<p>It is more common now to purchase products and services on the Internet. More and more companies choose to sell their services and products this way. Some services and products the customers can get delivered directly to their computers. Therefore, it is important for entrepreneurs to know when they risk a permanent establishment in another country due to their Internet based activity. If the company gets a permanent establishment in the other country, the other country can tax the income which is relatable to the company’s permanent establishment. The definition of a permanent establishment in Swedish legislation mainly correspond with the OECD:s definition of a permanent establishment. To get a permanent establishment the business shall operate through a fixed place and have a certain degree of permanence. The business should also be wholly or partly carried out in that fixed place. If these requirements are not fulfilled the company will not get a permanent establishment. The OECD does not consider a website a permanent establishment, but the server on which the website is stored can be a permanent establishment. If a website and a server work together they can be considered a “dependent” agent for the company and thereby, the company gets a permanent establishment. The fixed place for the server is the room where it is placed. For the server to be considered a permanent it has to be at the fixed place for six months. The business shall wholly or partly be carried out in that fixed place. The server is considered an automatic equipment; therefore, personnel are not required to be present at the fixed place. Not everyone has the same interpretation concerning if a server shall give a permanent establishment. Therefore, we would like to see a sketch of an international common legislation in income taxation concerning Internet based activity. It would make it easier for all parties to have a common interpretation of the legislation.</p> / <p>Det blir allt mer vanligt att köpa varor och tjänster via Internet. Fler och fler företag väljer att sälja sina tjänster och produkter med hjälp av Internet. Vissa tjänster och produkter kan köparen få levererade direkt till sin dator. Det är därför viktigt för företagare att veta när de riskerar att få fast driftställe i ett annat land på grund av sin internetbaserade verksamhet. Får företaget fast driftställe i det andra landet kan detta land beskatta den inkomst som är hänförlig till det fasta driftstället. Definitionen för fast driftställe i den svenska lagstiftningen stämmer till stor del överens med OECD:s definition av fast driftställe. För att få fast driftställe skall affärsverksamheten drivas från en bestämd plats, ha en viss grad av varaktighet och verksamheten skall helt eller delvis drivas från den bestämda platsen. Uppfylls inte dessa krav kan företaget inte få ett fast driftställe. OECD anser att en hemsida inte kan ge fast driftställe, men servern som hemsidan finns lagrad på kan vara ett fast driftställe. Verkar en hemsida och en server tillsammans kan dessa anses vara en ”beroende” agent för företaget och därmed får företaget ett fast driftställe. Den bestämda platsen för en server anses vara det rum som den befinner sig i. För att servern skall anses vara stadigvarande skall den vara sex månader på den bestämda platsen. Verksamheten skall drivas helt eller delvis genom den bestämda platsen. En server ses som automatisk utrustning och därmed krävs inte att personal är närvarande på den bestämda platsen. Alla har inte samma tolkning gällande om en server skall ge fast driftställe. Därför ser vi gärna att en gemensam internationell lagstiftning i inkomstbeskattning tas fram gällande internetbaserad verksamhet. Det skulle underlätta för alla parter att ha en gemensam tolkning av lagstiftningen.</p>

Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

It is more common now to purchase products and services on the Internet. More and more companies choose to sell their services and products this way. Some services and products the customers can get delivered directly to their computers. Therefore, it is important for entrepreneurs to know when they risk a permanent establishment in another country due to their Internet based activity. If the company gets a permanent establishment in the other country, the other country can tax the income which is relatable to the company’s permanent establishment. The definition of a permanent establishment in Swedish legislation mainly correspond with the OECD:s definition of a permanent establishment. To get a permanent establishment the business shall operate through a fixed place and have a certain degree of permanence. The business should also be wholly or partly carried out in that fixed place. If these requirements are not fulfilled the company will not get a permanent establishment. The OECD does not consider a website a permanent establishment, but the server on which the website is stored can be a permanent establishment. If a website and a server work together they can be considered a “dependent” agent for the company and thereby, the company gets a permanent establishment. The fixed place for the server is the room where it is placed. For the server to be considered a permanent it has to be at the fixed place for six months. The business shall wholly or partly be carried out in that fixed place. The server is considered an automatic equipment; therefore, personnel are not required to be present at the fixed place. Not everyone has the same interpretation concerning if a server shall give a permanent establishment. Therefore, we would like to see a sketch of an international common legislation in income taxation concerning Internet based activity. It would make it easier for all parties to have a common interpretation of the legislation. / Det blir allt mer vanligt att köpa varor och tjänster via Internet. Fler och fler företag väljer att sälja sina tjänster och produkter med hjälp av Internet. Vissa tjänster och produkter kan köparen få levererade direkt till sin dator. Det är därför viktigt för företagare att veta när de riskerar att få fast driftställe i ett annat land på grund av sin internetbaserade verksamhet. Får företaget fast driftställe i det andra landet kan detta land beskatta den inkomst som är hänförlig till det fasta driftstället. Definitionen för fast driftställe i den svenska lagstiftningen stämmer till stor del överens med OECD:s definition av fast driftställe. För att få fast driftställe skall affärsverksamheten drivas från en bestämd plats, ha en viss grad av varaktighet och verksamheten skall helt eller delvis drivas från den bestämda platsen. Uppfylls inte dessa krav kan företaget inte få ett fast driftställe. OECD anser att en hemsida inte kan ge fast driftställe, men servern som hemsidan finns lagrad på kan vara ett fast driftställe. Verkar en hemsida och en server tillsammans kan dessa anses vara en ”beroende” agent för företaget och därmed får företaget ett fast driftställe. Den bestämda platsen för en server anses vara det rum som den befinner sig i. För att servern skall anses vara stadigvarande skall den vara sex månader på den bestämda platsen. Verksamheten skall drivas helt eller delvis genom den bestämda platsen. En server ses som automatisk utrustning och därmed krävs inte att personal är närvarande på den bestämda platsen. Alla har inte samma tolkning gällande om en server skall ge fast driftställe. Därför ser vi gärna att en gemensam internationell lagstiftning i inkomstbeskattning tas fram gällande internetbaserad verksamhet. Det skulle underlätta för alla parter att ha en gemensam tolkning av lagstiftningen.

Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze the BEPS measures for the digital economy in connection with the relevant measures related to this sector of the economy. The first part of the thesis characterizes the digital sector and its key business models. The main risks in the field of direct and indirect taxation are described below. The second part of the thesis analyzes the BEPS special measures related to the digital economy sector as well as other measures related to the digital economy. The third part of the thesis describes measures for the digital sector within the framework of the Anti-BEPS initiative, which took place in the European Union. Describes measures under the ATAD Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive in three new areas not addressed by the BEPS project. This section also addresses the measures contained in the DAC Administrative Cooperation Directive and the EU Action Plan for Fair and Efficient Taxation of Corporate Income. The last chapter deals with the analysis of proposed solutions from the point of view of the Czech Republic. It models specific measures within a permanent establishment and withholding tax on the digital economy sector in the Czech Republic, specifically on the field of web hosting. The goal is to quantify the possible impact on tax collection from transactions falling within the web hosting business model.

The main aim of the diploma thesis is to identify situations of mutual interaction between double tax treaties and domestic law of income tax, in these situations there is not only one interpretation. This interaction is described by many actual discussed issues, which exists on the field of the income tax. Theese discussed issues are primarily about permanent establishment, first issue is about permanent establishment according to the double tax treaty between the Czech republic and Germany, second issue is about permanent establishment according to the double tax treaty between the Czech republic and Ukraine, last discussed issue is about information obligation of permanent establishment according to the czech income tax act. The sources of theese problem are judgements, professional literature and professional discussion (KOOV).

This master's thesis conducts the legal analysis of the concept of a permanent establishment and its individual characteristics. The first chapter of this master's thesis provides a brief introduction to the issue of international taxation and introduces the basic ideas behind the concept of a permanent establishment. The theoretical introduction is followed by a historical excursion into the development of this concept from its beginnings to its current modern form in the twenty-first century. The second chapter deals with the very essence and construction of the concept of a permanent establishment which is enshrined in bilateral tax agreements and the OECD and the UN Model Tax Conventions. Hence, the introduction of this chapter focuses on explanation of the essence and binding nature of these international sources of law. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the concept of a permanent establishment and its components is conducted. At the end of this chapter a comparative analysis of the definitions of a permanent establishment in the OECD and the UN Model Tax Conventions is conducted. The third chapter briefly describes the relationship between various definitions of a permanent establishment which may be found in international and national legal instruments. The following sections of this...

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade estudar e identificar as perturbações sobrevindas nos critérios material e espacial da regra-matriz de incidência do Imposto sobre Serviços, decorrentes da alteração estrutural resultante da incorporação das novas tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TICs) nas transações do comércio eletrônico. Os recursos telemáticos não apenas despojaram as transações comerciais do contato físico entre os sujeitos envolvidos, mas relativizaram as condições de tempo e espaço, inerentes a todos os fatos jurídicos. Assim, buscamos examinar simultaneamente, de maneira análoga, a problemática da tributação do comércio eletrônico nos Estados, por meio do Direito Internacional Tributário, e a realidade vivida pelos Municípios no direito interno relativamente à tributação dos serviços afetados pelas mesmas inovações tecnológicas. Para tanto, o estudo foi pautado na definição de elementos de conexão, revelados em conceitos como estabelecimento permanente e estabelecimento prestador, para a delimitação da competência impositiva relativa aos fatos jurídicos inerentes às transações eletrônicas. O estudo se inicia na definição dos problemas jurídico-tributários inerentes ao comércio eletrônico, fixando seu conceito e analisando suas espécies e características específicas, adentrando no estudo do regime jurídico dos bens digitais, objeto das transações do comércio eletrônico direto. Ainda em estudo preliminar, abordamos aspectos relativos à Federação brasileira, definindo a realidade dos Municípios e analisando seu papel na Federação brasileira, divisando a composição de suas rendas próprias e a participação efetiva e potencial da receita tributária. Esta análise será concomitante àquela da outorga de competência impositiva no Brasil, e no direito comparado, finalizando por revisitar os temas da partição da competência dos tributos incidentes sobre o consumo e da dicotomia tipo-conceito. Por fim, após a análise destas questões preliminares, e munidos de um adequado suporte teórico, adentramos no estudo específico do Imposto sobre Serviços e da nova realidade na prestação de serviço advinda da reestruturação das empresas, da redistribuição das etapas de trabalho e da relativização da presença física nas relações comerciais, analisando as alterações nos conceitos de serviço e estabelecimento prestador na definição das competências impositivas dos Municípios. Ao final, será verificada a possibilidade da aplicação das soluções utilizadas no direito internacional e propostas pela doutrina para a concreção do conceito de estabelecimento permanente, aplicadas àquele de estabelecimento prestador no direito interno, em especial à configuração de servidores de dados e sites web como estabelecimento. Em conclusão, após a proposição de definição para os critérios material e espacial das transações no comércio eletrônico, dedicamos um breve estudo da aplicação prática dos mecanismos propostos a alguns serviços que sofreram alterações pela incorporação dos meios virtuais. / This study aims to analyze and identify disturbances that appear on the material and spatial criteria of incidence matrix-rule model of the Service Tax, arising from structural change resulting from the incorporation of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) in electronic trade transactions. The telematic resources not only deprived the business transactions of physical contact between the individuals involved, but relativized conditions of time and space inherent in all legal facts. Therefore, we sought to examine simultaneously, in a similar way, the issue of taxation of electronic commerce in the Brazilian States, through the International Tax Law, and the reality experienced by Municipalities in the law regarding the taxation of services affected by the same technological innovations. Thus, the study was guided by the definition of connecting factors, revealed in concepts such as permanent establishment and establishment rendering to delimit the jurisdiction imposing on legal facts inherent to electronic transactions. The study begins with the definition of legal and tax issues relating to electronic commerce, establishing its concept and analyzing its specific types and characteristics, studying the legal regime of digital assets, object of direct e-commerce transactions. Still in the preliminary study, we address aspects of the Brazilian Federation, defining the reality of Municipalities and analyzing their role in the Brazilian Federation, devising the composition of their own incomes and effective participation and potential tax revenue. This analysis is concomitant to that of grant of jurisdiction imposing in Brazil, and in comparative law, ending by revisiting the themes of partition within the competence of taxes on consumption and the dichotomy type-concept. Finally, after a preliminary analysis of these issues and based on an adequate theoretical support, we studied the specific Services Tax and the new reality in the provision of services arising from the restructuring of the companies, the redistribution of work steps, and the relativization of physical presence in trade relations, analyzing the changes in the concepts of service and establishment rendering in the definition of the powers of Municipalities. At the end, we will be investigating the possibility of applying the solutions used in the international law and doctrine proposals for the concretion of the concept of permanent establishmet, applied to that of establishment rendering under domestic law, in particular the configuration of data servers and websites like setting. In conclusion, after the proposal of setting criteria for material and spatial transactions in e-commerce, we dedicate a brief study of the practical application of the proposed mechanisms to some services that were modified by the incorporation of virtual media.

Submitted by Valter Deperon (vdeperon@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T00:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal250418.pdf: 457197 bytes, checksum: 9d22b722941ef7a64a699e95eb5bc378 (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Valter, boa tarde! Tivemos de rejeitar a Tese novamente, pois a data da aprovação está preenchida, deve estar em branco. e também deve conter o "Campo de Conhecimento" (este deve esta preenchido) acima da Data da Aprovação. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente. Obrigada. Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. on 2018-04-26T16:18:09Z (GMT) / Submitted by Valter Deperon (vdeperon@gmail.com) on 2018-04-26T21:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-04-26T22:00:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-27T13:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T13:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Deperon_Dissertacao Abril2018_versaofinal260418.pdf: 457236 bytes, checksum: 1c91df12538fe6bdb4de139789c59112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Após a abertura do mercado de resseguros pela Lei Complementar nº 126/2007, três categorias de resseguradores foram criadas no Brasil: local, admitido e eventual. Os dois últimos formados por companhias estrangeiras que se instalaram no Brasil. Diante disso, houve muita incerteza a respeito do tratamento tributário que deveria ser aplicado sobre as transações de resseguros internacionais que, resumidamente, são: prêmios de resseguros, comissões de resseguros e sinistros pagos. O mercado se autorregulou e passou a praticar e a interpretar as regras fiscais, conforme a legislação securitária e tributária então vigente. Em 2017, a Receita Federal publicou a Solução de Consulta Cosit nº 62 que basicamente reafirmou o tratamento tributário que o mercado estava praticando para as categorias local e eventual, porém inovou ao equiparar o ressegurador admitido ao local, para fins fiscais. A razão da equiparação deu-se em função da exigência regulatória da Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) de que o ressegurador admitido deva constituir um escritório de representação no Brasil, conferindo poderes a um procurador para aceitar e vincular a empresa estrangeira perante o mercado brasileiro. Com isso, concluiu-se que tal atividade equivaleria à do ressegurador local. O efeito prático de tal conclusão é um tratamento tributário semelhante ao conceito de Estabelecimento Permanente (EP), e a aplicação de regras tributárias locais ao admitido implica em um aumento significativo da carga tributária e das exigências e custos contábeis, financeiros e operacionais ao ressegurador admitido, o que inviabilizaria o mercado de seguros e resseguros, diante da potencial falta de cobertura para os riscos administrados no Brasil. A determinação de tratamento tributário equiparado a ressegurador local à empresa estrangeira não pode ser realizada por presunções formais legais, mas necessitaria de um exame concreto e fático de que, materialmente, as decisões de assunção de risco, subscrição e pagamento de indenizações está sendo feita pelo escritório de representação no Brasil, e não apenas em virtude de documentos formais. As atividades do escritório de representação não se confundem com as do ressegurado admitido estrangeiro por ele representado, existindo total independência e autonomia societária, contábil, operacional e fiscal. Embora tenha poder para assinatura de contratos, se tais poderes não são exercidos, o risco de EP é mitigado. A clara demonstração de ausência de execução de poder decisório e assinatura de contratos, bem como a revisão total dos processos internos, com a definição clara das atividades que são desempenhadas pelo escritório de representação é elemento de prova fundamental para afastar as potenciais autuações e discussões administrativas e judiciais. / After the opening of the reinsurance market under Complementary Law 126/2007, three categories of reinsurers were created in Brazil: local, admitted and occasional. The last two were formed by foreign companies that expanded into Brazil. As such, there was a lot of uncertainty regarding the tax treatment that should be applied to international reinsurance transactions, as follows: reinsurance premiums, reinsurance commissions and claims (indemnities) paid. The market was then self-regulated and began to apply and interpret the tax rules, in accordance with the regulatory insurance and tax laws applicable at that time. In 2017, the Federal Tax Authorities (RFB) issued the Cosit Advance Tax Ruling (ATR) nº 62, which basically confirmed the tax treatment that the market was practicing for the local and the occasional categories, but innovated by equating the admitted category to the local reinsurers for tax purposes. The reason for such an equation was based on SUSEP's regulatory requirement for admitted reinsurers to establish a representation office in Brazil, and to grant acceptance and binding powers to a local attorney-in-fact. As a result, it was understood that such activity would be equal to the local reinsurer business. The practical outcome of this conclusion is to consider the foreign entity with a Permanent Establishment (PE) tax treatment, therefore applying local tax rules to them, which imply in a substantial increase in the tax burden, as well as a stricter and more costly accounting, financial and operational framework. This ultimately shall result the insurance and reinsurance market to be considered unfeasible in Brazil, and might result in a potential lack of coverage for Brazilian insurance risks. The determination of tax treatment to the foreign company cannot be carried out simply by legal and formal presumptions; rather, it must require a concrete and factual examination of whether, in essence, the decision-making of risk acceptance, underwriting and claims payments are being effectively executed by the representation office in Brazil, and not merely by virtue of formal documents. The activities of the representation office must not be confused with those of the foreign admitted reinsurer, since there have full autonomy, and operational, corporate governance and tax independency in each entity. Although it has the power to sign contracts, if such powers are not executed, the risk of PE is mitigated. A clear demonstration of the absence of decision-making power of execution and signature of contracts and the overall review of internal processes, with clear definition of the activities that can be performed by the representative office is a fundamental evidence to rule out the potential tax assessments and administrative and judicial disputes.