• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 65
  • 23
  • 4
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 107
  • 24
  • 23
  • 19
  • 17
  • 15
  • 14
  • 14
  • 14
  • 14
  • 12
  • 12
  • 10
  • 10
  • 9
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Estoque e variação de isótopos estáveis de carbono e de nitrogênio em perifíton, material particulado e algas em gradiente de impacto antropogênico no sistema hidrográfico de Guapi-Macacu, RJ. / Isotopic variation of carbon and nitrogen of periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and algae in a land-use gradient in the Guapi-Macacu drainage basin in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Fausto Machado da Silva 17 February 2009 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo testar se a composição isotópica de carbono e nitrogênio (δ13C e δ15N) do perifíton, do material orgânico particulado e das algas filamentosas acompanha o gradiente de impacto antropogênico presente na Bacia Hidrográfica Guapi-Macacu, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O gradiente de impacto nesta área é formado pelo desmatamento da vegetação ripária, atividades agropecuárias e urbanização. Os valores de δ13C dos componentes estudados não acompanharam o impacto presente nas microbacias dos pontos estudados. Apenas o δ15N do perifíton e das algas filamentosas acompanharam o impacto. Seus valores aumentam com o aumento do impacto mostrando que assimilam o material proveniente de fontes antropogênicas como esgoto e fertilizantes. O δ15N do perifíton mostrou-se muito sensível às mudanças da paisagem do entorno do rio presentes na região. Assim, a composição isotópica do nitrogênio do perifíton pode ser uma importante ferramenta para aplicação de monitoramento e recuperação da integridade de sistemas aquáticos da região / We investigate if isotopic composition of streams system components can respond to anthropogenic alterations in a river landscape. In recent years environmental managers have sought biomonitoring tools that reflect ecosystem functioning as well as correlating sensitively with impacts. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen relate to food webs and nutrient cycling as well as to potential sources of pollution. In this study we tested if the stable isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) of periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and filamentous algae responded to anthropogenic impacts in the Hydrologic Basin of Guapi-Macacu, close to Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. The anthropogenic impacts were riparian deforestation, agriculture, pasture and urban occupation. We quantified these using satellite imagery and measurement of water chemistry. The δ13C values of periphyton, FPOM and algae did not respond to anthropogenic alteration. δ15N values of periphyton and of filamentous algae increased with landscape alteration. This is probably because these compnents assimilate enriched anthropogenic inputs such as sewage and fertilizers. δ15N of periphyton was very sensitive to small changes in landuse and was linearly related to percent alteration. We suggest that it can be a powerful tool for monitoring and restoration programs of this region.
102

Estoque e variação de isótopos estáveis de carbono e de nitrogênio em perifíton, material particulado e algas em gradiente de impacto antropogênico no sistema hidrográfico de Guapi-Macacu, RJ. / Isotopic variation of carbon and nitrogen of periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and algae in a land-use gradient in the Guapi-Macacu drainage basin in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Fausto Machado da Silva 17 February 2009 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo testar se a composição isotópica de carbono e nitrogênio (δ13C e δ15N) do perifíton, do material orgânico particulado e das algas filamentosas acompanha o gradiente de impacto antropogênico presente na Bacia Hidrográfica Guapi-Macacu, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O gradiente de impacto nesta área é formado pelo desmatamento da vegetação ripária, atividades agropecuárias e urbanização. Os valores de δ13C dos componentes estudados não acompanharam o impacto presente nas microbacias dos pontos estudados. Apenas o δ15N do perifíton e das algas filamentosas acompanharam o impacto. Seus valores aumentam com o aumento do impacto mostrando que assimilam o material proveniente de fontes antropogênicas como esgoto e fertilizantes. O δ15N do perifíton mostrou-se muito sensível às mudanças da paisagem do entorno do rio presentes na região. Assim, a composição isotópica do nitrogênio do perifíton pode ser uma importante ferramenta para aplicação de monitoramento e recuperação da integridade de sistemas aquáticos da região / We investigate if isotopic composition of streams system components can respond to anthropogenic alterations in a river landscape. In recent years environmental managers have sought biomonitoring tools that reflect ecosystem functioning as well as correlating sensitively with impacts. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen relate to food webs and nutrient cycling as well as to potential sources of pollution. In this study we tested if the stable isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) of periphyton, fine particulate organic matter and filamentous algae responded to anthropogenic impacts in the Hydrologic Basin of Guapi-Macacu, close to Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. The anthropogenic impacts were riparian deforestation, agriculture, pasture and urban occupation. We quantified these using satellite imagery and measurement of water chemistry. The δ13C values of periphyton, FPOM and algae did not respond to anthropogenic alteration. δ15N values of periphyton and of filamentous algae increased with landscape alteration. This is probably because these compnents assimilate enriched anthropogenic inputs such as sewage and fertilizers. δ15N of periphyton was very sensitive to small changes in landuse and was linearly related to percent alteration. We suggest that it can be a powerful tool for monitoring and restoration programs of this region.
103

Influence de la température sur la réponse de communautés microbiennes périphytiques à une exposition métallique : cas du cuivre / Influence of temperature on the response of periphytique microbial communities to metal exposure : the case of copper

Lambert, Anne-Sophie 27 November 2015 (has links)
De nombreux cours d’eau sont exposés aux polluants métalliques. Dans ces milieux, les communautés microbiennes structurées sous forme de biofilms peuvent être affectées par ces polluants. Or, une des questions prégnantes en écotoxicologie concerne l’évaluation des impacts toxiques dans le cas de combinaisons multi-stress. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de ce travail était d’évaluer l’influence de la température sur la réponse du biofilm à une exposition au cuivre (Cu). Cet objectif a été abordé en considérant l’influence de la température, d’une part, sur la sensibilité des communautés au Cu, et d’autre part, sur l’exposition des communautés de biofilm à ce métal. Ces travaux ont été réalisés en microcosmes de laboratoires et menés sur des biofilms prélevés à différentes saisons. Nous avons tout d’abord optimisé les protocoles utilisés pour mesurer i) les niveaux de tolérance des communautés au Cu et ii) la bioaccumulation du Cu dans les biofilms. Les résultats des expérimentations ont révélé que la température pouvait moduler l’impact structural et fonctionnel du Cu sur les biofilms, du fait notamment d’une diminution de la bioaccumulation aux plus fortes températures. En complément, les résultats ont mis en évidence l’influence d’une hausse de la température sur la sensibilité des communautés au Cu, qu’elles aient été préalablement exposées (PICT) ou non à ce métal. Cependant, nous avons observé que les effets de la température sur la réponse du biofilm étaient variables d’une étude à l’autre, suggérant une influence de nombreux paramètres, tels que la composition initiale de la communauté, les niveaux de stress appliqués (température et Cu), le compartiment microbien étudié (phototrophe ou hétérotrophe), ou les fonctions considérées / Many streams are impacted by metallic pollution. In such ecosystems, microbial communities, which grow preferentially as biofilms, can be affected by these pollutants. However, there is a need to better assess the impact of toxic substances under multi-stress interactions. In this context, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperature on biofilm response to copper (Cu) exposure. Accordingly, we addressed the influence of temperature on microbial community sensitivity to Cu on the one hand, and its influence on biofilm exposure to this metal on the other hand. Microcosm experiments were performed under laboratory conditions using biofilms sampled in winter or summer. This work allowed us to set up new methodological developments, which were applied to improve the protocols used to measure (i) Cu tolerance levels of biofilm microbial communities and (ii) Cu bioaccumulation in biofilms. Results showed that temperature could modulate structural and functional effects of Cu on biofilms, notably due to a decrease in Cu bioaccumulation at higher temperatures. In addition, our findings indicate that temperature increase could influence the sensitivity of microbial communities to Cu, whether they have been previously chronically exposed (PICT) or not to this metal. Nonetheless, temperature effects on biofilms varied among experiments, revealing that the influence of temperature on the effects of Cu on microbial biofilms depends on many parameters, such as the initial composition of communities, the level of the applied stresses (temperature and Cu), the microbial compartment studied (i.e. phototrophic or heterotrophic), or the measured functional parameters
104

Primary production in shallow freshwater systems amid a rapidly changing world

Kazanjian, Garabet 18 October 2019 (has links)
Kleine, flache Gewässer gelten als sogenannte „hotspots“ der Primärproduktion und Kohlenstoffbindung. Diese Doktorarbeit zielt darauf ab, die Primärproduktion verschiedener kleiner Gewässer zu quantifizieren sowie die Mechanismen, die den Kohlenstoffkreislauf dieser Systeme beeinflussen, zu analysieren. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Einfluss globaler Veränderungen, die diese Mechanismen verändern können Im ersten Abschnitt wurde die Primärproduktion (PP) in kleinen, temporären Söllen untersucht, die sehr anfällig für Störungen sind. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die PP der Sölle im Sommer außergewöhnlich hoch ist, was hauptsächlich auf eine hohe Makrophytenproduktion zurückzuführen ist Im zweiten Teil analysiere ich die Ergebnisse eines Experiments zum Einfluss erhöhter Temperaturen auf die benthische PP kleiner Gewässer im Frühjahr. Acht Mesokosmen wurden bei normalen und um 4°C erhöhten Wassertemperaturen gemäßigter Breiten betrieben. In der ersten Hälfte des Experiments konnte ich eine erhöhte benthische PP in den erwärmten Mesokosmen feststellen, die auf direkte Temperatureffekte und indirekte Auswirkungen einer höheren Nährstoffverfügbarkeit zurückzuführen war. Anfang Juni stieg jedoch der Einfluss der Makroinvertebraten auf das Periphyton in den erwärmten Mesokosmen, so dass keine Unterschiede in der PP mehr auftraten. Schließlich, untersuche ich die Resilienz eines Sees gegenüber einem plötzlichen Eintrag gelösten organischen Kohlenstoffs (DOC) aus dem terrestrischen Umland, der zu einer starken Braunfärbung des Wassers führte. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Veränderungen der Wasserqualität und der aquatischen PP des Sees, nachdem sich die DOC-Konzentration verfünffacht hatte. Drei Jahren nach Erreichen der maximalen DOC- und Gesamt-Phosphor im See sanken diese signifikant, lagen jedoch noch immer 1,5- bzw. 2-fach oberhalb der Ausgangskonzentrationen vor dem DOC-Eintrag. Die benthische PP zeigte eine teilweise Erholung, erreichte jedoch ebenfalls nicht die Ausgangswerte. / Small, shallow freshwater ecosystems are now considered hotspots of primary production & carbon sequestration. Yet till recently they’ve been mostly neglected. This thesis aims at explaining the underlying mechanisms affecting carbon cycling in these systems, particularly focusing on how contemporary global changes alter ecological equilibria. In the first section, using a compartmental approach, I study primary production in small, temporary ponds (kettle holes) within agricultural fields that are highly susceptible to environmental & anthropogenic disturbances. I show that summertime gross primary production (GPP) in kettle holes is exceptionally high, mostly driven by a strong macrophyte production. In winter, periphyton contributes to the majority of the systems’ GPP. High summertime deposition, correlated to GPP, and low sediment mineralization rates, signified a high potential for carbon burial. In the second experiment, I test the impact of increased temperatures on periphyton production during spring. I use eight mesocosms running at normal & +4°C temperatures. Initially, I recorded elevated periphyton GPP in the warmed treatment driven by direct temperature effects & indirect effects of higher nutrient availability. By late spring, the trend is reversed due to increased grazing pressure in the warm treatment. In the third study, I investigate a lake’s resilience to a sudden brownification event: A 5-fold increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Within three years after peak brownification, the lake DOC & total phosphorous concentrations dropped significantly but seem to have plateaued at 1.5 & 2-fold their pre-brownification levels, respectively. Consequently, benthic GPP, which had collapsed due to light limitation at peak brownification, marked only a partial recovery, while phytoplankton (& whole-lake) GPP remained higher than pre-brownification levels. Phytoplankton & periphyton exhibited an inverse response to DOC & TP concentrations.
105

Using Diatoms and Biofilms to Assess Agricultural and Coal Mining Impacts on Streams, Spatio-Temporal Variability, and Successional Processes

Smucker, Nathan J. 22 September 2010 (has links)
No description available.
106

Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Stream Primary Productivity in the Lower Sulphur River, Texas

Davis, Terrence Marvin 08 1900 (has links)
Responses of periphyton and phytoplankton productivity in the lower Sulphur River (Texas-Arkansas) to bleach-kraft mill effluent (BKME) were monitored using in situ ¹⁴C incubation. Carbon assimilation rates measured downstream of mill discharge were substantially reduced from upstream levels. Periphyton and phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations remained relatively unchanged by the presence of BKME. Periphyton ash-free dry weight increased near the mill outfall, but decreased further downstream. Calculated productivity efficiencies (productivity:biomass) varied with variations in ¹⁴C rates. A laboratory bioassay was designed to determine the effect of BKME light-attenuation on photosynthetic rates of upstream Sulphur River periphyton and Selenastrum capricornutum Prinz. Pooled results of bioassay runs indicated a 20 per cent BKME concentration effectively reduced control ¹⁴C-assimilation levels by 50 per cent. The downstream reduction observed for in situ productivity was 5 per cent lower than that predicted by the color bioassay.
107

Rôles des biofilms périphytiques et de la matière organique sur le cycle des métaux et métalloïdes

Leclerc, Maxime 06 1900 (has links)
Les biofilms périphytiques, ou périphyton, sont des assemblages de microorganismes colonisant les surfaces d’une variété de substrats de la zone photique des habitats aquatiques. Retrouvés à la base des réseaux trophiques, ils présentent une grande importance écologique. Les microorganismes du périphyton sont maintenus les uns aux autres par une matrice extracellulaire composée de substances exopolymériques endogènes. Cette matrice permet la formation de microenvironnements aux propriétés physicochimiques distinctes du milieu extrapériphytique. En raison de la diversité microbienne qui les compose, de leur capacité à moduler l’environnement immédiat et leur propension à séquestrer puis à transformer les métaux, les biofilms périphytiques représentent des modèles de recherche des plus pertinents d’un point de vue biogéochimique. L’objectif général de la présente thèse est d’étudier le rôle des biofilms périphytiques, de leur matrice extracellulaire et de la matière organique qu’elle contient sur le cycle des métaux, plus particulièrement le mercure. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mené une étude sur la composition organique de la matrice extracellulaire du périphyton de lacs d’environnements non contaminés et sur la mobilité des métaux dans les différentes fractions de cette matrice. Nos résultats ont démontré que la matrice extracellulaire du périphyton était riche en matière organique fluorescente et nous y avons identifié deux composantes majeures d’origine périphytique. Nous avons observé une cooccurrence de certains métaux avec ces composantes dans les fractions mobiles et attachées de la matrice extracellulaire du périphyton. Nous avons constaté que l’une des composantes périphytiques entraînait une diminution des concentrations de métaux dans les cellules du périphyton, alors que l’autre était associée à des concentrations plus élevées de métaux essentiels. Notre étude a montré que la matière organique de la matrice extracellulaire joue un double rôle sur la mobilité des métaux et apporte un regard nouveau sur les mécanismes naturels de gestion des métaux du périphyton. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons réalisé une étude de terrain dans une rivière altérée par des centrales hydroélectriques au fil de l’eau et par la création de milieux humides artificiels. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer si le périphyton de ces habitats modifiés pouvait produire du méthylmercure. En combinant des mesures des taux de transformation in situ à des approches génomiques ciblant les gènes hgcAB, responsables de la méthylation du mercure, nous avons démontré que le périphyton des milieux artificiels avait la capacité de produire du méthylmercure. Nous avons mesuré des taux de méthylation positifs et nous avons détecté la présence du gène hgcA dans les communautés périphytiques des milieux humides. Nous avons majoritairement associé le gène hgcA aux bactéries réductrices de fer de la famille des Geobacteraceae. Notre travail a apporté de nouvelles informations sur la méthylation du mercure au sein du périphyton colonisant des rivières ayant subi des transformations d’habitats. Nos résultats ont également permis d'associer cette méthylation aux bactéries réductrices de fer, jusqu’alors rarement considérées comme potentielles méthylatrices dans le périphyton. Finalement, nous avons étudié les impacts de la mise en eau d’une rivière par des centrales hydroélectriques au fil de l’eau sur les dynamiques du mercure en nous attardant au périphyton et aux premiers niveaux des réseaux trophiques. La création de nouveaux habitats aquatiques favorise l’accumulation et la transformation du mercure en plus de fournir des conditions propices à l’établissement et à la croissance du périphyton. Nos résultats ont démontré que le périphyton de ces habitats pouvait accumuler d’importantes concentrations de méthylmercure et qu’il était une voie d’entrée efficace de ce contaminant pour les macroinvertébrés benthiques. Cette étude souligne les rôles clés que joue le périphyton dans le cycle du mercure des écosystèmes aquatiques. Les résultats de la thèse appuient la pertinence de considérer le périphyton comme un compartiment biologique de haute incidence sur les cycles biogéochimiques des métaux lors de l’étude ou de la gestion des écosystèmes aquatiques. / Periphytic biofilms, or periphyton, are collections of microorganisms that colonize the surfaces of a variety of substrates in the photic zone of aquatic habitats. Found at the base of trophic webs, they are of major ecological importance. Periphytic microorganisms are linked to each other by an extracellular matrix composed of endogenous exopolymeric substances. This matrix allows the formation of microenvironments with physicochemical properties distinct from the extraperiphytic environment. Because of their microbial diversity, their ability to modulate the immediate environment and their propensity to sequester and then transform metals, periphytic biofilms represent relevant research models from a biogeochemical perspective. The general objective of this thesis is to study the role of periphytic biofilms, their extracellular matrix and the organic matter they contain on the cycling of metals, more specifically mercury. First, we conducted a study on the organic composition of the periphyton extracellular matrix of lakes from uncontaminated environments and on the mobility of metals in the different fractions of this matrix. Our results showed that extracellular matrix of periphyton was rich in fluorescent dissolved organic matter and we identified two major organic components of periphyton origin. We observed co-occurrence of some metals with these components in the loosely- and tightly-bound fractions of the extracellular matrix. We found that one of the periphytic components resulted in decreased metal concentrations in periphyton cells, whereas the other was associated with higher concentrations of essential metals. Our study showed that the dissolved organic matter of the extracellular matrix plays a dual role on metal mobility and provides new insight into the natural mechanisms of metal management of periphyton in its immediate environment. Second, we conducted a field study in a river impacted by run-of-river hydroelectric power plants and the creation of artificial wetlands. The objective of this study was to determine if the periphyton of these modified habitats could produce methylmercury. By combining measurements of in situ transformation rates with genomic approaches targeting the hgcAB genes, associated with microbial mercury methylation, we demonstrated that the periphyton of the artificial wetlands had the capacity to produce methylmercury. We measured positive vi methylation rates and detected the presence of the hgcA gene in the periphytic communities of the wetland site. We mostly associated the hgcA gene with iron-reducing bacteria of the Geobacteraceae family. Our work provided new information on mercury methylation within periphyton colonizing rivers with altered habitats. Our results also allowed us to associate the methylation of mercury with iron-reducing bacteria, which are rarely considered as potential methylators in periphyton. Finally, we studied the impacts of river impoundment by run-of-river hydroelectric power plants on mercury dynamics by focusing on periphyton and lowertrophic web layers. The creation of new aquatic habitats promotes the accumulation and transformation of mercury and provides conditions for periphyton growth. Our results showed that periphyton in these habitats can accumulate important concentrations of methylmercury and is an efficient gateway to this contaminant for benthic macroinvertebrates. This study highlights the key roles that periphyton plays in the cycling of mercury in aquatic ecosystems. The results of this thesis support the relevance of considering periphyton as a biological compartment of high impact on biogeochemical metal cycles when studying or managing aquatic ecosystems.

Page generated in 0.0973 seconds