published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-150)

O ambiente costeiro tem sido fortemente alterado em função de múltiplos impactos ambientais decorrentes das atividades antrópicas, como por exemplo, o escoamento de esgoto proveniente de áreas urbanas, a liberação de inúmeros produtos químicos das indústrias, a agricultura e o fluxo de embarcações, que podem acarretar vazamentos acidentais de petróleo e derivados, combustíveis e outros produtos transportados por via marítima. Neste contexto, um dos meios para avaliação da contaminação ambiental causada por essas substâncias potencialmente tóxicas em água do mar é a monitoração por meio de diferentes espécies de bivalves, que tem sido utilizada por diversos pesquisadores, do Brasil e do exterior. No que se refere aos moluscos bivalves, particularmente os mexilhões, o seu uso no biomonitoramento da contaminação marinha deve-se principalmente à sua ampla distribuição geográfica, hábito séssil e habilidade de concentrar metais tóxicos em até 102 - 105 vezes em relação às concentrações detectadas na água. No presente trabalho, foi empregado o biomonitoramento passivo com o uso do molusco bivalve Perna perna com relação aos elementos Br, Cl, K, Mg, Mn e V. Foram escolhidos estes elementos uma vez que eles podem ser determinados pelo método de INAA (Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental), por meio da irradiação curta o que proporciona análises mais rápidas e também por serem importantes do ponto de vista nutricional ou ambiental. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os teores de Br, Cl, K, Mg, Mn e V em amostras de mexilhões Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758: Mollusca, Bivalvia) coletados em regiões costeiras de São Paulo sujeitas à contaminação antrópica (Ponta de Itaipu e Ilha das Palmas, em Santos), comparando os valores obtidos nos sítios possivelmente impactados com os valores do sítio controle situado na Praia da Cocanha, em Caraguatatuba. Os pontos de coleta no litoral de São Paulo estão localizados nas regiões geográficas 23º 37 S 45º 24 W (Caraguatatuba) e 23º 57\' S - 46º 20\' W (Santos). A coleta dos organismos foi realizada em todas as estações do ano, com início na primavera de 2008 e término no inverno de 2009. As amostras coletadas foram limpas, trituradas, homogeneizadas e secas por meio da liofilização para posterior INAA. O procedimento de INAA consistiu em irradiar alíquotas das amostras obtidas na forma de pó em invólucros de polietileno no reator nuclear IEA R1 do IPEN/CNEN - SP juntamente com padrões sintéticos de elementos. O tempo de irradiação no reator foi de 8 a 10 s e sob o fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de 6,6 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1. As concentrações dos elementos foram calculadas pelo método comparativo. O procedimento de INAA foi validado com relação à exatidão e precisão, por meio das análises dos materiais de referência certificados NIST SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue e NIST SRM 2876 Mussel Tissue. Os resultados destes materiais de referência certificados indicaram uma boa qualidade dos resultados com relação à precisão e exatidão. As faixas das concentrações (em base seca) dos elementos obtidos nos mexilhões coletados em Santos e na Praia da Cocanha para as quatro estações do ano foram de: 173,80 a 358,99 mg kg-1 para Br; 45658 ± 1811 a 109166 ± 824 mg kg-1 para Cl; 7043 ± 856 a 12506 ± 675 mg kg-1 para K; 2774 ± 211 a 5691 ± 717 mg kg-1 para Mg; 7,01 ± 0,30 a 29,74 ± 3,32 mg kg-1 para Mn e 0,77 ± 0,02 a 3,43 ± 0,28 mg kg-1 para V. Foi estudada a variação sazonal e espacial das concentrações desses elementos e também foram comparados esses resultados com valores da literatura. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode - se concluir que os mexilhões da espécie Perna perna, podem ser utilizados como biomonitores da contaminação marinha. / The coastal environment has been heavily altered by multiple environmental impacts of human activities, such as disposal of sewage from urban areas, the release of numerous chemical industries, agriculture and the flow of vessels, which can lead to accidental spills of oil and oil products, fuels and other products transported by sea. In this context, a means of determining concentrations of these potentially toxic substances in the sea water is the biomonitoring by means of different types of bivalves, which have been used by various researchers, in Brazil and other countries. With regard to bivalve mollusks, particularly mussels, their use in monitoring the marine contamination is mainly due to their wide geographic distribution, sessile habit and ability to concentrate toxic metals to 102-105 times in relation to the concentrations detected in water. In the present study, we employed the passive biomonitoring using the Perna perna bivalve mollusk with respect to the elements Br, Cl, K, Mg, Mn and V. These elements were chosen since they can be determined by INAA method (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis), by means of short irradiation which provides faster analyzes and also due to their importance from the standpoint of environmental or nutritional studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of Br, Cl, K, Mg, Mn and V in samples of Perna perna mussels (Linnaeus, 1758: Mollusca, Bivalvia) collected in coastal regions of São Paulo subject to anthropogenic contamination (Ponta de Itaipu and Palmas Island, in Santos), comparing the values obtained in sites potentially impacted with the values of the control site in Praia da Cocanha, in Caraguatatuba. The collection points located in São Paulo coast are located in the geographical areas 23º 37\'S - 45° 24\' W (Caraguatatuba) and 23º 57\'S - 46º 20\' W (Santos). The collection of organisms was performed in all seasons of the year, beginning in spring 2008 and ending in winter 2009. The samples were cleaned, crushed, homogenized and dried by lyophilization for further analysis by INAA. The INAA procedure consisted of irradiating aliquots of the samples obtained in powder form in polyethylene envelopes in the nuclear research reactor IEA - R1 of IPEN / CNEN - SP together with synthetic standards of elements. The irradiation time in the reactor was 8 to 10 s under the thermal neutron flux of 6.6 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1. The concentrations of the elements were calculated using the comparative method. The INAA procedure was validated with respect to accuracy and precision, through the analysis of certified reference materials NIST SRM 1566b Oyster Tissue and NIST SRM 2876 Mussel Tissue. The results of these certified reference materials indicated good quality of results with respect to precision and accuracy. The ranges of concentrations (dry basis weight) of the elements obtained in mussels collected in Santos and Praia da Cocanha for the four seasons of the year were: 173.80 to 358.99 mg kg-1 for Br; 45658 ± 1811 to 109166 ± 824 mg kg-1 for Cl; 7043 ± 856 to 12506 ± 675 mg kg-1 for K; 2774 ± 211 to 5691 ± 717 mg kg-1 for Mg; 7.01 ± 0.30 to 29.74 ± 3.32 mg kg-1 for Mn and 0.77 ± 0.02 to 3.43 ± 0.28 mg kg-1 for V. The seasonal and spatial variations of the concentrations of these elements were studied and the values compared to the literature. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the species of Perna perna mussels, can be used as biomonitors of marine contamination.

The intertidal mussels. Perna perna and Choromytilus meridionalis co-occur on the southern coast of South Africa. Mussels ingest mixtures of bacteria. phytoplankton. zooplankton and detritus. with proportions varying according to availability. These bivalves filter similar-sized particles. which might result in interspecific competition. Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes of the mussels and their enteric bacteria. and bacteriolytic enzymes of the mussels were therefore examined to elucidate feeding ecology in these animals at an enzymatic level. Style enzymes of both species digested the storage carbohydrates amylose glycogen and laminarin, and the structural carbohydrate carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Differential rates of digestion of these carbohydrates suggests that Perna perna relies more on plankton (and possibly bacteria) than on detritus for food while Choromytilus meridionalis relies equally on all components of the seston. There may therefore be some degree of resource partitioning of the seston. The styles of P.perna had a lower specific enzyme activity. but higher protein content than those of C.meridionalis. P.perna could therefore release more glucose from a given concentration of substrate than C.meridionalis. The gut contents and tissue were examined microscopically to determine where the bacterial colonisation sites were. Bacteria were associated primarily with the gut contents but not the gut walls. of both species. The styles housed spirochaete bacteria (Crislispira sp), Perna perna housed large numbers of one species. while Choromytilus meridionalis had lower numbers of two species. Levels of infection differed between species and localities. Enteric (but not style) bacteria of Perna perna and Choromytilus meridionalis always digested the same carbohydrates as the mussels as well as the structural carbohydrates mannan and fucoidan. Activity was erratic on the structural compounds, carageenin and xylan, and absent on alginic acid or inulin. Activity on the storage carbohydrates by enteric bacteria from C.meridionalis was higher than by those from P.perna. This is probably related to the larger bacterial populations housed by C.meridionalis than by P.perna. Bacteriolytic activity by the digestive enzymes of Pema perna was higher than for Choromytilus. In P.perna it was due to a combination of different enzymes one of which is a true lysozyme. C.meridionalis did not produce a true lysozyme. Enzymes produced by the mussels and their enteric bacteria allow the mussels to utilise all components of the seston. Low endogenous enzyme activity by Choromytilus meridionalis, coupled with the high activity by its enteric bacteria, suggests that they rely more on bacterial activity to meet their dietary requirements than does Perna perna. The ability of enteric bacteria to digest carbohydrates which the mussels cannot indicates that the bacteria are endosymbiotic, although the sporadic nature of activity of some of the enzymes, and the fact that bacteria are associated with the gut contents, indicates that the relationship is only incidental.

Population dynamics of Perna perna in low shore mussel beds were investigated over a 15 month period at six sites along the south coast of South Africa, with particular reference to the effects of wave exposure. The degree of exposure was first quantitatively ascertained using the dissolution of cement blocks to measure average wave force and dynamometers to measure maximum wave force. The mean mass loss of the cement blocks was higher at Diaz Cross and Kwaai Hoek than at Mgwalana, Rufanes and Riet River. No data were available for Fish River. The mean maximum wave force encountered at Diaz Cross, Kwaai Hoek and Fish River was significantly higher (p<O.05) than that at Mgwalana, Rufanes and Riet River. These results allowed the former sites to be classified as exposed and the latter as sheltered. Early recruitment (1-5 mm) occurred throughout the year, but peaked significantly (p<0.05) from January 1995 to May 1996 on both shore types. Although mean recruit density (1-15 mm) was Significantly higher at the exposed (5 896.m⁻²) than the sheltered shores (2 986.m⁻²), some sites did not show this trend. Further investigation revealed that the densities of recruits (1-5 & 6-10 mm) were significantly higher on algae than on mussels (p<0.05). Adult densities (>15 mm) were positively correlated with recruit densities (1-5 mm) for both shore types (p<O.05). In tum, adult density (>15 mm) was significantly lower on exposed (mean of 3 348.m⁻²) than on sheltered shores (mean of 4 796.m⁻²) (p<O.05). Adult mussels on exposed shores had significantly higher mean and maximum lengths than those on sheltered shores (p<O.05). Biomass, which is a product of density and length, showed no significant difference between the two shore types (p>O.05). The effect of exposure on growth rate formed the focal point of this study and was determined using three different approaches. The first technique, mark-recapture, involved filing notches on the growing edges of mussels in the field. After 111 days, mussels were removed and the growth measured. The second approach used internal growth bands to measure growth rates, once the periodicity with which these bands were laid down was established. Thirdly, using Shepherd's length composition analysis (SLCA), growth rates were determined from length frequency distributions in 11 samples taken over 15 months. The general conclusion from all three approaches was that growth rate was twice as fast on the exposed shores as on the sheltered shores (p<O.05). A mean length (averaged from all three methods) of 47.06 mm was attained within the first year of growth at the exposed shores and 22.07 mm at the sheltered shores. There were however considerable differences among these approaches. The mark-recapture method predicted the lowest growth rates, followed by growth band method and lastly SLCA. The mean mortality index (Z.year⁻¹) for mussels was significantly (p<0.05) higher at the exposed shores (Z=1.81) than at the sheltered shores (Z=0.73). Consequently, the percentage survival rates per annum of mussels of all ages (total), 18 days to 6 months (juveniles) and 12 months to mortality (adults) was lower on the exposed than the sheltered shores. The survival rate of juveniles was as low as 0.71% per annum on the exposed shores and 9.29% per annum on the sheltered shores. The adult survival rate of exposed shore mussels was 11.78% per annum, considerably lower than that of sheltered shore mussels, 48.05%. The turnover rate on exposed shores was faster than on sheltered shores as the mean longevities were 2.6 and 6.7 years respectively. In conclusion, these findings showed that the effects of exposure on recruitment, growth and mortality are important in low shore mussel beds.

Submitted by RENAN FERNANDES KOZAN null (renankozan@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-19T12:10:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese.pdf: 3928779 bytes, checksum: 7c22c3b0fb005559432b588354eddf3f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-22T19:03:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kozan_rf_dr_ilha.pdf: 3928779 bytes, checksum: 7c22c3b0fb005559432b588354eddf3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T19:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kozan_rf_dr_ilha.pdf: 3928779 bytes, checksum: 7c22c3b0fb005559432b588354eddf3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A lesão da medula espinhal é um dos mais graves acometimentos que pode afetar o ser humano. A Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (FES - Functional Electrical Stimulation) tem sido utilizada para auxiliar no restabelecimento de funções motoras em paraplégicos. Este projeto faz parte de um estudo multidisciplinar que tem por objetivo implementar um sistema de estimulação elétrica funcional para controlar a posição da perna de paraplégicos utilizando controlador Linear Quadrático Gaussiano (LQG) com o princípio de recuperação da malha objetivo (Loop Transfer Recovery – LTR), conhecido como LQG/LTR. A plataforma de testes utilizada é composta por um estimulador elétrico neuromuscular de 8 canais, uma cadeira instrumentada com sensores de posição, velocidade e aceleração angulares, um dispositivo NI myRIO e uma interface desenvolvida no software LabVIEW. Um modelo de segunda ordem, chamado de modelo nominal e um modelo de terceira ordem com um zero e atraso, chamado de modelo real, foram utilizados para representar o movimento de extensão da perna resultante da aplicação da FES. O controlador LQG/LTR foi utilizado para recuperar as propriedades do Filtro de Kalman como comportamento global do sistema, que além de prover boas características de robustez e sensibilidade, simplifica o projeto do controlador e requer a medição de uma única variável de estado. As identificações dos parâmetros dos modelos apresentaram boa correlação, indicando que os modelos representam suficientemente bem a dinâmica do movimento estudado. Foi possível projetar os controladores para os voluntários de maneira que os critérios de desempenho nominal e estabilidade robusta fossem atendidos para todas as frequências, e o critério de desempenho robusto fosse atendido apenas para baixas frequências. Os testes em malha fechada atingiram as posições especificadas, indicando que o uso do controlador LQG/LTR é adequado em sistemas de estimulação elétrica funcional. / A spinal cord injury is one of the most serious events that can affect humans. The Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has been used to help restore motor function in paraplegics. This work is part of a multidisciplinary study that aims to implement a FES system to control the paraplegics leg position using a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, combined with the principle of Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR), or LQG/LTR controller. The platform test used is composed of an 8 channels neuromuscular electrical stimulator, an instrumented chair with angular position, velocity and acceleration sensors, an NI myRIO device and an interface developed in LabVIEW software. A second-order model, called nominal model, and a thirdorder model with a zero and delay, called real model, were used to represent the leg extension movement resulting from the application of FES. The LQG/LTR controller was used to recovery the Kalman Filter properties as global behavior of the controller, which in addition to providing good characteristics of robustness and sensitivity, simplifies the LQG design procedure, and requires measurement of only one state variable. The identification of the model parameters showed good correlation, indicating that the models represent well enough the dynamics of studied movement. It was possible to design the controllers in a way that the criteria for nominal performance and robust stability were met for all frequencies, and the criteria for robust performance was attended only to low frequencies. The closed-loop testes reached the specified position, indicating that using the LQG / LTR controller is appropriate for functional electrical stimulation systems.

Orientador: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Resumo: A lesão da medula espinhal é um dos mais graves acometimentos que pode afetar o ser humano. A Estimulação Elétrica Funcional (FES - Functional Electrical Stimulation) tem sido utilizada para auxiliar no restabelecimento de funções motoras em paraplégicos. Este projeto faz parte de um estudo multidisciplinar que tem por objetivo implementar um sistema de estimulação elétrica funcional para controlar a posição da perna de paraplégicos utilizando controlador Linear Quadrático Gaussiano (LQG) com o princípio de recuperação da malha objetivo (Loop Transfer Recovery – LTR), conhecido como LQG/LTR. A plataforma de testes utilizada é composta por um estimulador elétrico neuromuscular de 8 canais, uma cadeira instrumentada com sensores de posição, velocidade e aceleração angulares, um dispositivo NI myRIO e uma interface desenvolvida no software LabVIEW. Um modelo de segunda ordem, chamado de modelo nominal e um modelo de terceira ordem com um zero e atraso, chamado de modelo real, foram utilizados para representar o movimento de extensão da perna resultante da aplicação da FES. O controlador LQG/LTR foi utilizado para recuperar as propriedades do Filtro de Kalman como comportamento global do sistema, que além de prover boas características de robustez e sensibilidade, simplifica o projeto do controlador e requer a medição de uma única variável de estado. As identificações dos parâmetros dos modelos apresentaram boa correlação, indicando que os modelos representam suficientemente bem ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A spinal cord injury is one of the most serious events that can affect humans. The Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has been used to help restore motor function in paraplegics. This work is part of a multidisciplinary study that aims to implement a FES system to control the paraplegics leg position using a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller, combined with the principle of Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR), or LQG/LTR controller. The platform test used is composed of an 8 channels neuromuscular electrical stimulator, an instrumented chair with angular position, velocity and acceleration sensors, an NI myRIO device and an interface developed in LabVIEW software. A second-order model, called nominal model, and a thirdorder model with a zero and delay, called real model, were used to represent the leg extension movement resulting from the application of FES. The LQG/LTR controller was used to recovery the Kalman Filter properties as global behavior of the controller, which in addition to providing good characteristics of robustness and sensitivity, simplifies the LQG design procedure, and requires measurement of only one state variable. The identification of the model parameters showed good correlation, indicating that the models represent well enough the dynamics of studied movement. It was possible to design the controllers in a way that the criteria for nominal performance and robust stability were met for all frequencies, and the criteria for robust performance was ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Raphaela Sanches de Oliveira null (raphasol84@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-13T11:57:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pronta.pdf: 4209987 bytes, checksum: 54ceb01d6a0e30fcb6560f6689be5b46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-16T15:59:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rs_me_sv.pdf: 4209987 bytes, checksum: 54ceb01d6a0e30fcb6560f6689be5b46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T15:59:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rs_me_sv.pdf: 4209987 bytes, checksum: 54ceb01d6a0e30fcb6560f6689be5b46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-18 / O desenvolvimento urbano em áreas costeiras tem ocorrido intensamente e o aumento das descargas de esgotos domésticos é uma das consequências desta expansão e motivo de preocupação para a saúde pública. Assim a qualidade microbiológica das águas, sedimentos e alimentos de origem marinha devem ser monitoradas, principalmente os organismos filtradores como os mexilhões, Perna perna. moluscos bivalves, por filtrarem a água para obtenção de alimento e oxigênio, concentram material em suspensão nos seus tecidos, inclusive bactérias patogênicas resistentes a substâncias antimicrobianas, o que os torna uma fonte potencial de contaminação humana por patógenos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a densidade e resistência a antimicrobianos de Enterococcus sp, Escherichia coli e Aeromonas sp isolados dos tecidos de mexilhão Perna perna, água e sedimento coletados em Santos e Itanhaém, Estado de São Paulo. Como resultado observa-se que as densidade de Enterococcus sp e Escherichia coli encontradas na água dos dois pontos de coleta estão dentro das normas da Resolução Conama 274/2000, já as densidades encontradas nos sedimentos e em tecidos moles dos mexilhões foram elevadas. Para Aeromonas sp não existe padrão, pois as mesma não estão presentes na legislação. Observou-se também altas frequências de resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que pode haver uma questão importante para a saúde pública, pois foram encontrados microrganismos apresentando múltipla resistência aos antibióticos analisados, sendo que apenas a ciprofloxacina se mostrou mais eficiente para os três microrganismos analisados. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos foi possível concluir a existência de situação preocupante, pois os microrganismos testados se mostram altamente resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos, gerando um grande problema de saúde pública.

Dans le monde entier les introductions d'espèces dans de nouvelles régions constituent une préoccupation écologique croissante ; ces introductions peuvent conduire à des modifications drastiques des écosystèmes, entre autres du fait de la compétition avec des espèces indigènes et également par la modification des réseaux de flux d'énergie dans les écosystèmes. La moule verte Perna viridis est une espèce récemment introduite dans les eaux côtières américaines et qui s'est rapidement disséminée le long des côtes du Sud-Est des États-Unis. Cependant, il n'existe pour le moment que très peu d'informations concernant la structure des populations, et leur dynamique en réponse à la variabilité environnementale locale. Les efflorescences de marées rouges formées par le dinoflagellé toxique Karenia brevis sont fréquentes le long des côtes de Floride bordant le Golfe du Mexique, et la tolérance de P. viridis à l'égard de ces événements et des brévitoxines (PbTx) associées n'est pas connue. En outre, comme P. viridis est une espèce invasive, la potentielle concurrence (ressources trophiques, espace, …) avec des bivalves indigènes comme l'huître Crassostrea virginica, est une préoccupation majeure dans les systèmes côtiers de Floride. Cette étude vise à caractériser la dynamique des populations établies de P. viridis populations établies et leur réponse aux efflorescences naturelles de K. brevis. Les effets des efflorescences à K. brevis ont été évalués à partir des résultats d'un suivi de la croissance, de la mortalité, du recrutement, de la gamétogenèse et de la composition biochimique des tissus (protéines, glycogène et lipides) durant trois ans. En outre, les concentrations en PbTx dans les tissus ont été analysées afin de déterminer l'absorption, l'accumulation et des taux d'élimination de ces toxines. Par ailleurs, les données recueillies sur le terrain et des informations de la littérature ont été utilisées pour élaborer un modèle énergétique individuel DEB pour modéliser la croissance et la reproduction de P. viridis. Avant l'apparition de la première efflorescence à K. brevis, P. viridis présentait des taux de croissance rapide (6-11 mm mois-1) et un taux de survie élevé (mortalité <1%). Au cours des efflorescences à K. brevis, le taux de croissance a chuté de façon significative et une bioaccumulation de PbTx dans les tissus mous a été observée. Les concentrations élevées en PbTx dans les tissus ont persisté longtemps après la dissipation de l'efflorescence et les taux de mortalité élevés se sont maintenus, ce qui a réduit fortement l'abondance de P. viridis. À la fin de l'efflorescence, la concentration en PbTx dans les moules était presque le double de celle relevée chez l'huître indigène Crassostrea virginica pour des individus prélevés à la même période ; chez P. viridis, la concentration en PbTx est restée supérieure à la limite réglementaire pour la consommation humaine pendant 16 semaine, alors qu'elle est revenue en dessous de ce seuil en 2 ½ semaines chez C. virginica.La composition biochimique des tissus et la reproduction n'ont pas parues affectées par ces évènements ; P. viridis réalise sa gamétogénèse durant toute l'année et a mis en place une stratégie de ponte intermittente partielle ; elle présentait durant toute l'année une grande stabilité de la concentration en composés de réserve. L'absence de cycle saisonnier marqué de la composition biochimique suggère que la ressource trophique est suffisante pour soutenir la gamétogenèse tout au long de l'année. Cependant, la première année du suivi, deux évènements majeurs de ponte et de recrutement ont été observés au printemps et à l'automne. Au cours de la deuxième année de suivi, l'analyse histologique montre que le même patron de ponte massive est observé au printemps ; cependant, à cette période, les efflorescences toxiques ont persisté et le recrutement a été inhibé, ce qui suggère que la fécondation et / ou le développement et la survie des larves […] / Worldwide, introductions of exotic species to new regions is of rising concern which can lead to catastrophic ecosystem alterations through competition with native species and disruption in energy flow.Perna viridis is a recently introduced bivalve species to US coastal waters and has vigorously spread throughout the southeastern US. However, little information regarding population structure and response to local environmental factors has been reported. Red tide blooms formed by the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are frequent along the Gulf coast of Florida and as a recently introduced species, it is unclear what tolerance P. viridis has toward these events and associated brevetoxins (PbTx). Further, as an invasive species ecological concerns have risen regarding potential for spread and competition with native bivalve species, particularly the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.This study aimed to characterize the population dynamics of established P. viridis populations and their response to naturally occurring K. brevis blooms. This was completed through monitoring of growth, mortality, juvenile recruitment, gametogenesis and biochemical composition (protein, glycogen and lipid) throughout a three year monitoring period to evaluate the effects of K. brevis blooms. Additionally, tissue PbTx concentrations were analyzed to determine uptake, accumulation and elimination rates. Data collected from the field and information reported in the literature were used to create a functional DEB model to predict individual growth and reproduction of P. viridis under environmentally realistic conditions.Prior to onset of the first K. brevis bloom event, P. viridis showed rapid growth rates (6 – 11 mm month-1) and high survival (mortality <1%). However, during K. brevis blooms growth rate dropped significantly and bioaccumulation of PbTx in the soft tissue was observed. High tissue PbTx concentrations persisted long after bloom dissipation and high rates of mortality ensued, severely reducing population densities. PbTx in mussels nearly doubled that of oysters sampled during the same time and remained above the regulatory limit for significantly longer, 2 ½ weeks and 16 weeks, respectively.Biochemical composition and reproduction appeared unaffected, exhibiting year round gametogenesis with a partial, intermittent spawning strategy and stability in reserves. A lack of significant seasonal cycles in biochemical composition suggests sufficient food and energy availability to support the observed year round gametogenesis. While continuous spawning capabilities were evident two major peaks in spawning and recruitment were observed (spring and fall), suggesting reduced fertilization and / or larval development and survival due to the presence of K. brevis and associated ichthyotoxins and hemolysins.These results indicate that while high tissue PbTx concentrations may lead to reduced growth in P. viridis, gametogenesis is not inhibited, allowing the population to survive K. brevis bloom exposure and reproduce, even while individual mortality was high. Prolonged bioconcentration of PbTx may lead to increased threat of post bloom trophic transfer, resulting in negative impacts on other important fisheries and higher food web implications. While it cannot be conclusively determined that the cause of reduced growth, survival and recruitment is due to red tide events, the parallels observed suggest that K. brevis is an important factor in the drastic changes in population structure.Through the work presented here, population dynamics of locally established P. viridis populations were characterized through monthly monitoring and the development of a DEB model to accurately predict the growth and reproduction under dynamic environmental conditions. This work aims to synthesize our knowledge on the individual bioenergetics of P. viridis and to aid in understand population dynamics and potential for competition with local C. virginica [...]