This dissertation presents a high-precision positioner with a novel superimposed concentrated-field permanent-magnet matrix. This extended-range multi-axis positioner can generate all 6-DOF (degree-of-freedom) motions with only a single moving part. It is actuated by three planar levitation motors, which are attached on the bottom of the moving part. Three aerostatic bearings are used to provide the suspension force against the gravity for the system. The dynamic model of the system is developed and analyzed. And several control techniques including SISO (single input and single output) and MIMO (multi inputs and multi outputs) controls are discussed in the dissertation. The positioner demonstrates a position resolution of 20 nm and position noise of 10 nm rms in x and y and 15 nm rms in z. The angular resolution around the x-, y-, and z-axes is in sub-microradian order. The planar travel range is 160 mm ?? 160 mm, and the maximum velocity achieved is 0.5 m/s at a 5-m/s2 acceleration, which can enhance the throughput in precision manufacturing. Various experimental results are presented in this dissertation to demonstrate the positioner??s capability of accurately tracking any planar trajectories. Those experimental results verified the potential utility of this 6-DOF high-precision positioner in precision manufacturing and factory automation.

Οι σύγχρονες αυξημένες ενεργειακές απαιτήσεις καθώς και η αυξανόμενη μόλυνση του περιβάλλοντος είναι οι κύριοι λόγοι που κάνουν τα αιολικά συστήματα να χρησιμοποιούνται ολοένα και περισσότερο στη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Τα αιολικά συστήματα αξιοποιούν την κινητική ενέργεια του ανέμου. Ανάλογα με την τεχνολογία που εφαρμόζουν χωρίζονται σε επιμέρους κατηγορίες. Στη παρούσα εργασία θα μελετήσουμε ένα αιολικό σύστημα μεταβλητών στροφών που χρησιμοποιεί Σύγχρονη Μηχανή Μόνιμου Μαγνήτη (ΣΜΜΜ). Η απήχηση της ΣΜΜΜ στα αιολικά συστήματα διαρκώς αυξάνει. Αυτό οφείλεται κυρίως στην απουσία κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων, δακτυλιοφόρου δρομέα και εξωτερικής διεγέρσεως, που προσφέρουν οι μηχανές αυτές. Πράγμα που σημαίνει αυξημένη αξιοπιστία και απόδοση. Στην εργασία αυτή θα μοντελοποιήσουμε και θα προσομοιώσουμε, σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink, το αιολικό σύστημα που περιγράψαμε παραπάνω. Στο σύστημα αυτό θα εφαρμόσουμε μια στρατηγική ελέγχου που μεγιστοποιεί την παραγόμενη ενέργεια ρυθμίζοντας κατάλληλα τις στροφές της μηχανής. Τέλος, θα παραθέσουμε τα αποτελέσματα μαζί με ένα σύντομο σχολιασμό και θα εξάγουμε ορισμένα συμπεράσματα. / Today’s increased energy needs and the increasing environmental pollution are the main reasons which make wind systems more usable in electric energy production. Wind systems use the kinetic energy of the wind. Depending on the technology they apply, they are divided into certain categories. In the present project we will study a varying speed wind system which uses a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The popularity of the PMSG in wind systems is continuously increasing. This is mainly due to the absence of gear box, wound rotor and external excitation which offer such machines. This means increased reliability and efficiency. In this project we will model and simulate, in Matlab/Simulink environment, the wind system described above. In this system we will apply a control strategy which maximizes the produced energy by regulating appropriately the speed of the machine. Finally, we will demonstrate the results among with a brief comment and we will extract some conclusions.

Το θέμα της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της σύγχρονης μηχανής αξονικής ροής με μόνιμους μαγνήτες, που προορίζεται να λειτουργήσει σε ανεμογεννήτρια, μέσω της δημιουργίας του αντίστοιχου τρισδιάστατου μοντέλου πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η σχεδίαση και η εξομοίωση του μοντέλου στις τρεις διαστάσεις μέσω του λογισμικού της OPERA 3D. Τα δεδομένα, προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί η σχεδίαση της μηχανής, προέκυψαν έπειτα από ακριβή διαδικασία διαστασιολόγησής της αξιοποιώντας τις θεωρητικές σχέσεις που, σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία, περιγράφουν τη λειτουργία της. Η δομή της διπλωματικής εργασίας διαρθρώνεται ως εξής. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στο θέμα της αιολικής ενέργειας σε σχέση με την αξιοποίησή της τόσο σε εγχώριο όσο και σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο, καθώς επίσης και μια παράθεση στοιχείων που αφορούν τα χαρακτηριστικά και τον τρόπο λειτουργίας των ανεμογεννητριών. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η διερεύνηση της βέλτιστης τοπολογίας σύγχρονης μηχανής αξονικής ροής που φέρει μόνιμους μαγνήτες για χρήση σε ανεμογεννήτρια. Η διερεύνηση γίνεται ως προς τη διάταξη δρομέα – στάτη, το τύλιγμα και τους μαγνήτες της μηχανής. Συνεχίζοντας, στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται η θεωρητική ανάλυση της συγκεκριμένης μηχανής και η βήμα προς βήμα διαδικασία της διαστασιολόγησής της. Σε αυτό το σημείο θα πρέπει να διευκρινιστεί ότι το περιεχόμενο αυτού του κεφαλαίου είναι αποτέλεσμα συνεργασίας με τη φοιτήτρια του τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών Αγγελίνα Ιωάννου, της οποίας η Διπλωματική Εργασία είναι παρόμοιου θέματος με αυτό της παρούσας Διπλωματικής Εργασίας. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη θεωρητική προσέγγιση της μεθόδου των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων και μια εισαγωγή στον τρόπο λειτουργίας του λογισμικού της OPERA 3D. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο δίνονται οι βασικές πληροφορίες σχετικά με τον τρόπο που σχεδιάστηκε το μοντέλο στην OPERA 3D. Τέλος, στο έκτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τις εξομοιώσεις του μοντέλου στην OPERA 3D οι οποίες περιλαμβάνουν: • Στατική γραμμική ανάλυση της τοπολογίας διπλού δρομέα – μονού στάτη • Στατική μη γραμμική ανάλυση της τοπολογίας διπλού δρομέα – μονού στάτη • Στατική γραμμική ανάλυση της τοπολογίας μονού δρομέα – μονού στάτη • Στρεφόμενη γραμμική ανάλυση της τοπολογίας διπλού δρομέα – μονού στάτη εν κενώ • Στρεφόμενη γραμμική ανάλυση της τοπολογίας διπλού δρομέα – μονού στάτη για διάφορα φορτία / The subject of this thesis is the research of a permanent magnet axial flux synchronous machine, which is intended to operate in a wind turbine, through finite element analysis. The purpose of this thesis is the design and the simulation of the model in three dimensions using the software OPERA 3D. The data we needed, in order to achieve the design of the machine, were results of a detailed process of sizing with the use of all the theoretical relationships that, according to the literature, describe machine’s operation. This thesis is structured as follows. The first chapter is a brief reference to the issue of wind energy in relation to its use both in Greece and abroad, as well as a quote data concerning the characteristics and operation of wind turbines. The second chapter presents the investigation of the optimal topology of a permanent magnet axial flux synchronous machine used in wind turbines. The investigation includes the rotor – stator order, the winding and the magnets of the machine. Continuing, the third chapter presents the theoretical analysis of this machine and the step by step process of sizing. It should be noted that the content of this chapter is the result of cooperation with the student of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the University of Patras, Aggelina Ioannou whose thesis subject is similar to that of this thesis. The fourth chapter is a brief theoretical approach to the finite element method and an introduction to the way the software OPERA 3D operates. The fifth chapter provides basic information about how the model was designed to OPERA 3D. Finally, the sixth chapter presents the results obtained from simulations of the model in OPERA 3D which include: • Static linear analysis of the double rotor – single stator topology • Static non linear analysis of the double rotor – single stator topology • Static linear analysis of the single rotor – single stator topology • RΜ linear no load analysis of the double rotor – single stator topology • RΜ linear load analysis of the double rotor – single stator topology

During these decades, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has become a vital part of military, industry and civil applications due to the advantages of high power density, high efficiency, high reliability and simple structure, small volume and light weight. Sometimes, multiple PMSMs are used to carry out cooperative functions. For example, the bogie of a locomotive, the flight control surface of an airplane. These PMSMs usually operates at the same speed. To reduce the volume and weight, an idea of sharing the static power conversion devices, which is called Mono-Inverter Multi-PMSM system (MIMPMSM), is raised. Although many researchers have given different controller solutions for the MIMPMSM system, most of them are not clear in the aspects of system stability and efficiency issues. This has become the biggest obstacle to the practical use of MIMPMSM. Oriented with these problems, starting with a MIMPMSM system with 2 motors, in the first step, we have tested some control strategies by an experiment to verify the feasibility and performance of them. In final, based on the experiment data, we have figured that the overconstraint problem exists in some control strategies. Then, an analysis and controller design based on steady-state model of a Mono-Inverter Dual-PMSM (MIDPMSM) system is carried out.By studying the solution existence problem of the steady-state model, we give out the design guideline to the controller structure. Combining the open-loop stability and steady-state solution, the region of controllability and stability is obtained. Lagrange Multiplier is used develop theexpression of efficiency-optimal steady-staterelated to torque and speed. The experiment has shown that the efficiency of the new controller has improved significantly. Meanwhile, we have explored the influence of parameter variation in system stability and efficiency-optimization. The variation will influence the stability region. But its influence can be eliminated by using Master- Slave strategy. On the other hand, in the aspect of efficiency optimization, the simulation results have shown that parameter mismatch, especially the permeant flux, can cause high efficiency loss. In the last step, this controller is also adapted to a MIMPMSM system with more than two motors. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness.

Modern electric machine drives, particularly three phase permanent magnet machine drive systems represent an indispensable part of high power density products. Such products include; hybrid electric vehicles, large propulsion systems, and automation products. Reliability and cost of these products are directly related to the reliability and cost of these systems. The compatibility of the electric machine and its drive system for optimal cost and operation has been a large challenge in industrial applications. The main objective of this dissertation is to find a design and control scheme for the best compromise between the reliability and optimality of the electric machine-drive system. The effort presented here is motivated by the need to find new techniques to connect the design and control of electric machines and drive systems. A highly accurate and computationally efficient modeling process was developed to monitor the magnetic, thermal, and electrical aspects of the electric machine in its operational environments. The modeling process was also utilized in the design process in form finite element based optimization process. It was also used in hardware in the loop finite element based optimization process. The modeling process was later employed in the design of a very accurate and highly efficient physics-based customized observers that are required for the fault diagnosis as well the sensorless rotor position estimation. Two test setups with different ratings and topologies were numerically and experimentally tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. The modeling process was also employed in the real-time demagnetization control of the machine. Various real-time scenarios were successfully verified. It was shown that this process gives the potential to optimally redefine the assumptions in sizing the permanent magnets of the machine and DC bus voltage of the drive for the worst operating conditions. The mathematical development and stability criteria of the physics-based modeling of the machine, design optimization, and the physics-based fault diagnosis and the physics-based sensorless technique are described in detail. To investigate the performance of the developed design test-bed, software and hardware setups were constructed first. Several topologies of the permanent magnet machine were optimized inside the optimization test-bed. To investigate the performance of the developed sensorless control, a test-bed including a 0.25 (kW) surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine example was created. The verification of the proposed technique in a range from medium to very low speed, effectively show the intelligent design capability of the proposed system. Additionally, to investigate the performance of the developed fault diagnosis system, a test-bed including a 0.8 (kW) surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine example with trapezoidal back electromotive force was created. The results verify the use of the proposed technique under dynamic eccentricity, DC bus voltage variations, and harmonic loading condition make the system an ideal case for propulsion systems.

Following the trends to diminish the fossil fuel energy production new technologies known for their renewable sources have become a signficant option for helping combat climate change and handle the current oil prices. These new technologies base their power production on already established physical principles that convert mechanical power to electrical power. Generators are the fundamental piece of machinery for electricity production. Among the various types of generators that exist, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are commonly used for renewable electricity production. At present, the most used magnets for PMSGs are alloys of neodymium, iron, and boron which form a tetragonal crystalline structure known as Neodymium magnets (NdFeB). These types of magnets contain rare-earth materials, which makes them highly non-sustainable materials. Research to find new magnet compositions to substitute rare earth magnets or to reduce the weight and increase the efficiency of PMSGs is currently being studied. One option is to use Alnico magnets. This thesis project explores this option. With the help of a finite element analysis (FEA) software (COMSOL Multiphysics), three types of Alnico grades 5, 8 and 9 were implemented in the rotor of a spoke type generator to study the load limits of the rotor magnets, and together with this observe the demagnetization and impact that it has on the power production of the generator, in two different scenarios: 1) When the generator is connected to a nominal load under normal conditions and 2) when the generator is connected to a nominal load after a short circuit (SC). The simulations provided an insight into the load limitations that the generator has by each type of Alnico studied. Alnico 9 showed to be the best candidate magnet from the three magnets implemented with less demagnetization and higher electrical power output, followed by Alnico 8, which presented a good electrical power output at the nominal load scenario. Regardless of the higher demagnetization of Alnico 5, it proved to be a better candidate than Alnico 8 at the SC scenario.

<div>The numerical calculation of the electromagnetic fields within electric machines is sensitive to the magnetic characteristic of steel. However, the magnetic characteristic of steel is uncertain due to fluctuations in alloy composition, possible contamination, and other manufacturing process variations including punching. Previous attempts to quantify magnetic uncertainty due to punching are based on parametric analytical models of <i>B-H</i> curves, where the uncertainty is reflected by model parameters. In this work, we set forth a data-driven approach for quantifying the uncertainty due to punching in <i>B-H</i> curves. In addition to the magnetic characteristics of steel lamination, the remanent flux density (<i>B_r</i>) exhibited by the permanent magnets in a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is also uncertain due to unpredictable variations in the manufacturing process. Previous studies consider the impact of uncertainties in <i>B-H</i> curves and <i>B_r</i> of the permanent magnets on the average torque, cogging torque, torque ripple and losses of a PMSM. However, studies pertaining to the impact of these uncertainties on the combined machine/drive system of a PMSM is scarce in the literature. Hence, the objective of this work is to study the effect of <i>B-H</i> and <i>B_r</i> uncertainties on the performance of a PMSM machine/drive system using a validated finite element simulator. </div><div>Our approach is as follows. First, we use principal component analysis to build a reduced-order stochastic model of <i>B-H</i> curves from a synthetic dataset containing <i>B-H</i> curves affected by punching. Second, we model the the uncertainty in <i>B_r</i> and other uncertainties in <i>B-H</i> characteristics e.g., due to unknown state of the material composition and unavailability of accurate data in deep saturation region. Third, to overcome the computational limitations of the finite element simulator, we replace it with surrogate models based on Gaussian process regression. Fourth, we perform propagation studies to assess the effect of <i>B-H</i> and <i>B_r</i> uncertainties on the average torque, torque ripple and the PMSM machine/drive system using the constructed surrogate models.</div>

Este trabalho de mestrado está relacionado com a análise do comportamento dinâmico de turbinas eólicas equipadas com gerador síncrono com excitação a ímãs permanentes operando durante contingências na rede elétrica e com variação na velocidade do vento. Tal configuração tem muitas vantagens quando comparada com a configuração atualmente utilizada pelos principais fabricantes de turbinas eólicas de grande porte. A principal delas é devido ao fato de não utilizar caixas de engrenagens. Porém, o impacto na rede elétrica com a conexão de tal configuração deve ser minimizado melhorando as condições operativas no ponto de conexão da fazenda eólica. Desta forma, o projeto em questão visa investigar formas de diminuir os impactos negativos causados e melhorar a estabilidade do sistema, principalmente, no ponto de conexão à rede elétrica Portanto, o projeto de pesquisa deste mestrado está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de modelos computacionais que representem tal tecnologia, considerando os principais componentes e controles utilizando o software de simulação PSCAD. Também são incluídos novos métodos de controle e elementos adicionais que melhoram a confiabilidade e o nível de penetração de parques eólicos com geradores a ímãs permanentes. Ressalta-se que tais modelos não estão disponíveis de forma completa no software citado acima, portanto foram desenvolvidos partindo de modelos genéricos existentes. Todas as partes do modelo foram realizadas com elementos básicos acessíveis em qualquer programa de simulação, de modo que qualquer engenheiro ou pesquisador possa programar este mesmo modelo em qualquer software. Esta dissertação começa com uma breve descrição do modelo desenvolvido, incluindo o modelo aerodinâmico das turbinas eólicas, o controle do conversor do lado do gerador, o controle do conversor do lado da rede e o sistema de proteção do link de corrente contínua. Com o modelo desenvolvido, analisa-se a operação do gerador síncrono a imãs permanentes durante contingências na rede. A aplicação de um sistema avançado de armazenamento de energia e a possibilidade de suporte de frequência à rede elétrica também foram desenvolvidos e analisados. Considerando os resultados obtidos, podemos verificar que a conexão de parques eólicos equipados com geradores síncronos com excitação a ímãs permanentes pode trazer benefícios para a rede elétrica, quando o seu potencial de controle e de operação é utilizado. Mais detalhes podem ser verificados nos capítulos a seguir. / This master\'s project aims to study the behavior of wind turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, operating during contingencies and changes in wind speed. This configuration has many advantages compared with configurations currently used by leading manufacturers of large wind turbines. The main one is due to the fact of use smaller gearboxes or even gearless turbines. However, the impact on the electrical grid connection of this configuration should be minimized by improving the operating conditions at the connection point of the wind farm. Thus, this project aims to investigate ways to reduce the negative impacts and improve the system stability, especially at the grid connection point. This work employs the simulation software PSCAD for developing a computational model of this technology, considering the main components and controls. New control methods and additional features are included, for improving the reliability and the level of penetration of wind farms with permanent magnet generators in the power system. It is noteworthy that such models are not available in the simulation software PSCAD; therefore it was developed from existing generic models. All parts of the model were done with basic elements; as a result any engineer or researcher can program this same model in any software. This work begins with a brief description of the developed model, including: the aerodynamic model of the wind turbines, the control of the generator side converter, the control of the grid side converter and the protection system of the Link-DC. With this model, the operation of the permanent magnet synchronous generator was analyzed during network contingencies. The application of a sophisticated energy storage system for frequency support was also both developed and analyzed. The connection of wind turbines with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator has advantages when its potential for control and operation is used. More details can be checked in the following chapters.

Dans le cadre de la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet de serre, et devant l'augmentation incessante du prix de l'énergie, la course à l'amélioration des performances énergétiques touche tous les secteurs : industriel, tertiaire ou même celui des particuliers. La consommation de l'énergie électrique est due en grande partie aux moteurs électriques, et particulièrement les machines asynchrones, utilisées dans diverses applications telles que le pompage, la ventilation ou la compression. Ces machines sont caractérisées par des rendements relativement faibles et leur remplacement par des machines plus performantes permettrait un gain d'énergie non négligeable. Les machines à aimants permanent ayant pouvoir de démarrage autonome sont de bonnes candidates pour répondre à ce besoin. Elles ont de très bons rendements et les artifices supplémentaires permettant le démarreur automne suppriment la nécessité d'utiliser des convertisseurs statiques comme dans le cas des machines à aimants classiques. Des contraintes spécifiques se posent cependant pour l'utilisation et le dimensionnement de ces machines : en effet, le courant de démarrage ne doit pas être trop important à cause du risque de démagnétiser les aimants et le couple de démarrage doit être suffisamment grand pour assurer un démarrage en charge. Par ailleurs les rendement et facteurs de puissance en pleine charge doivent être assez nettement supérieurs à ceux des machines asynchrones pour les rendre plus compétitives. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois structures de rotor permettant de répondre à un cahier des charges donné. Ces trois structures utilisent des aimants en surface, insérés dans un rotor massif ou dans un rotor à cage. Elles ont leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients, que nous avons mis en évidence par une étude comparative assez détaillée. Cette étude comparative n'a pu être mise en oeuvre sans l'établissement de modèles en régime statique ou dynamique de ces machines ou encore de méthodologie de conception. Un prototype à échelle réduite a été dimensionné, réalisé et testé au laboratoire ; il confirme les principes de base de ce type de machines / In the context of reducing emissions of greenhouse effect, and of energy cost, the competition to improve the performances of the equipments affects all the domains. The consumption of electricity is mostly due to the electric motors, and particularly induction machines, used in various devices such as pumps, fans or compressors. These machines are characterized by relatively low efficiencies, and their replacement by more efficient machines should lead to a significant power saving. The Line-Start Permanent Magnet motors are good candidates to achieve this purpose. They have higher efficiencies and the additional devices for self-start eliminates the need of static converters, as it is normally required for conventional permanent magnet motors. Specific constraints arise for the use and the design of these machines: the starting current should not be so high to avoid the risk of the demagnetization of magnets and the starting torque must be large enough to ensure the start under load. Moreover, the efficiency and power factor at full load must be sufficiently higher than those of asynchronous machines in order to make them more competitive. In this thesis, we study three rotor structures to meet a given specification. These three structures use magnets inserted on the surface, embedded in a solid rotor or a cage rotor. They have their advantages and drawbacks that we have shown by a comparative study in some detail. This comparative study could not be implemented without the development of models in both static and dynamic conditions of these machines and a specific design methodology. A small scale of prototype has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory; it confirms the basic principles of such machines

Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse abordent les aspects de la conception optimale des machines électriques appliquées à la traction automobile.Cette thèse traite tout d’abord des contraintes imposées par le cahier des charges de l’application automobile électrique/hybride. Une méthode de classification ayant pour but de réduire le nombre d’évaluations des points de fonctionnement y est décrite. Ensuite, un prédimensionnement optimal de la machine est présenté. Le design de la machine est alors construit pour respecter la solution obtenue par le prédimensionnement.Dans la suite, une modélisation électromagnétique analytique précise et rapide de la machine est mise au point pour évaluer ses performances. Enfin, le modèle analytique précédemment conçu est couplé à une routine d’optimisation. Deux solutions optimales de machines synchrones à aimants permanents (MSAP) dédiées à l’application automobile seront finalement mises en exergue. / The work presented in this thesis aims at the modelling and optimisation of electrical machine for an automotive application.The first part shows the constraints required to electric/hybrid automotive specifications. A clustering method which allows to reduce evaluations number of the operating points is described. Next, an optimal pre-sizing of the machine is presented and designed in order to respect this optimal pre-sizing.In what follows an accurate and fast analytical electromagnetic modelling of the machine is performed. Well, the analytical modelling developed is related to a genetic algorithm. Two solutions of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) designed to automotive application are finally showed and analysed.