbico (Endurance Training – ET) e Treinamento de Equilíbrio e Coordenação (Balance and Coordination Training – BCT), sendo que os três últimos grupos experimentais foram submetidos à lesão por esmagamento do nervo isquiático, que teve como consequência uma axonotmese. Os protocolos de treinamento tiveram início na fase aguda, 48 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico para o esmagamento do nervo e tiveram a duração de 4 semanas. Nossos resultados demonstraram que na análise funcional sensoriomotora (Teste da Escada Horizontal e Teste da Barra Estreita) os animais do grupo BCT apresentaram um melhor desempenho que os animais dos outros grupos. Entretanto, na análise funcional locomotora (Índice de Funcionalidade do Nervo Isquiático e Comprimento da Passada do Membro Lesionado), os resultados do Índice de Funcionalidade do Nervo Isquiático foram similares entre os grupos lesionados (NT, ET e BCT) enquanto no Comprimento da Passada do Membro Lesionado, os animais do ET apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios que os demais grupos. No estudo morfológico quantitativo do músculo sóleo, a análise morfométrica muscular demonstrou que os grupos ET e BCT apresentaram resultados semelhantes entre si e melhores que o grupo NT nos parâmetros de área de tecido muscular, de tecido conjuntivo, de vasos sanguíneos, de densidade de fibras musculares e da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares. Na análise morfométrica da porção distal do nervo lesionado os resultados dos dois grupos treinados foram similares entre si em todos os parâmetros analisados. Esses animais treinados apresentaram melhores resultados quando comparado ao grupo NT para a variável diâmetro médio das fibras nervosas, enquanto o grupo ET na área total dos vasos sanguíneos e na densidade das fibras mielínicas. A análise qualitativa, tanto do músculo sóleo como do nervo isquiático, mostrou que os grupos lesionados apresentaram características de nervo e de músculo em regeneração, não sendo possível verificar diferenças entre os grupos treinados e o grupo não treinado. A imunorreação para sinaptofisina na medula espinal, por meio da análise da densitometria óptica no corno dorsal dos níveis L4-L6 da medula espinal revelou-se significativamente maior no grupo BCT quando comparado ao grupo NT. Na análise da neurotrofina-3 na mesma região da medula espinal, o grupo BCT apresentou resultados significativamente superiores aos demais grupos. Hipotetizamos que essa imunorreação específica do grupo BCT está diretamente relacionada com os melhores resultados deste grupo nos testes sensoriomotores, uma vez que nas análises morfológicas quantitativas e qualitativas os grupos ET e BCT apresentaram resultados similares. / The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of balance and coordination training, and aerobic training on functional variables, morphological variables of the sciatic nerve and soleus muscle, as well as synaptophysin and neurotrophin-3 immureactivity in the spinal cord after a crush injury of the sciatic nerve. Therefore, adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham-operated (SH); Non-trained (NT); Endurance Training (ET), and Balance and Coordination Training (BCT). The last three experimental groups were submitted to sciatic nerve crush injury, which resulted in an axonotmesis. The training protocols, which lasted for four weeks, were initiated early during the acute phase - 48 hours after the surgical procedures. Our results showed that for the sensorimotor functional analysis (Horizontal Ladder Rung Walking Test and Narrow Bar Test) the BCT group animals presented better performance than the other group’s animals. However, for the locomotor functional analysis (Sciatic Functional Index and Right Hindlimb Paw Stride Length), the Sciatic Functional Index presented similar results between the injured groups (NT, ET, and BCT) while the Right Hindlimb Paw Stride Length, the animals from the ET group showed better results than those from the other groups. In the quantitative morphological study of the soleus muscle, the muscular morphometric analysis showed that ET and BCT groups presented similar results in comparison to each other, and better results than NT group regarding the parameters of muscle tissue areas, connective tissue, blood vessels, muscle fiber density, and the muscle fibers cross-sectional area. In the morphometric analysis of the distal portion of the damaged nerve, the results from both trained groups were similar in comparison to each other in all analyzed parameters as well. This trained animals presented better results when compared to the NT group to the nerve fiber diameter, while the ET group presented better results regarding the blood vessel total area and the myelinated fiber density. The qualitative analysis - both of the soleus muscle and the sciatic nerve - showed that the injured groups had characteristics of nerve and muscle regeneration, not being possible to verify differences between the trained and untrained groups. The spinal cord synaptophysin immureactivity, through optical densitometry at spinal cord L4-L6 levels of the dorsal horn revealed to be significantly in the BCT in comparison to the NT group. In the same region of the spinal cord neurotrophin-3 analysis, the BCT group showed significantly better results than the other groups. We hypothesized that this specific immureactivity in group BCT is directly related to the best results from this group in the sensorimotor tests, once the quantitative and qualitative morphological analyzes of the ET and BCT groups showed similar results.

Introduction: Les neuropathies focales (NF) peuvent entraîner de l’hypoesthésie tactile et de la douleur neuropathique spontanée (névralgie). La méthode de rééducation sensitive de la douleur décrite par Spicher et collaborateurs (MRSD) propose un traitement innovant des symptômes sensitifs des NF. Objectifs : Chez des patients présentant une hypoesthésie tactile et de la névralgie à la main découlant d’une NF : 1) Décrire l’utilisation de la MRSD, 2) Vérifier son applicabilité, 3) Vérifier s’il y a une corrélation entre la durée requise de traitement et les caractéristiques cliniques initiales (hypoesthésie tactile, intensité douleur) des patients. 4) Décrire les changements dans l’hypoesthésie tactile et la douleur suite à la MRSD, et 5) Vérifier s’il y a une corrélation entre ces changements de sensibilité tactile et de la douleur. Méthodologie: Une étude par série de cas rétrospective a été effectuée à partir des données de patients collectées au Centre de Rééducation Sensitive de Fribourg (Suisse) entre juillet 2004 et Octobre 2018. Résultats: Sur 58 patients inclus dans l’étude, 42 ont complété la MRSD avec une durée requise moyenne de traitement de 124 ±104 jours. Cette durée de traitement était corrélée (rSpearman=.395) avec la sévérité des symptômes sensitifs (hypoesthésie tactile, douleur) avant la thérapie. On observe une diminution importante (p<.001) de l’hypoesthésie tactile et de la douleur entre le début et la fin du traitement. La diminution de l’hypoesthésie était modérément corrélée (rSpearman=.336) avec la diminution de la douleur. Conclusion: La MRSD est applicable au traitement de l’hypoesthésie tactile avec névralgie à la main découlant d’une NF. / Introduction: Focal neuropathies (FN) can lead to tactile hypoesthesia and spontaneous neuropathic pain (neuralgia). The Somatosensory Rehabilitation Method described by Spicher and collaborators (SRM) proposes an innovative approach to treating sensory symptoms in patients with FN. Objectives: In patients with tactile hypoesthesia and hand neuralgia arising from FN: 1) Describe the use of SRM, 2) Verify its applicability, 3) Determine if there is a correlation between the duration of treatment and patients’ clinical characteristics (tactile sensitivity and pain intensity) before therapy. 4) Describe changes in tactile hypoesthesia and pain measures subsequent to treatment with SRM, and 5) Determine if there is a correlation between changes in tactile sensitivity and changes in pain intensity in patients treated with SRM. Methodology: A retrospective case series study was carried out using data from patients admitted to the Somatosensory Rehabilitation Centre of Fribourg (Switzerland) from July 2004 and October 2018. Results: Of 58 patients included in the study, 42 completed SRM until the end of the therapy with an average duration of treatment of 124 ± 104 days. The duration of treatment was moderately correlated (rSpearman= 0.395) with the severity of sensory symptoms (tactile hypoesthesia and pain intensity) before therapy. There was a significant decrease (p <.001) in tactile hypoesthesia and pain intensity between the beginning and the end of treatment. The decrease in tactile hypoesthesia was moderately correlated (rSpearman=0 .336) with the decrease in pain. Conclusion: SRM can be used for treating tactile hypoesthesia and hand neuralgia arising from FN.

Les lésions nerveuses périphériques (LNP) ont des origines variées. Elles peuvent être causées par un traumatisme, une inflammation, une ischémie mais également par la compression de nerfs par une tumeur. Ces lésions traumatiques entrainent une perte sensorielle mais aussi une atteinte motrice pouvant avoir une incidence importante sur la vie des patients et leurs familles. De nombreux progrès ont été réalisés dans le traitement des LNP ces dernières années, cependant, la récupération des patients reste incomplète. Ainsi, l’amélioration du pronostic clinique demeure un défi pour les chercheurs et les cliniciens avec l’utilisation de nouvelles techniques et produits thérapeutiques. Ceci m’a conduit pour ma thèse à utiliser une nouvelle approche avec deux types de greffons combinés avec plusieurs stades de lésion du nerf donneur, mais également à tester le potentiel thérapeutique de petites molécules de types neurostéroïdes, ligands TSPO et activateurs de canaux potassiques afin d’étudier les effets sur la neurorégénération et la neuroprotection lors d’une lésion traumatique. Ainsi, ma thèse se compose de deux parties, faisant appel à deux modèles expérimentaux de rats. 1) Afin de déterminer les meilleures conditions de lésion du nerf donneur lors de la greffe, une neurorrhaphie entre le nerf donneur et la greffe a été réalisée avec deux types de greffons (frais ou pré-dégénérés). Un marquage des neurones par un traceur rétrograde, l’analyse des axones myélinisés et l’évaluation des potentiels d’actions ont été réalisés pour étudier la neuroprotection et la neurorégénération. Cette approche a permis de montrer une régénération axonale efficace à condition que la partie axonale fournie par le nerf donneur atteigne 50 % du nombre total d’axones. De plus, l’utilisation du greffon pré-dégénéré a montré un effet bénéfique en potentialisant le processus de neurorégénération. 2) Dans le but d’étudier l’effet de l’administration de petites molécules telles que la progestérone, la Nestorone, l’étifoxine et les activateurs des canaux potassiques Kv7.2/7.3 sur la neuroprotection, la régénération axonale et les fonctions de récupération, on a utilisé un modèle de lésion par compression du nerf spinal cervical. Les analyses histologiques mentionnées ci dessus, la mesure des potentiels évoqués et des tests de comportements sensori-moteurs ont été effectués pour étudier la neuroprotection, la neurorégénération et les fonctions de récupération. La progestérone et la Nestorone ont montré des effets bénéfiques sur la neuroprotection à court terme, mais également sur la neurorégénération et la récupération fonctionnelle à long terme après une lésion nerveuse. D’une manière intéressante, l’action seule de l’étifoxine améliore la récupération fonctionnelle motrice tandis que le GRT12 seul a plutôt une action bénéfique sur la récupération sensitive. Les composés de synthèse associant les propriétés de ligands TSPO d'activateurs des canaux Kv7.2/7.3 ont montré des effets sur la récupération fonctionnelle à la fois motrice et sensitive. Notre étude met en évidence qu’une neurorrhaphy réalisée avec une lésion de 50% du nerf donneur est la meilleure condition pour la neurorégénération. Elle a également permis de vérifier l’avantage de l’utilisation d'un greffon nerf pré-dégénéré pour améliorer le processus de neurorégénération. Nous avons démontré l’action thérapeutique de la progestérone et de la Nestorone sur la neuroprotection et neurorégénération, mais également celle des nouveaux composés synthétiques (ligand TSPO combiné à l’activateur Kv7.2/7.3) sur la récupération sensori-motrice. / Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) results from multiple causes, including trauma, inflammation, ischemia and tumor compression. Dysfunction of affected muscles and sensory deprivation caused by PNI result in huge obstacles for suffering patients and their families. Even though many achievements for PNI treatment have been realized during the last decades, poor clinical prognosis remains a challenge for researchers and clinicians. This prompted me to explore new approaches for nerve repair by using two different types of nerve grafts associated with several nerve injuries of donor nerve, but also investigate the therapeutic potential of several small molecules including neurosteroids, TSPO agonist ligands and potassium channel activators for promoting neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. My thesis is divided into two parts and makes use of two experimental rat models. The major aims were : 1) To determine the optimal injury condition of a donor nerve for end-to-side neurorrhaphy by using a sciatic end-to-side neurorrhaphy model with different types of autologous nerve grafts (fresh or predegenerated). Neuronal retrograde labeling, analysis of myelinated axons and the evaluation of action potentials were performed to evaluate neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. This approach showed that effective axonal regeneration into a nerve graft occurred only when axonal resources supplied by the donor nerve reached 50% of its total number of axons. In addition, the use of a predegenerated nerve graft was beneficial for neuroregeneration by improving the environment of the nerve pathway. 2) To investigate the efficacy of the administration of small molecules including progesterone, Nestorone, etifoxine and Kv7.2/7.3 channel activators for neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery. For these studies, we developed a cervical spinal nerve crush injury model. The same histological analysis mentioned above, measures of evoked potentials and motor or sensory behavioral tests were performed to evaluate neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and functional recovery. Progesterone and Nestorone showed benefits on neuroprotection at early stages and on neuroregeneration and functional recovery at later stages after nerve injury. Interestingly, the mono-therapy of etifoxine promoted motor functional recovery while the mono-therapy of GRT12 was beneficial for sensory functional recovery. The synthetic compounds combining TSPO ligand and Kv7.2/7.3 channel activator properties promoted both motor and sensory functional recovery. In conclusion, our study revealed that 50% axotomy of a donor nerve in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy paradigm is the optimal condition for neuroregeneration. We also verified the advantage of using predegenerated instead of a fresh nerve graft to improve the regenerative environment. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of progesterone and Nestorone in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration, and that new synthetic compounds with TSPO ligand and Kv7.2/7.3 channel activator properties promoted motor and sensory recovery.

A lesão do plexo braquial é considerada a alteração neural mais grave das extremidades. A principal causa é o trauma de alta energia, especialmente acidentes envolvendo veículos a motor. Por este motivo, as lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial são cada vez mais frequentes. O presente estudo avaliou a acurácia da ressonância magnética (RM) no diagnóstico das lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial no adulto, utilizando o achado intraoperatório como padrão-ouro. Também foi avaliada a acurácia da neurografia pesada em difusão (neurografia DW) em relação à RM convencional e a capacidade de diferenciação dos três tipos de lesão: avulsão, ruptura e lesão em continuidade. Trinta e três pacientes com história e diagnóstico clínico de lesão traumática do plexo braquial foram prospectivamente estudados por RM. Os achados obtidos pela RM sem e com o uso da neurografia DW, e os achados de exame clínico foram comparados com os achados intraoperatórios. A análise estatística foi feita com associação de significância de 5%. Observou-se alta correlação entre a RM com neurografia DW e a cirurgia (rs=0,79), e baixa correlação entre a RM convencional e a cirurgia (rs=0,41). A correlação interobservador foi maior para a RM com neurografia DW (rs = 0,94) do que para a RM sem neurografia DW (rs = 0,75). Os resultados de sensibilidade, acurácia e valor preditivo positivo foram acima de 95% para as RM com e sem neurografia DW no estudo de todo o plexo. As especificidades foram, em geral, maiores para a neurografia DW (p < 0,05). Em relação à diferenciação dos tipos de lesão, a RM com neurografia DW apresentou altas acurácias e sensibilidades no diagnóstico da avulsão/rotura, e alta especificidade no diagnóstico da lesão em continuidade. A acurácia da RM (93,9%) foi significativamente maior que a do exame clínico (76,5%) no diagnóstico das lesões de todo o plexo braquial (p < 0,05). / Brachial plexus injury is considered the most severe neural disorder in the extremities and in general resulting from high-energy trauma in young patients, usually involving motor vehicles. For this reason, traumatic brachial plexus injuries are becoming more frequent. This study evaluated the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults, using surgical findings as the gold standard method. We also evaluated the accuracy of diffusion weighted image neurography (DW neurography) compared to conventional MRI and the ability to differentiate the three types of injuries by MRI: avulsion, rupture and lesion-in-continuity. Thirty-three patients with clinical history and diagnosis of traumatic brachial plexus injury were prospectively studied by MRI. MRI findings (obtained with and without use of DW neurography) and clinical examination were compared with intraoperative findings. The statistical analysis was performed with 5% significance association. There was high correlation between MRI with DW neurography and surgery (rs = 0.79) and low correlation between conventional MRI and surgery (rs = 0.41). The interobserver correlation was higher for MRI with DW neurography (rs = 0.94) than for regular MRI (rs = 0.75). The sensitivities, accuracies and positive predictive values were above 95% for MRI (with and without DW neurography) in the evaluation of the entire plexus. The specificities were generally higher for DW neurography (p < 0.05). Regarding the differentiation between types of lesions, MRI with DW neurography demonstrated high accuracies and sensitivities in the diagnosis of avulsion / rupture and high specificity in the diagnosis of lesion-in-continuity. MRI accuracy (93.9%) was significantly higher than clinical examination (76.5%) in diagnosis of brachial plexus traumatic lesions (p < 0.05).

A lesão do plexo braquial é considerada a alteração neural mais grave das extremidades. A principal causa é o trauma de alta energia, especialmente acidentes envolvendo veículos a motor. Por este motivo, as lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial são cada vez mais frequentes. O presente estudo avaliou a acurácia da ressonância magnética (RM) no diagnóstico das lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial no adulto, utilizando o achado intraoperatório como padrão-ouro. Também foi avaliada a acurácia da neurografia pesada em difusão (neurografia DW) em relação à RM convencional e a capacidade de diferenciação dos três tipos de lesão: avulsão, ruptura e lesão em continuidade. Trinta e três pacientes com história e diagnóstico clínico de lesão traumática do plexo braquial foram prospectivamente estudados por RM. Os achados obtidos pela RM sem e com o uso da neurografia DW, e os achados de exame clínico foram comparados com os achados intraoperatórios. A análise estatística foi feita com associação de significância de 5%. Observou-se alta correlação entre a RM com neurografia DW e a cirurgia (rs=0,79), e baixa correlação entre a RM convencional e a cirurgia (rs=0,41). A correlação interobservador foi maior para a RM com neurografia DW (rs = 0,94) do que para a RM sem neurografia DW (rs = 0,75). Os resultados de sensibilidade, acurácia e valor preditivo positivo foram acima de 95% para as RM com e sem neurografia DW no estudo de todo o plexo. As especificidades foram, em geral, maiores para a neurografia DW (p < 0,05). Em relação à diferenciação dos tipos de lesão, a RM com neurografia DW apresentou altas acurácias e sensibilidades no diagnóstico da avulsão/rotura, e alta especificidade no diagnóstico da lesão em continuidade. A acurácia da RM (93,9%) foi significativamente maior que a do exame clínico (76,5%) no diagnóstico das lesões de todo o plexo braquial (p < 0,05). / Brachial plexus injury is considered the most severe neural disorder in the extremities and in general resulting from high-energy trauma in young patients, usually involving motor vehicles. For this reason, traumatic brachial plexus injuries are becoming more frequent. This study evaluated the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults, using surgical findings as the gold standard method. We also evaluated the accuracy of diffusion weighted image neurography (DW neurography) compared to conventional MRI and the ability to differentiate the three types of injuries by MRI: avulsion, rupture and lesion-in-continuity. Thirty-three patients with clinical history and diagnosis of traumatic brachial plexus injury were prospectively studied by MRI. MRI findings (obtained with and without use of DW neurography) and clinical examination were compared with intraoperative findings. The statistical analysis was performed with 5% significance association. There was high correlation between MRI with DW neurography and surgery (rs = 0.79) and low correlation between conventional MRI and surgery (rs = 0.41). The interobserver correlation was higher for MRI with DW neurography (rs = 0.94) than for regular MRI (rs = 0.75). The sensitivities, accuracies and positive predictive values were above 95% for MRI (with and without DW neurography) in the evaluation of the entire plexus. The specificities were generally higher for DW neurography (p < 0.05). Regarding the differentiation between types of lesions, MRI with DW neurography demonstrated high accuracies and sensitivities in the diagnosis of avulsion / rupture and high specificity in the diagnosis of lesion-in-continuity. MRI accuracy (93.9%) was significantly higher than clinical examination (76.5%) in diagnosis of brachial plexus traumatic lesions (p < 0.05).