The calculation of electromechanical forces that are present in a machine due to the magnetic field set up by current-carrying conductors and coils, especially when in the presence of permeable iron, is one of the most important and difficult problems in the vast field of the theory and design of electrical machines. It is a problem, moreover, which is usually dealt with by empirical methods based upon test results or by the use of numerical techniques such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In this thesis, analytical formulas are developed to evaluate the electromechanical forces and torques involved in brushless surface-mounted permanent magnet machines directly from, design parameters. In the first model, a slotless stator design is assumed while in the second model, the conductors are considered as being embedded in the stator iron. Both the models thus developed are then tested by means of a numerical method (FEA) and their utility in performing parametric studies is demonstrated in the case of the first model. / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to explore unaccompanied refugee children / young people’s experiences of support from social services in the near term after the decision on permanent residence. Previous research has focused mainly on other aspects of integration. The theoretical approach was based on systems theory and Antonovsky’s theory of SOC (sense of coherence). Four young people were interviewed. The design was qualitative with an inductive approach. The results of the interviews were divided into four themes: experienced support, expected support, participation and required support. A recurring theme in the interviews was that respondents had difficulty understanding the social services role and thus know what support they could expect. They also expressed a need for greater participation in the context of social services different decisions. / Syftet med denna studie var att utforska ensamkommande flyktingbarns/ungdomars upplevelse av stöd från socialtjänsten under den närmaste tiden efter beslut om permanent uppehållstillstånd. Tidigare forskning har framför allt studerat andra aspekter av integrationen. Den teoretiska ansatsen utgick från systemteori samt Antonovskys teori om KASAM (känsla av sammanhang). Fyra ungdomar djupintervjuades. Designen var kvalitativ med en induktiv ansats. Resultaten av intervjuerna indelades i fyra teman: upplevt stöd, förväntat stöd, delaktighet och önskat stöd. Ett genomgående tema i intervjuerna var att respondenterna hade svårt att förstå socialtjänstens roll och därmed veta vilket stöd de kunde förvänta sig. De uttryckte också ett behov av större delaktighet i samband med socialtjänstens olika beslut.

Fault tolerant motor drives are becoming more important in safety critical applications. Although a single motor module fault tolerant drive may be sufficient in some applications, this motor drive only offers limited redundancy. This thesis investigated the dual motor module fault tolerant drive system in which two motor modules were connected electrically in phase and on a common shaft provide redundancy and to increase the reliability of the entire drive system. A general phase current mathematical model to produce the desired output torque was developed to minimize copper loss and torque ripple in the motor drive, which is applicable to both sinusoidal and trapezoidal brushless permanent magnet motor types. A detailed fault effect investigation was performed in this thesis and it is concluded that switch short-circuit fault is the most serious fault since it reduces the electromagnetic torque output significantly and generates larger torque ripple in the motor drive due to the presence of large drag torque. Three fault remedial strategies were proposed to compensate the torque loss and to reduce the torque ripple under different faulty conditions. It is concluded from the analytical results that fault remedial strategy 3 is the tradeoff algorithm in which the zero torque ripple factor can be achieved with only a modest increase in copper loss comparing with the minimum possible value. Two practical dual motor module fault tolerant brushless permanent magnet drive test arrangements with different motor structures were developed in this thesis. The computer simulation studies using the MATLAB Simulink were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault remedial strategies. The efficiency of the motor drive was predicted based on torque loss measurements and the results were verified in the simulation study. The effect of faults on the drive efficiency was investigated as well. The entire fault tolerant motor drive control system was also developed to verify the analytical and simulation results. A fault detection and identification method to detect switch open-circuit faults, switch short-circuit faults, and the winding short-circuit faults was also proposed. Its advantages are the simplicity of the implementation and reduction of the cost of the drive system. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed fault remedial strategies can be implemented in real time motor control and are effective to compensate the torque loss and reduce the torque ripple. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2008

Fault tolerant motor drives are becoming more important in safety critical applications. Although a single motor module fault tolerant drive may be sufficient in some applications, this motor drive only offers limited redundancy. This thesis investigated the dual motor module fault tolerant drive system in which two motor modules were connected electrically in phase and on a common shaft provide redundancy and to increase the reliability of the entire drive system. A general phase current mathematical model to produce the desired output torque was developed to minimize copper loss and torque ripple in the motor drive, which is applicable to both sinusoidal and trapezoidal brushless permanent magnet motor types. A detailed fault effect investigation was performed in this thesis and it is concluded that switch short-circuit fault is the most serious fault since it reduces the electromagnetic torque output significantly and generates larger torque ripple in the motor drive due to the presence of large drag torque. Three fault remedial strategies were proposed to compensate the torque loss and to reduce the torque ripple under different faulty conditions. It is concluded from the analytical results that fault remedial strategy 3 is the tradeoff algorithm in which the zero torque ripple factor can be achieved with only a modest increase in copper loss comparing with the minimum possible value. Two practical dual motor module fault tolerant brushless permanent magnet drive test arrangements with different motor structures were developed in this thesis. The computer simulation studies using the MATLAB Simulink were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed fault remedial strategies. The efficiency of the motor drive was predicted based on torque loss measurements and the results were verified in the simulation study. The effect of faults on the drive efficiency was investigated as well. The entire fault tolerant motor drive control system was also developed to verify the analytical and simulation results. A fault detection and identification method to detect switch open-circuit faults, switch short-circuit faults, and the winding short-circuit faults was also proposed. Its advantages are the simplicity of the implementation and reduction of the cost of the drive system. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed fault remedial strategies can be implemented in real time motor control and are effective to compensate the torque loss and reduce the torque ripple. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2008

Les aimants NdFeB sont les aimants les plus puissants que l’on peut trouver actuellement sur le marché. Leurs propriétés exceptionnelles proviennent des propriétés intrinsèques de la phase Nd2Fe14B mais également de la microstructure imposée par le mode d’élaboration. Ces aimants sont généralement réalisés par frittage avec phase liquide à partir d’une poudre monocristalline préalablement orientée sous champ magnétique. Cette voie permet d’obtenir une microstructure à grains fin découplés magnétiquement les uns des autres par une fine couche de phase riche en néodyme, dont la distribution est optimisée après un recuit à une température donnée. Pour une utilisation dans des moteurs et générateur électriques, il est courant d’ajouter du dysprosium pour conserver une coercitivité suffisante à la température de fonctionnement. Mais ce gain de coercitivité se fait au détriment de l’induction rémanente et du coût de l’aimant de par la rareté du dysprosium. Il est donc nécessaire de pouvoir s’affranchir de son utilisation par une meilleure compréhension des liens entre le procédé d’élaboration et la microstructure du matériau, afin d’optimiser les propriétés magnétiques finales.Cette thèse s’intéresse tout d’abord au frittage d’aimants NdFeB pour une nuance du commerce et donc fortement alliée. La forte anisotropie de retrait lors de la densification n’est pas clairement expliquée dans la littérature et son interprétation peut apporter un éclairage sur les propriétés magnétiques. Le frittage a ainsi été étudié à l’aide d’essais de dilatométrie dans la direction d’orientation de la poudre ainsi que dans la direction transverse. Le frittage a également été interrompu à différents moments et la microstructure analysée. Des analyses d’images ont permis de comprendre, à l’aide d’un modèle analytique du frittage, qu’une partie de l’anisotropie de retrait s’expliquait par une distribution anisotrope des surfaces de contact entre les grains de poudre, issue de l’étape d’orientation sous champ. Cette analyse a été confirmée par des simulations par éléments discrets.Le deuxième volet de la thèse s’intéresse au rôle des éléments d’alliage les plus couramment rencontrés dans les aimants hors dysprosium. Le rôle de l’aluminium, du cobalt et du cuivre sur les propriétés magnétiques a été examiné en étudiant une vingtaine de compositions simplifiées avec des quantités d’éléments d’alliage voisines des valeurs que l’on retrouve dans les aimants du commerce. Les différents échantillons ont été recuits à des températures déduites d’essais DSC. Les résultats montrent que ces trois éléments d’alliage agissent de manière croisée sur la coercitivité. Au-delà de la mesure de coercitivité, l’évolution de la forme de la courbe de désaimantation en fonction de la composition et de la température de recuit apporte des informations importantes sur l’action des éléments d’alliage sur la microstructure. / NdFeB hard magnets are the most powerful magnets commercially available. Their outstanding properties originate from Nd2Fe14B intrinsic properties and from the microstructure imposed by the manufacturing process. These magnets are generally obtained by liquid phase sintering of an oriented monocrystalline powder which enables a microstructure made of grain magnetically decoupled by a thin neodymium-rich layer which is optimally distributed in the magnet after a low temperature annealing. For them to be used in electrical engines and generators, dysprosium is usually added so that the coercivity is high enough at the working temperature. But dysprosium is rare and expensive and lowers the remnant induction. It is therefore important to get free of its usage by a better understanding of the links between the manufacturing process and the microstructure, so that the final magnetic properties can be optimized.First, this thesis deals with NdFeB sintering on an alloyed commercial grade. The high shrinkage anisotropy during densification is not clearly explained and its interpretation could bring information on the magnetic properties. Dilatometric studies have been performed along orientation direction as well as along the transverse direction. Sintering has been interrupted at different times and the microstructure was observed. Image analysis has enabled to understand, thanks to an analytical model, that a part of the anisotropy could be explained by an anisotropic contact orientation distribution, originating from the magnetic orientation step. Discrete element modelling has confirmed this approach.The second part of the thesis deals with the role of the most commonly used alloying elements on the magnetic properties: aluminum, cobalt and copper. Around twenty different model grades were examined with composition close to the ones of commercial magnets. After having been sintered, the samples were annealed at temperatures deduced from DSC measurements. Results show that the three elements have cross effects on coercivity. Beyond coercivity, demagnetizing curve shape is sensitive to the composition and annealing temperature and gives important information on the role of the alloying elements on the microstructure.

Notre travail de recherche porte sur les déperditions dans les centres permanents d’alphabétisation et de formation au Burkina Faso. En effet, en dépit des efforts consentis par les pouvoirs publics depuis l’accession à l’indépendance en 1960, le pays reste confronté au phénomène de déperdition dans les centres de formation et à un faible taux d’alphabétisation des adultes de 15 ans et plus. En 2015 par exemple, une publication de la Banque mondiale estimait à 28,7% le taux d’alphabétisation des adultes, classant le pays parmi les derniers de l’Afrique et du reste du monde.Notre travail de thèse vise à nous questionner sur les déterminants qui affectent la persévérance des adultes en formation dans les centres permanents d’alphabétisation et de formation d’une part, et d’autre part, à formuler des stratégies de résolution à même de contribuer à l’amélioration de l’efficacité et de la qualité des formations dispensées dans les centres d’’alphabétisation.Au terme de nos investigations, nous sommes parvenu à diagnostiquer les causes principales explicatives de la déperdition qui sont entre autres, les caractéristiques des apprenants, le déficit de valorisation des compétences des néo-alphabétisés, l’inadéquation des programmes de formation aux besoins des apprenants et également les conditions draconiennes d’apprentissage dans les centres permanents d’alphabétisation et de formation.Afin de faire de l’alphabétisation des adultes une seconde chance de formation pour ceux qui n’ont pu accéder à l’école ou le cas échéant ont été déscolarisés précocement, nous avons suggéré plusieurs pistes de réflexion articulées entre autres autour de la promotion des langues nationales grâce à une vigoureuse politique de développement de la post-alphabétisation, la valorisation des compétences des néo-alphabétisés, la diversification de l’offre de formations techniques spécifiques, l’accroissement conséquent des ressources allouées à l’éducation non formelle des adultes etc. L’implémentation de ces mesures permettra de réduire substantiellement les déperditions dans les centres de formation dédiés aux adultes. / Our research work focuses on wastage in permanent literacy and training centers in Burkina Faso. Despite the efforts made by the government since independence in 1960, the country still faces attrition in training centers and a low literacy rate for adults aged 15 and over. more. In 2015, for example, a World Bank publication estimated the adult literacy rate at 28.7 percent, ranking the country among the lowest in Africa and the rest of the world.Our thesis aims to question us on the determinants that affect the perseverance of adults in formation in the permanent centers of literacy and training on the one hand, and on the other hand, to formulate strategies of resolution able to contribute to improve the efficiency and quality of training provided in literacy centers.At the end of our investigations, we have managed to diagnose the main explanatory causes of attrition, which are, among other things, the characteristics of the learners, the lack of skills development of the newly literate, the inadequacy of the training programs to the needs of the learners. and also the draconian learning conditions in permanent literacy and training centers.In order to make adult literacy a second chance of training for those who have not been able to access school or where necessary have been out of school early, we have suggested several lines of thought articulated inter alia around the promotion of national languages ​​thanks to a vigorous post-literacy development policy, the upgrading of the skills of the newly literate, the diversification of the offer of specific technical training, the consequent increase in resources allocated to non-formal adult education etc. The implementation of these measures will substantially reduce losses in adult training centers.

The degree of inequality present in the distribution of income may be measured with a gini coefficient. If the distribution is found to empirically fit a particular distribution function, then the gini coefficient may be derived from the mean value of income and the variation from the mean. For the purpose of this study, the Beta II distribution was used as the function which most closely approximates the actual distribution of income. The Beta II function provides the skewness which is normally found in an income distribution as well as fulfilling other required characteristics. The degree of inequality was approximated for the distribution of income from all sources and from ten separate components of income sources in constant (1973) dollars. Next, permanent income from all sources and from the ten component sources was estimated based upon actual income using the double exponential smoothing forecasting technique. The estimations of permanent income, which can be thought of as expected income, were used to derive measures of permanent income inequality. The degree of actual income inequality and the degree of permanent income inequality, both being represented by the hypothetical gini coefficient , were compared and tested for statistical differences. For the entire period under investigation, 1952 to 1979, the net effect was no statistically significant difference between permanent and actual income inequality, as was expected. However, significant differences were found in comparing year by year. Relating permanent income inequality to the underlying, structural inequality present in a given distribution, conclusions were drawn regarding the role of mobility in its ability to alter the actual distribution of income. The impact of business fluctuations on the distribution of permanent income relative to the distribution of actual income was studied in an effort to reach general conclusions. In general, cyclical upswings tend to reduce permanent inequality relative to actual inequality. Thus, despite the empirically supported relationship between income inequality and economic growth, it would appear that unexpected growth tends to favor a more equal distribution of income.

Following the trends to diminish the fossil fuel energy production new technologies known for their renewable sources have become a signficant option for helping combat climate change and handle the current oil prices. These new technologies base their power production on already established physical principles that convert mechanical power to electrical power. Generators are the fundamental piece of machinery for electricity production. Among the various types of generators that exist, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are commonly used for renewable electricity production. At present, the most used magnets for PMSGs are alloys of neodymium, iron, and boron which form a tetragonal crystalline structure known as Neodymium magnets (NdFeB). These types of magnets contain rare-earth materials, which makes them highly non-sustainable materials. Research to find new magnet compositions to substitute rare earth magnets or to reduce the weight and increase the efficiency of PMSGs is currently being studied. One option is to use Alnico magnets. This thesis project explores this option. With the help of a finite element analysis (FEA) software (COMSOL Multiphysics), three types of Alnico grades 5, 8 and 9 were implemented in the rotor of a spoke type generator to study the load limits of the rotor magnets, and together with this observe the demagnetization and impact that it has on the power production of the generator, in two different scenarios: 1) When the generator is connected to a nominal load under normal conditions and 2) when the generator is connected to a nominal load after a short circuit (SC). The simulations provided an insight into the load limitations that the generator has by each type of Alnico studied. Alnico 9 showed to be the best candidate magnet from the three magnets implemented with less demagnetization and higher electrical power output, followed by Alnico 8, which presented a good electrical power output at the nominal load scenario. Regardless of the higher demagnetization of Alnico 5, it proved to be a better candidate than Alnico 8 at the SC scenario.

A determinação das principais propriedades magnéticas de um ímã permanente geralmente requer sistemas de medição sofisticados e custosos. Este trabalho analisa e propõe um sistema de caracterização de ímãs permanentes de Terras Raras e Cerâmicos à temperatura ambiente de baixo custo e de implementação mais simples. Para isso, o Histerisímetro de Entreferro Variável, HEV, é concebido e estudado. Ele consiste de um circuito magnético formado pelo ímã permanente sob caracterização, uma culatra de aço, um entreferro variável, bobinas de magnetização e desmagnetização de baixa potência, uma sonda de efeito Hall com seu respectivo gaussímetro, um fluxímetro com sua bobina exploradora, o circuito eletrônico de comando das bobinas de excitação e a interface a um sistema de instrumentação virtual. Para demonstrar os desenvolvimentos do trabalho são apresentados o estado da arte da caracterização dos ímãs permanentes, conceitos básicos de magnetismo em relação aos ímãs permanentes, instrumentação necessária para sua caracterização, a concepção e modelagem do HEV, os resultados dos testes realizados e uma abrangente análise de suas incertezas. Com isso é demonstrado que o Histerisímetro de Entreferro Variável é uma alternativa de caracterização de ímãs permanentes com desmagnetização linear com incertezas dentro do que é definido pela norma. / The determination of the main magnetic properties of permanent magnets usually requires sophisticated and expensive measuring systems. This work analyses and proposes a low-cost system for the characterization of Rare Earth and Ceramics permanent magnets at room temperature with simpler implementation. It comprehends a magnetic circuit with the permanent magnet under test, a steel yoke with appropriate pole pieces, a variable air gap, low power magnetization and demagnetization coils, a Hall Effect probe with its respective gaussmeter, a fluxmeter with its own search coil, a coil driver electronic circuit and a virtual instrumentation system (computer plus graphical interface software). To demonstrate the developments of the work, it is presented the state of the art of permanent magnets characterization, basic concepts of magnetism related to permanent magnets, the instrumentation required for its characterization, the HEV design and modeling, the results of the tests and a comprehensive analysis of related uncertainties. Thus, it is shown that the Variable Gap Hysteresimeter is an alternative characterization system for linear demagnetization permanent magnets with uncertainties within those defined by the standards.

A determinação das principais propriedades magnéticas de um ímã permanente geralmente requer sistemas de medição sofisticados e custosos. Este trabalho analisa e propõe um sistema de caracterização de ímãs permanentes de Terras Raras e Cerâmicos à temperatura ambiente de baixo custo e de implementação mais simples. Para isso, o Histerisímetro de Entreferro Variável, HEV, é concebido e estudado. Ele consiste de um circuito magnético formado pelo ímã permanente sob caracterização, uma culatra de aço, um entreferro variável, bobinas de magnetização e desmagnetização de baixa potência, uma sonda de efeito Hall com seu respectivo gaussímetro, um fluxímetro com sua bobina exploradora, o circuito eletrônico de comando das bobinas de excitação e a interface a um sistema de instrumentação virtual. Para demonstrar os desenvolvimentos do trabalho são apresentados o estado da arte da caracterização dos ímãs permanentes, conceitos básicos de magnetismo em relação aos ímãs permanentes, instrumentação necessária para sua caracterização, a concepção e modelagem do HEV, os resultados dos testes realizados e uma abrangente análise de suas incertezas. Com isso é demonstrado que o Histerisímetro de Entreferro Variável é uma alternativa de caracterização de ímãs permanentes com desmagnetização linear com incertezas dentro do que é definido pela norma. / The determination of the main magnetic properties of permanent magnets usually requires sophisticated and expensive measuring systems. This work analyses and proposes a low-cost system for the characterization of Rare Earth and Ceramics permanent magnets at room temperature with simpler implementation. It comprehends a magnetic circuit with the permanent magnet under test, a steel yoke with appropriate pole pieces, a variable air gap, low power magnetization and demagnetization coils, a Hall Effect probe with its respective gaussmeter, a fluxmeter with its own search coil, a coil driver electronic circuit and a virtual instrumentation system (computer plus graphical interface software). To demonstrate the developments of the work, it is presented the state of the art of permanent magnets characterization, basic concepts of magnetism related to permanent magnets, the instrumentation required for its characterization, the HEV design and modeling, the results of the tests and a comprehensive analysis of related uncertainties. Thus, it is shown that the Variable Gap Hysteresimeter is an alternative characterization system for linear demagnetization permanent magnets with uncertainties within those defined by the standards.