Esta pesquisa abordou a influência do ozônio, ácido peracético e permanganato de potássio na inativação dos microrganismos indicadores E.coli, colifago, C.perfringens e Ascaris lumbricoides de efluentes secundários, visando reúso em agricultura. Os efluentes utilizados para os ensaios com ozônio foram provenientes da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Lins-SP (o tratamento consiste em lagoa anaeróbia seguida de facultativa) e da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Araraquara-SP, na qual o tratamento é constituído de lagoa aerada seguida de lagoa de sedimentação. Para os ensaios de desinfecção com ácido peracético e permanganato de potássio utilizou-se apenas o efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Araraquara-SP. Os ensaios de desinfecção demonstraram que o ácido peracético tem maior poder bactericida em relação ao ozônio e permanganato de potássio. O ozônio foi mais eficiente na inativação do microrganismo colifago. Para todos os desinfetantes usados, a concentração da bactéria esporulada C.perfringens permaneceu entre 103 a 104 NMP/100 mL. Todos os desinfetantes, nas concentrações e tempos de contatos testados, mostraram-se tóxicos nas primeiras 24 h ao microcrustáceo Daphnia similis. O desinfetante que alcançou, com menor concentração e tempo de contato, o padrão proposto pela OMS (1989) para irrigação irrestrita foi o ácido peracético com 5 mg/L e tempo de contato de 10 minutos. Já a concentração de ozônio consumida de 40 mg/L e tempo de contato de 10 minutos foram suficientes para atender ao padrão proposto para irrigação restrita. / This research deals with the influence of ozone, peracetic acid and potassium permanganate on the inactivation of indicator microorganisms E.coli, coliphage, Clostridium perfringens and Ascaris lumbricoides secondary effluents, aiming agricultural reuse. The effluents used for the analyses with ozone had been proceeding from the Lins-SP Wastewater Treatment Plant (the treatment consists of an anaerobic lagoon followed by a facultative one) and from the Araraquara-SP Wastewater Treatment Plant, where the treatment consists of an aerated lagoon followed by a sedimentation pond. For the disinfection analyses with peracetic acid and potassium permanganate only the effluent from the Araraquara-SP Wastewater Treatment Plant was used. The disinfection analyses demonstrated that the peracetic acid has greater bactericide power than ozone and potassium permanganate. Ozone was more efficient in the coliphage microorganism inactivation. For all used disinfectants the concentration of sporulated bacteria Clostridium perfringens remained between 103 and 104 NPM/100 mL. All the disinfectants, under the concentration and contact time tested, showed themselves toxic during the first 24 h, and did not show any mortality to the Daphnia similis microorganism after that period. The disinfectant that reached, under lower concentration and contact time, the proposed standard for unrestricted irrigation from WHO (1989) was the peracetic acid with 5 mg/L and contact time of 10 minutes.

In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a leading-edge technology for soil and groundwater remediation, and involves injecting a chemical oxidant (e. g. , permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, or persulfate) into the subsurface to deplete contaminant mass through oxidation. Since the delivery of the chosen oxidant to the target treatment zone must occur in situ, the interaction between the injected oxidant and the aquifer material is a key controlling factor for a successful ISCO application. While many published ISCO studies have focused on the interaction between an oxidant and target contaminants, many questions still remain on the interaction between a potential oxidant and the aquifer material. Through a series of bench-scale experiments with aquifer materials collected from 10 sites throughout North America, the research presented in this thesis provides insight into the interaction between these aquifer materials and two widely used ISCO oxidants; permanganate and hydrogen peroxide. <br /><br /> The investigation into the interaction between aquifer materials and permanganate consisted of three series of bench-scale experiments: (1) long-term batch experiments which were used to investigate permanganate consumption in response to fundamental geochemical properties of the aquifer materials, (2) short-term batch experiments which were designed to yield kinetic data that describe the behavior of permanganate in the presence of various aquifer materials, and (3) column experiments which were used to investigate permanganate transport in a system that mimics the subsurface environment. The long-term experiments which involved more than 180 batch reactors monitored for ~300 days showed that the unproductive permanganate consumption by aquifer materials or natural oxidant demand (NOD) is strongly affected by the initial permanganate concentration, permanganate to solid mass ratio, and the reductive components associated with each aquifer material. This consumption cannot be represented by an instantaneous reaction process but is kinetically controlled by at least a fast and slow reactive component. Accordingly, an empirical expression for permanganate NOD in terms of aquifer material properties, and a hypothetical kinetic model consisting of two reaction components were developed. In addition, a fast and economical permanganate NOD estimation procedure based on a permanganate COD test was developed and tested. The investigation into short-term permanganate consumption (time scale of hours) was based on the theoretical derivation of the stoichiometric reaction of permanganate with bulk aquifer material reductive components, and consisted of excess permanganate mass experiments and excess aquifer material mass experiments. The results demonstrated that permanganate consumption by aquifer materials can be characterized by a very fast reaction on the order of minutes to hours, confirming the existence of the fast reaction component of the hypothetical kinetic model used to describe the long-term permanganate NOD observations. A typical experimental column trial consisted of flushing an aquifer-material packed column with the permanganate source solution until sufficient permanganate breakthrough was observed. The permanganate column results indicated the presence of a fast and slow consumption rate consistent with the long-term batch test data, and an intermediate consumption rate affecting the shape of the rising limb of the breakthrough curve. Finally, a comparison of the experimental results between batch and column systems indicated that permanganate NOD was significantly overestimated by the batch experiments; however, permanganate consumption displayed some similarity between the batch and column systems and hence an empirical expression was developed to predict permanganate consumption in physically representative column systems from batch reactor data. <br /><br /> The interaction between hydrogen peroxide and aquifer materials was also investigated with both batch and column experiments. A series of batch experiments consisting of a mixture of 2% hydrogen peroxide and 15 g of aquifer materials was used to capture the overall hydrogen peroxide behavior in the presence of various aquifer materials. The results indicated that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various aquifer materials followed a first-order rate law, and was strongly affected by the content of amorphous transition metals (i. e. , Fe and Mn). Although hydrogen peroxide decomposition is related to the total organic carbon (TOC) content of natural aquifer materials, the results from a two-week long exposure to hydrogen peroxide suggests that not all forms of natural organic matter contributed to this decomposition. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to generate predictive relationships to estimate hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate coefficients based on various aquifer material properties. The enhanced stability of hydrogen peroxide was investigated under six scenarios with the addition of chelating reagents. The impact of a new green chelating reagent, S,S'-ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS), on the stability of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aquifer materials was experimentally examined and compared to that of the traditional and widely used chelating reagent, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA). The results demonstrated that EDDS was able to significantly increase the stability of hydrogen peroxide, especially for aquifer materials with low TOC contents and/or high dissolvable Fe and Mn contents. Finally, to complement and expand the findings from the batch experiments, column experiments were conducted with aquifer materials from five representative sites. Each column was flushed with two types of source solutions (with or without EDDS addition) at two flow rates. The column experiments showed that the use of EDDS resulted in an earlier breakthrough and a higher stable concentration of hydrogen peroxide relative to the case without the addition of EDDS. The hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate coefficients generated from the column data were significantly higher than those generated from the batch test data and no correlation between hydrogen peroxide decomposition coefficients obtained from column and batch experiments was observed. Based on the column experimental results, a one-dimensional transport model was also calibrated to capture the hydrogen peroxide breakthrough process. <br /><br /> Data from bench-scale tests are routinely used to support both ISCO design and site screening, and therefore the findings from this study can be used as guidance on the utility of these tests to generate reliable and useful information. In general, the behavior of both permanganate and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aquifer materials in batch and the column systems clearly indicates that the use of batch test data for ISCO system design is questionable since column experiments are believed to mimic in situ conditions better since column systems provide more realistic aquifer material contact. Thus the scaling relationships developed in this study provide meaningful tools to transfer information obtained from batch systems, which are widely employed in most bench-scale studies, to column systems.

In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a leading-edge technology for soil and groundwater remediation, and involves injecting a chemical oxidant (e. g. , permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, or persulfate) into the subsurface to deplete contaminant mass through oxidation. Since the delivery of the chosen oxidant to the target treatment zone must occur in situ, the interaction between the injected oxidant and the aquifer material is a key controlling factor for a successful ISCO application. While many published ISCO studies have focused on the interaction between an oxidant and target contaminants, many questions still remain on the interaction between a potential oxidant and the aquifer material. Through a series of bench-scale experiments with aquifer materials collected from 10 sites throughout North America, the research presented in this thesis provides insight into the interaction between these aquifer materials and two widely used ISCO oxidants; permanganate and hydrogen peroxide. <br /><br /> The investigation into the interaction between aquifer materials and permanganate consisted of three series of bench-scale experiments: (1) long-term batch experiments which were used to investigate permanganate consumption in response to fundamental geochemical properties of the aquifer materials, (2) short-term batch experiments which were designed to yield kinetic data that describe the behavior of permanganate in the presence of various aquifer materials, and (3) column experiments which were used to investigate permanganate transport in a system that mimics the subsurface environment. The long-term experiments which involved more than 180 batch reactors monitored for ~300 days showed that the unproductive permanganate consumption by aquifer materials or natural oxidant demand (NOD) is strongly affected by the initial permanganate concentration, permanganate to solid mass ratio, and the reductive components associated with each aquifer material. This consumption cannot be represented by an instantaneous reaction process but is kinetically controlled by at least a fast and slow reactive component. Accordingly, an empirical expression for permanganate NOD in terms of aquifer material properties, and a hypothetical kinetic model consisting of two reaction components were developed. In addition, a fast and economical permanganate NOD estimation procedure based on a permanganate COD test was developed and tested. The investigation into short-term permanganate consumption (time scale of hours) was based on the theoretical derivation of the stoichiometric reaction of permanganate with bulk aquifer material reductive components, and consisted of excess permanganate mass experiments and excess aquifer material mass experiments. The results demonstrated that permanganate consumption by aquifer materials can be characterized by a very fast reaction on the order of minutes to hours, confirming the existence of the fast reaction component of the hypothetical kinetic model used to describe the long-term permanganate NOD observations. A typical experimental column trial consisted of flushing an aquifer-material packed column with the permanganate source solution until sufficient permanganate breakthrough was observed. The permanganate column results indicated the presence of a fast and slow consumption rate consistent with the long-term batch test data, and an intermediate consumption rate affecting the shape of the rising limb of the breakthrough curve. Finally, a comparison of the experimental results between batch and column systems indicated that permanganate NOD was significantly overestimated by the batch experiments; however, permanganate consumption displayed some similarity between the batch and column systems and hence an empirical expression was developed to predict permanganate consumption in physically representative column systems from batch reactor data. <br /><br /> The interaction between hydrogen peroxide and aquifer materials was also investigated with both batch and column experiments. A series of batch experiments consisting of a mixture of 2% hydrogen peroxide and 15 g of aquifer materials was used to capture the overall hydrogen peroxide behavior in the presence of various aquifer materials. The results indicated that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various aquifer materials followed a first-order rate law, and was strongly affected by the content of amorphous transition metals (i. e. , Fe and Mn). Although hydrogen peroxide decomposition is related to the total organic carbon (TOC) content of natural aquifer materials, the results from a two-week long exposure to hydrogen peroxide suggests that not all forms of natural organic matter contributed to this decomposition. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to generate predictive relationships to estimate hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate coefficients based on various aquifer material properties. The enhanced stability of hydrogen peroxide was investigated under six scenarios with the addition of chelating reagents. The impact of a new green chelating reagent, S,S'-ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS), on the stability of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aquifer materials was experimentally examined and compared to that of the traditional and widely used chelating reagent, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA). The results demonstrated that EDDS was able to significantly increase the stability of hydrogen peroxide, especially for aquifer materials with low TOC contents and/or high dissolvable Fe and Mn contents. Finally, to complement and expand the findings from the batch experiments, column experiments were conducted with aquifer materials from five representative sites. Each column was flushed with two types of source solutions (with or without EDDS addition) at two flow rates. The column experiments showed that the use of EDDS resulted in an earlier breakthrough and a higher stable concentration of hydrogen peroxide relative to the case without the addition of EDDS. The hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate coefficients generated from the column data were significantly higher than those generated from the batch test data and no correlation between hydrogen peroxide decomposition coefficients obtained from column and batch experiments was observed. Based on the column experimental results, a one-dimensional transport model was also calibrated to capture the hydrogen peroxide breakthrough process. <br /><br /> Data from bench-scale tests are routinely used to support both ISCO design and site screening, and therefore the findings from this study can be used as guidance on the utility of these tests to generate reliable and useful information. In general, the behavior of both permanganate and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aquifer materials in batch and the column systems clearly indicates that the use of batch test data for ISCO system design is questionable since column experiments are believed to mimic in situ conditions better since column systems provide more realistic aquifer material contact. Thus the scaling relationships developed in this study provide meaningful tools to transfer information obtained from batch systems, which are widely employed in most bench-scale studies, to column systems.

Groundwater at many existing and former industrial sites and disposal areas is contaminated by halogenated organic compounds that were released into the environment. The chlorinated solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most ubiquitous of these compounds. In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has been successfully used for the removal of TCE. The objective of this study was to apply the ISCO technology to remediate TCE-contaminated groundwater. In this study, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was used as the oxidant during the ISCO process. The study consisted bench-scale and pilot-scale experiments. In the laboratory experiments, the major controlling factors included oxidant concentrations, effects of soil oxidant demand (SOD) on oxidation efficiency, and addition of dibasic sodium phosphate on the inhibition of production of manganese dioxide (MnO2). Results show that higher molar ratios of KMnO4 to TCE corresponded with higher TCE oxidation rate under the same initial TCE concentration condition. Moreover, higher TCE concentration corresponded with higher TCE oxidation rate under the same molar ratios of KMnO4 to TCE condition. Results reveal that KMnO4 is a more stable and dispersive oxidant, which is able to disperse into the soil materials and react with organic contaminants effectively. Significant amount of MnO2 production can be effectively inhibited with the addition of Na2HPO4. Results show that the increase in the first-order decay rate was observed when the oxidant concentration was increased, and the half-life was approximately 24.3 to 251 min. However, the opposite situation was observed when the second-order decay rate was used to describe the reaction. Results from the column experiment show that the breakthrough volumes were approximately 50.4 to 5.06 pore volume (PV). Injection of KMnO4 would cause the decrease in TCE concentration through oxidation. Results also indicate that the addition of Na2HPO4 would not inhibit the TCE removal rate. In the second part of this study, a TCE-contaminated site was selected for the conduction of pilot-scale study. A total of eight remediation wells were installed for this pilot-scale study. The initial TCE concentrations of the eight wells were as follows: C1 = 0.59 mg/L, C1-E = 0.64 mg/L, C1-W = 0.61 mg/L, EW-1 = 0.65 mg/L, EW-1E = 0.62 mg/L, EW-1W = 0.57 mg/L, C2 = 0.62 mg/L, C3 = 0.35 mg/L. C1, EW-1, C2, and C3 were located along the groundwater flow direction from the upgradient (C1) to the downgradient location (C3), and the distance between each well was 3 m. C1-E and C1-W were located in lateral to C1 with a distance of 3 m to C1. EW-1E and EW-1W were in lateral to EW-1 with a distance of 3 m to EW-1. In the first test, 2,700 L of KMnO4 solution was injected into each of the three injection wells (C1, C1-E, and C1-W) with concentration of 5,000 mg/L. Three injections were performed with an interval of 6 hr between each injection. After injection, the TCE concentrations in those three wells dropped down to below detection limit (<0.0025 mg/L). However, no significant variations in TCE concentrations were observed in other wells. In the second test, 2,700 L of KMnO4 solution was injected into injection well (EW-1) with concentration of 5,000 mg/L. Six injections were performed with an interval of 6 hr between each injection. After injection, the TCE concentrations in the injection well dropped down to below detection limit (<0.0025 mg/L). TCE concentrations in (C1, C1-E, C1-W, EW-1E, EW-1W, C2, and C3) dropped to 0.35-0.49 mg/L. After injection, no significant temperature and pH variation was observed. However, increase in conductivity and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was observed. This indicates that the KMnO4 oxidation process is a potential method for TCE-contaminate site remediation. The groundwater conductivity increased from 500 £gS/cm to 1,000 £gS/cm, and ORP increased from 200 to 600 mv. Increase in KMnO4, MnO2, and total Mn was also observed in wells. Results from the slug tests show that the hydraulic conductivity remained in the range from 10-4 to 10-5 m/sec before and after the KMnO4 injection.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franca_jg_dr_jabo.pdf: 2251025 bytes, checksum: 4391181f6db61217e2ad4bea2e7f55fd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial tóxico do permanganato de potássio (KMnO4) através da avaliação da toxicidade aguda (CL50;96 h) e crônica para a tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus e a ecotoxicidade desse composto através de ensaios com o microcrustáceo Ceriodaphnia dubia e com a microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Para o teste de toxicidade aguda foram utilizados alevinos de tilápia (0,52 + 0,10g e 3,35 + 0,36 cm), expostos a seguintes concentrações: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 mg.L-1 KMnO4. Os efeitos subletais do KMnO4 foram avaliados pelo do teste de toxicidade crônica, com um grupo controle e duas concentraçõesteste, utilizadas na aqüicultura para o manejo e controle de doenças (1,0 e 4,0 mg.L-1 KMnO4). Para este teste foram utilizadas tilápias (40 g) jovens, expostas por 30 dias, com amostragem de 10 indivíduos por tratamento, nos intervalos de 0, 7, 15 e 30 dias. Os biomarcadores avaliados no presente estudo foram: análises hematológicas, da atividade fagocítica, determinações da concentração de GSH, da atividade enzimática da GST, catalase e peroxidação lipídica e genótoxicas. No teste de toxicidade aguda, o baixo valor de CL50;96h (1,81 mg.L-1), sugere que esta espécie de peixe, nesta fase de desenvolvimento, apresenta grande sensibilidade ao composto. No teste de toxicidade crônica, os peixes expostos na concentração de 1 mg.L-1 de KMnO4 não apresentaram variações significativas nos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados quando comparados ao grupo controle. Na concentração de 4 mg.L-1, as alterações no quadro hematológico indicaram processo de hemólise e redução da atividade fagocítica em consequência da ação oxidante do KMnO4. Nas concentrações de 1 e 4 mg.L-1 KMnO4 houve redução significativa da capacidade fagocítica de macrófagos. Na análise bioquímica, somente a enzima GSH apresentou aumento significativo... / This study aimed know the toxic potential of the potassium permanganate (KMnO4) through the evaluation of the acute (LC50;96h) and cronic toxicity to tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the ecotoxicity of this compound through the assays with the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia and with microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. For the acute toxicity test were used tilapia fingerlings (0.52 + 0.10g and 3.35 + 0.36 cm), exposed to concentrations: 0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 and 6.0 mg.L-1 KMnO4. The sublethal effects of the KMnO4 were evaluated through cronic toxicity test, with a control group and two test concentrations, used in the aquaculture to management and control fishes diseases (1.0 and 4.0 mg.L-1 KMnO4). To this experiment were used with juvenile tilapia (40 g), exposed for 30 days, with samples of 10 individuals from each treatment at intervals of 0, 7, 15 and 30- days. The biomarkers evaluated in this present study were: hematological analysis, phagocytic activity, determination of GSH concentration, of enzymatic activity of GST, catalase, lipid peroxidation and genotoxities. In the acute toxicity test, the low value of LC50;96h (1.81 mg.L- 1), suggests that this species of fish, in this phase of development, it presents the great sensitivity to the KMnO4. In the cronic toxicity test, the fishes exposed in the concentrations of 1 mg.L-1 de KMnO4 did not present significant variations in the analyzed sanguineous parameters when compared with the control group. In concentration of 4 mg.L-1 the hematological alterations indicated process of hemolysis and immunosuppression in consequence of the oxidant action of KMnO4. In the immunologicals analysis, the concentrations of 1 and 4 mg.L-1 KMnO4 had significant reduction of the fagocitic capacity of the fishes suggesting suppression of the immune system. In the analysis biochemical, only the enzyme GSH presented significant increase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial tóxico do permanganato de potássio (KMnO4) através da avaliação da toxicidade aguda (CL50;96 h) e crônica para a tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus e a ecotoxicidade desse composto através de ensaios com o microcrustáceo Ceriodaphnia dubia e com a microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Para o teste de toxicidade aguda foram utilizados alevinos de tilápia (0,52 + 0,10g e 3,35 + 0,36 cm), expostos a seguintes concentrações: 0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 mg.L-1 KMnO4. Os efeitos subletais do KMnO4 foram avaliados pelo do teste de toxicidade crônica, com um grupo controle e duas concentraçõesteste, utilizadas na aqüicultura para o manejo e controle de doenças (1,0 e 4,0 mg.L-1 KMnO4). Para este teste foram utilizadas tilápias (40 g) jovens, expostas por 30 dias, com amostragem de 10 indivíduos por tratamento, nos intervalos de 0, 7, 15 e 30 dias. Os biomarcadores avaliados no presente estudo foram: análises hematológicas, da atividade fagocítica, determinações da concentração de GSH, da atividade enzimática da GST, catalase e peroxidação lipídica e genótoxicas. No teste de toxicidade aguda, o baixo valor de CL50;96h (1,81 mg.L-1), sugere que esta espécie de peixe, nesta fase de desenvolvimento, apresenta grande sensibilidade ao composto. No teste de toxicidade crônica, os peixes expostos na concentração de 1 mg.L-1 de KMnO4 não apresentaram variações significativas nos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados quando comparados ao grupo controle. Na concentração de 4 mg.L-1, as alterações no quadro hematológico indicaram processo de hemólise e redução da atividade fagocítica em consequência da ação oxidante do KMnO4. Nas concentrações de 1 e 4 mg.L-1 KMnO4 houve redução significativa da capacidade fagocítica de macrófagos. Na análise bioquímica, somente a enzima GSH apresentou aumento significativo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed know the toxic potential of the potassium permanganate (KMnO4) through the evaluation of the acute (LC50;96h) and cronic toxicity to tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the ecotoxicity of this compound through the assays with the microcrustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia and with microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. For the acute toxicity test were used tilapia fingerlings (0.52 + 0.10g and 3.35 + 0.36 cm), exposed to concentrations: 0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 and 6.0 mg.L-1 KMnO4. The sublethal effects of the KMnO4 were evaluated through cronic toxicity test, with a control group and two test concentrations, used in the aquaculture to management and control fishes diseases (1.0 and 4.0 mg.L-1 KMnO4). To this experiment were used with juvenile tilapia (40 g), exposed for 30 days, with samples of 10 individuals from each treatment at intervals of 0, 7, 15 and 30- days. The biomarkers evaluated in this present study were: hematological analysis, phagocytic activity, determination of GSH concentration, of enzymatic activity of GST, catalase, lipid peroxidation and genotoxities. In the acute toxicity test, the low value of LC50;96h (1.81 mg.L- 1), suggests that this species of fish, in this phase of development, it presents the great sensitivity to the KMnO4. In the cronic toxicity test, the fishes exposed in the concentrations of 1 mg.L-1 de KMnO4 did not present significant variations in the analyzed sanguineous parameters when compared with the control group. In concentration of 4 mg.L-1 the hematological alterations indicated process of hemolysis and immunosuppression in consequence of the oxidant action of KMnO4. In the immunologicals analysis, the concentrations of 1 and 4 mg.L-1 KMnO4 had significant reduction of the fagocitic capacity of the fishes suggesting suppression of the immune system. In the analysis biochemical, only the enzyme GSH presented significant increase... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientadora: Maria José Tavares Ranzani Paiva / Coorientador: Julio Vicente Lombardi / Banca: Flávio Ruas de Morais / Banca: Carlos Massatoshi Ishikawa / Banca: Claudinei da Cruz / Banca: Cíntia Badaró Pedroso / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1342175 bytes, checksum: 6e4556bb84bf7f03f6b8c6017712f351 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The maxixe (Cucumis anguria) is a vegetable belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family. The fruits are harvested when still immature, with tender seeds, colored bright green and has a low shelf life. It is a tropical fruit of difficult cultivation in the state of Massachusetts, EUA. This study evaluated the influence of different doses of potassium permanganate, in the form of sachets, during storage in refrigerated conditions at 10 °C on the postharvest quality of fruits of cucumber, simulating the period of transport and marketing from Brazil to the state of Massachusetts, USA. The fruits were sorted, sanitized and packaged in polystyrene trays, containing potassium permanganate sachets at concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4 g in 6.5 g the vermiculite. The trays were stored in a chamber at 10 °C. Analyses were performed on days 0, 3, 7 and 10 for the determination of cumulative weight loss (CWL), total chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars (TSS), reducing sugars (RS), non-reducing sugars (ANR) ascorbic acid (vitamin C), starch and visual examination of color and chilling injury. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and regression using the Statistical Analysis System and Genetics of UFV (SAEG-UFV). To compare the treatment means with the control, we used the Dunnett test adopting the 5% level of probability. For the selection of the regression model was based on the significance of the regression coefficients using t-test at 5% probability of the coefficient of determination (R2 = SQReg / SQtrat) and by the biological behavior. Initially there was an increase in chlorophyll content with a subsequent decrease. The increase is due to the exceeded water loss that was higher compared to the degradation rate of the pigment. Treatment with 4 g of KMnO4 retained higher content of chlorophyll pigments and resulted in less drop of vitamin C. Treatment with 4 g KMnO4 provided better appearance, with greener fruits and less darkening of the skin after 3 days of storage. / O maxixe (Cucumis anguria) é uma hortaliça pertencente à família das cucurbitáceas. Os frutos são colhidos ainda imaturos, com sementes tenras, coloração verde-clara e tem baixa vida de prateleira. É um fruto tropical de difícil cultivo no estado de Massachusetts, EUA. O presente trabalho avaliou a influência de diferentes dosagens de permanganato de potássio, na forma de saches, durante o armazenamento, em condição refrigerada a 10°C, na qualidade pós-colheita de frutos de maxixe, simulando o período de transporte e comercialização desta hortícola do Brasil ao estado de Massachusetts, EUA. Os frutos foram selecionados, sanitizados e embalados em bandeja de isopor, contendo saches de permanganato de potássio nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 1, 2, 3 e 4 g, em 6,5 g de vermiculita. As bandejas foram armazenadas em BOD a 10°C. Análises foram realizadas nos dias 0, 3, 7 e 10 para a determinação de perda de massa fresca acumulada (PMF), teor de clorofila total, açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcares redutores (AR), açúcares não redutores (ANR), ácido ascórbico (VIT C), amido e análise visual de cor e injúria por frio. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto de quatro repetições. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância e regressão, utilizando-se o Sistema de Análises Estatísticas e Genética da UFV (SAEG-UFV). Para comparar as médias dos tratamentos com o controle utilizou-se o teste de Dunnett adotando-se o nível de 5% de probabilidade. Para a escolha do modelo de regressão baseou-se na significância dos coeficientes de regressão utilizando-se o teste t ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, no coeficiente de determinação (R2 = SQReg / SQtrat) e no comportamento biológico. Inicialmente ocorreu aumento nos teores de clorofila com posterior decréscimo. O aumento é decorrente da perda de água que no início superou a taxa de degradação do pigmento. O tratamento com 4 g de KMnO4 conservou maior conteúdo de pigmentos clorofílicos e resultou em menor queda de vitamina C. O tratamento com 4 g de KMnO4 proporcionou melhor aparência, com frutos verdes e menor escurecimento da casca após 3 dias de armazenamento.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 518774 bytes, checksum: 06773571b81e5a7f0d521a081f2219a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this work was to determine the most efficient potassium permanganate (KMnO4) dose associated with plastic packaging in delaying processes related to ripening of 'Sunrise Golden' papaya stored under refrigeration and room temperature. Fruits were wrapped in low-density polyethylene bags with KMnO4 sachets. Two experiments were conducted: Experiment 1: storage at 10.42 ± 0.96 C and 90 ± 5% RH, and KMnO4 doses of 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; and 2 g/bag; and Experiment 2: storage at 20.05 ± 0.50 C and 90 ± 5% RH and KMnO4 doses of 0; 1; 2; 3; and 4 g/bag. In the Experiment 1, three fruits with average weight of 289±18.49 g each were maintained in the bags for 25 days, while in the Experiment 2, three fruits with average weight of 278±18.86 g each were kept for 15 days at the temperatures previously mentioned. After these periods, the fruits were removed from the bags. Fruits from Experiment 1 were kept at 21.02 ± 0.80 C and 90 ± 5% RH, while fruits from Experiment 2 were kept in the same environment. The experiments were arranged in split plots, with KMnO4 doses in the plots, and in the subplots, the days of evaluation after the removal from packaging, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 days in experiment 1 and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days in experiment 2, in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions and three fruits per experimental unit. For the analyses of CO2 concentration within the bags, experiments with the five KMnO4 doses and five repetitions, with three fruits per experimental unit, were set up in parallel. After 25 days of storage at 10.42 ± 0.96 C, the fruits without KMnO4 were not significantly different from the treated fruits for the characteristics peel color index, consistency of pulp and electrolyte, indicating that refrigeration associated with plastic film was efficient in inhibiting alterations in these characteristics. However, after removing the fruits from conditions of refrigerated storage and modified atmosphere, it was observed the effect of KMnO4 on delaying alterations in pulp firmness, peel color, solute leakage and soluble solids concentration compared to KMnO4 non-treated fruits. After 15 days of storage at 20.05 ± 0.50 C, fruits without KMnO4 had higher CO2 production, more intense peel color, higher cell electrolyte leakage and lower firmness when compared to KMnO4-treated fruits, indicating that non-treated fruits had premature ripening. After removing the packaging, the KMnO4-treated fruits maintained firmness for two days, reaching values similar to the non-treaded ones only on the fifth day of evaluation. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a dose de permanganato de potássio (KMnO4) associado à embalagem plástica, mais eficiente em retardar os processos relacionados ao amadurecimento do mamão Sunrise Golden armazenado sob refrigeração e à temperatura ambiente. Os frutos foram embalados em filmes de polietileno de baixa densidade, nos quais foram incluídos sachês KMnO4. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: experimento 1: armazenamento a 10,42 ± 0,96 °C e 90 ± 5% de UR e doses de KMnO4 de 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0 g/embalagem; e experimento 2: armazenamento a 20,05 ± 0,50 °C e 90 ± 5% de UR e doses de KMnO4 de 0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; e 4,0 g/embalagem. No experimento 1, três com massa média de 289±18,49 g cada foram mantidos nas embalagens durante 25 dias, enquanto no experimento 2 foram acondicionados três com massa média de 278±18,86 g cada, durante 15 dias, nas temperaturas mencionadas anteriormente. Após esses períodos, os frutos foram retirados das embalagens. Já os do experimento 1 foram mantidos a 21,02 ± 0,80 °C e 90 ± 5% de UR, enquanto os do experimento 2 permaneceram no mesmo ambiente. Os experimentos foram montados em parcelas subdividas, tendo nas parcelas as doses de KMnO4 e, nas subparcelas, os dias de avaliação após a remoção das embalagens, sendo 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 e 6 dias no experimento 1 e 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 dias no experimento 2, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições e três frutos por unidade experimental. Para as análises de concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens foram montados experimentos à parte com as cinco doses de KMnO4 e cinco repetições, sendo três frutos por unidade experimental. Após 25 dias de armazenamento a 10,42 ± 0,96 °C, os frutos sem KMnO4 não apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparados com os frutos tratados para as características índice de cor da casca, consistência da polpa e extravasamento de eletrólitos, indicando que a refrigeração associada ao filme plástico foi eficiente em inibir alterações nessas características. No entanto, após a retirada dos frutos das condições de armazenamento refrigerado e atmosfera modificada observou-se o efeito do KMnO4 em retardar alterações na firmeza da polpa, na coloração da casca, no extravasamento de solutos e no teor de sólidos solúveis, em comparação com os frutos não-tratados com KMnO4. Após 15 dias de armazenamento a 20,05 ± 0,50 °C, os frutos sem KMnO4 apresentavam maior produção de CO2, coloração da casca mais avançada, maior perda de eletrólitos celulares e menor firmeza quando comparados com frutos tratados com KMnO4, indicando que os não-tratados tiveram amadurecimento antecipado. Após a retirada das embalagens, os frutos tratados com KMnO4 permaneceram firmes durante dois dias, alcançando valores de firmeza semelhantes aos dos não-tratados somente no quinto dia de avaliação.

Esta pesquisa abordou a influência do ozônio, ácido peracético e permanganato de potássio na inativação dos microrganismos indicadores E.coli, colifago, C.perfringens e Ascaris lumbricoides de efluentes secundários, visando reúso em agricultura. Os efluentes utilizados para os ensaios com ozônio foram provenientes da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Lins-SP (o tratamento consiste em lagoa anaeróbia seguida de facultativa) e da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Araraquara-SP, na qual o tratamento é constituído de lagoa aerada seguida de lagoa de sedimentação. Para os ensaios de desinfecção com ácido peracético e permanganato de potássio utilizou-se apenas o efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da cidade de Araraquara-SP. Os ensaios de desinfecção demonstraram que o ácido peracético tem maior poder bactericida em relação ao ozônio e permanganato de potássio. O ozônio foi mais eficiente na inativação do microrganismo colifago. Para todos os desinfetantes usados, a concentração da bactéria esporulada C.perfringens permaneceu entre 103 a 104 NMP/100 mL. Todos os desinfetantes, nas concentrações e tempos de contatos testados, mostraram-se tóxicos nas primeiras 24 h ao microcrustáceo Daphnia similis. O desinfetante que alcançou, com menor concentração e tempo de contato, o padrão proposto pela OMS (1989) para irrigação irrestrita foi o ácido peracético com 5 mg/L e tempo de contato de 10 minutos. Já a concentração de ozônio consumida de 40 mg/L e tempo de contato de 10 minutos foram suficientes para atender ao padrão proposto para irrigação restrita. / This research deals with the influence of ozone, peracetic acid and potassium permanganate on the inactivation of indicator microorganisms E.coli, coliphage, Clostridium perfringens and Ascaris lumbricoides secondary effluents, aiming agricultural reuse. The effluents used for the analyses with ozone had been proceeding from the Lins-SP Wastewater Treatment Plant (the treatment consists of an anaerobic lagoon followed by a facultative one) and from the Araraquara-SP Wastewater Treatment Plant, where the treatment consists of an aerated lagoon followed by a sedimentation pond. For the disinfection analyses with peracetic acid and potassium permanganate only the effluent from the Araraquara-SP Wastewater Treatment Plant was used. The disinfection analyses demonstrated that the peracetic acid has greater bactericide power than ozone and potassium permanganate. Ozone was more efficient in the coliphage microorganism inactivation. For all used disinfectants the concentration of sporulated bacteria Clostridium perfringens remained between 103 and 104 NPM/100 mL. All the disinfectants, under the concentration and contact time tested, showed themselves toxic during the first 24 h, and did not show any mortality to the Daphnia similis microorganism after that period. The disinfectant that reached, under lower concentration and contact time, the proposed standard for unrestricted irrigation from WHO (1989) was the peracetic acid with 5 mg/L and contact time of 10 minutes.

Manganese compounds have a high potential for treating wastewater, both for utilizing its oxidation, flocculation ability and catalyst ability in anaerobic nitrification. The promising use of manganese compounds (such as permanganate and manganese dioxide) is regarded as an effective method of treating organic compounds in wastewater from municipal and industrial wastewater. Now it is newly realized possibilities to combine manganese compounds with Microbial Fuel Cell technology. Aiming at reusing the biomass in anaerobic digested sludge for degrading organic pollutants and simultaneously recovering electric energy, Single-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (SMFC) system was developed and investigated during the main experimental part. Considering the electricity generation rate and characteristics of cathode, MnO2 was used as the reactant on the cathode electrode; meanwhile, the substrate types in anode compartment also were investigated and then extra sodium acetate was added to investigate the power generation performance. Two parts of the research were carried out during the whole project. The chemical treatment part was mainly designed to find out the best dosage of KMnO4 in flocculation when concurrent reacted with magnesium and calcium compounds when treating reject wastewater from digester at Hammarby Sjöstadsverk. The other part was studied to see whether it is possible to improve electricity generation by degrading organic pollutants when MnO2 was used as a cathodic reactant in sediment microbial fuel cell which consisted of anaerobic digested sludge from UASB.