Le niobium est un élément relativement rare, dont la chimie a la réputation d'être peu attractive. Ces dernières années, un grand intérêt a cependant été porté aux oxydes multimétalliques à base de niobium et ce, dans de nombreux domaines de pointe. De plus, du fait des limitations des méthodes de préparation conventionnelles de tels matériaux, une alternative, consistant à combiner en solution des précurseurs moléculaires des métaux, a été considérée. Les avantages de cette méthode sont nombreux : bonne homogénéité du matériau, température de traitement plus faible, surface spécifique plus importante,… Toutefois, dans le cas d'oxydes à base de Nb, peu de progrès ont été réalisés dans cette voie du fait de la faible disponibilité de sources appropriées. Dans ce contexte, une étude fondamentale sur les composés de coordination du Nb(V) a d'abord été réalisée. Des complexes hydrosolubles du niobium de type peroxo avec des ligands carboxylates, polyaminocarboxylates et hétérocycliques azotés ont été préparés et caractérisés. La mise en œuvre de la méthode choisie pour la préparation des oxydes mixtes a également nécessité l'étude de complexes similaires des autres métaux à incorporer, à savoir le tantale(V) et le molybdène(VI). Des composés hétérodinucléaires Nb-Ta ont également été étudiés. La seconde partie a été consacrée à l'utilisation des complexes dans la «méthode des précurseurs moléculaires» pour préparer des oxydes Nb-Ta, Nb-Ta-V et Nb-Ta-Bi sous forme massique et des oxydes Nb-Mo sous forme massique et supportée sur silice. Nous avons ainsi obtenu plusieurs phases mixtes pures qui présentent des surfaces et des morphologies très différentes d'un système à l'autre. De plus, notre méthode permet, dans le cas des oxydes Nb-Mo, d'obtenir la phase Nb2Mo3O14 bien dispersée sur le support. Finalement, une étude exploratrice concernant la capacité potentielle des complexes peroxo du Nb(V) à oxyder un substrat organique en phase liquide a été menée. Plusieurs paramètres expérimentaux ont été modifiés et les résultats obtenus dans le cas de l'oxydation du phényl-1-éthanol et de la dibenzylamine sont encourageants et parfois proches de valeurs issues de la littérature dans le cas de catalyseurs couramment utilisés dans les mêmes réactions.

No description available.

Dans cette étude nous avons cherché à évaluer les paramètres et les mécanismes gouvernant la réactivité des catalyseurs à base de cérium lors de la dégradation des colorants textiles, seuls ou en mélange binaire, dans le cadre du procédé Fenton/photo-Fenton. Dans ce but, 5 séries de catalyseurs à base de cérium ont été testées pour déterminer les effets respectifs : (i) de la surface spécifique de CeO2 commercial (SBET = 11, 101,5 ; 148 ; 235 et 284 m2/g), (ii) du dopage au zirconium (oxydes mixtes CexZr1-xO2 avec différentes teneurs en cérium (x = 0 ; 0,2 ; 0,5 ; 0,8 ; 1)), (iii) d’un traitement de sulfatation de CexZr1-xO2 par H2SO4, et (iv) de l’imprégnation de CeO2 par différents métaux (M = Ba, Bi, La, V et Mo). Les propriétés texturales, structurales et chimiques des catalyseurs à base de cérium étudiés ont été dans la plupart des cas caractérisées par porosimétrie à l’azote, DRX, Raman, XPS, FTIR/ATR, DR-UV-Vis et ATG. Les cinétiques de décoloration et de minéralisation de l’Orange II en présence de CeO2 et H2O2 dépendent fortement de la surface spécifique des catalyseurs ainsi que des paramètres opératoires (présence d’irradiation UV-Vis, pH, température, concentration initiale en catalyseur et en H2O2). Par comparaison avec les colorants pris séparément, l’adsorption compétitive de l’Orange II et de l’Acide Vert 25 sur les mêmes sites d’adsorption à pH = 3 réduit les taux de dégradation des deux colorants en mélange. En revanche, l’association de l’Orange et du Vert de Malachite en paires d’ion, permet d’améliorer la cinétique apparente de dégradation du Vert de Malachite d’un facteur 5. Dans ce cas, la réaction de Fenton et la coagulation-floculation contribuent simultanément à l’élimination de deux colorants de charge opposée en présence du système CeO2/H2O2. De plus, les performances des oxydes mixtes Ce-Zr dans le procédé Fenton hétérogène sont étroitement liées à leurs caractéristiques texturales, structurales et chimiques. Les analyses effectuées ont permis de vérifier les phases cristallines des oxydes mixtes de révéler la formation de solutions solides. Le traitement de sulfatation conduit à la diminution de la surface spécifique et l’augmentation de la taille des cristallites des oxydes riches en Ce. La dissolution de CeO2 lors de sulfatation suivie par formation d’une phase amorphe Ce(SO4)2 à la surface du catalyseur a été mise en évidence. Le traitement de sulfatation ainsi que le dopage au Zr permettent d’augmenter la densité de surface en sites réduits Ce(III). Les études en spectroscopies DR-UV-Vis, FTIR/ATR et Raman relatives à l’adsorption et l’activation d’H2O2 par les oxydes mixtes ont permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’espèces Ce-peroxo de surface, comme intermédiaires pour générer les radicaux hydroxyles. La détermination quantitative de ces espèces par TPD-MS s’est avérée utile pour mieux comprendre les performances catalytiques des oxydes mixtes modifiés ou non. La concentration en Ce de surface, la densité de défauts Ce(III) (augmenté par dopage et le traitement de sulfatation) et la surface spécifique semblent être à cet égard parmi les paramètres les plus influents sur l’activité. L’imprégnation de CeO2 par différents métaux n’a pas montré un impact positif sur la réactivité de ce matériau en procédé Fenton. Un mécanisme général d’activation d’H2O2 a été proposé sur la base des résultats expérimentaux obtenus et la littérature. De point de vue mécanistique, les analyses spectroscopiques par ATR/FTIR et UV-Vis montrent que l’adsorption de l’Orange II à la surface du catalyseur est fortement dépendante du pH du milieu et se fait par des interactions électrostatiques. Le mécanisme de dégradation de l’Orange II, en phase liquide et à la surface du catalyseur, a été étudié par différentes techniques (DR-UV-VIS et ATR/IR, HPLC et GC/MS) / In this work, the parameters and mechanisms governing the reactivity of cerium based materials towards the degradation of textile dyes, taken separately or in binary mixture, in Fenton/photo-Fenton process have been investigated. For this purpose, five sets of catalysts were performed in order to determine the respective effects of : (i) the specific surface area of commercial CeO2 (SBET = 11, 101,5 ; 148 ; 235 and 284 m2/g); (ii) the zirconia doping ((CexZr1-xO2 with different Ce content (x = 0 ; 0,2 ; 0,5 ; 0,8 ; 1)); (iii) the treatment with H2SO4 ; and (iv) the impregnation of different metals in CeO2 (M = Ba, Bi, La, V and Mo). The textural, structural and chemical properties of the studied ceria-based materials were systematically characterized by nitrogen porosimetry, Raman, XRD, XPS, ATR/FTIR, DR-UV-Vis and TGA. Discoloration and mineralization kinetics of Orange II dye in presence of CeO2/H2O2 system are strongly related to the surface area of catalysts and other parameters (UV-Vis irradiation, pH, temperature, concentration of catalyst and H2O2). The presence of another dye with similar (Acid Green 25) or opposite charge (Malachite Green) can also influence the discoloration kinetics of Orange II. Comparing with single dye solutions, the degradation efficiency of both Orange II and Acid Green 25 were reduced in the mixture due to the competitive adsorption of both anionic dyes onto the same surface Ce sites. However, the discoloration of Malachite Green was enhanced in the presence of Orange II due to the simultaneous contribution of both coagulation/flocculation and Fenton-like process. It is suggested that a Malachite Green ion is electrostatically attracted by an Orange II ion at pH = 3. In addition, the performance of the mixed oxides in the heterogeneous Fenton process is strongly related to their textural, structural and chemical properties. Briefly, characterizations by XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicate that these nanosized mixed oxides can be considered as good quality solid solutions and possess structural properties consistent with the known phase diagram of CexZ1-xO2. The sulfation treatment mostly affects the Ce rich catalysts by increasing the crystallite size and lowering the specific surface area. The dissolution of ceria during sulfation followed by formation of Ce(SO4)2 amorphous phase on catalyst surface was investigated by UV-Vis and TGA analysis. Sulfation treatment as well as doping ceria with Zr increases the amount of reduced sites Ce (III) and defect sites.DR-UV-Vis, FTIR/ATR and Raman spectroscopic studies for adsorption and activation of H2O2 on mixed oxides show the formation of surface Ce-peroxo species as intermediate to generate hydroxyl radicals. The relative amounts of these species on the mixed oxides and/or not modified was indirectly determined using TPD-MS, giving rather good indication about the performances of catalysts towards the degradation of dye. The concentration of surface Ce, the density of defects Ce(III) sites (increased by doping and sulfation treatment) and the surface area appear to be among the most important parameters affecting the catalytic activity. Impregnation of ceria with different metals did not show a positive effect on the reactivity of this material in Fenton process. A possible mechanism for the activation of H2O2 was discussed in details according to all the experimental results and to the literature. From a mechanistic viewpoint, it is shown using FTIR/ATR and liquid UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements that the adsorption of the anionic dye is highly pH-dependent and proceeds via electrostatic interactions with surface metal centers. A possible pathway for Orange degradation is proposed on the basis of qualitative and quantitative detection of intermediate compounds, in liquid phase and on catalyst surface, using various techniques (FTIR/ATR, DR-UV-VIS, HPLC and GC/MS)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6280.pdf: 4766963 bytes, checksum: 97442ca9a5e01a854db70de4f1436df4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The welfare of the population and technological progress of our society largely depend on the development and the intensive use of synthetic materials, generating a large amount of residual chemicals and high energy consumption. Therefore, the need for development of synthesis routes that are more efficient, economic and environmentally sustainable, both for obtaining new materials as well as for improvement of those traditionally used by the productive sector, has grown in importance. Therefore, the study aimed to understand and extend the use of the oxidant peroxide method (OPM), as a new synthesis route for obtaining bismuth titanate with the sillenite (Bi12TiO20) and perovskite (Bi4Ti3O12) phase. In addition, we studied the influence of defects formed in the structure by the introduction of dopants such as niobium, lanthanum, and lead. These changes were made to obtain materials with improved structural and optical properties for use in the photodegradation process of the organic dye rhodamine B (RhB) under ultraviolet and visible radiation. Through obtaining the amorphous precipitate by the OPM route we observed the formation of spheres of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with surface peroxo groups that were identified as mainly responsible for the high reactivity of the powders obtained by this synthesis method. The photocatalytic properties of all materials were evaluated by the discoloration of RhB solution under UV and visible irradiation, where the bismuth titanate obtained by the OPM route showed higher photocatalytic activity than the commercial TiO2. Obtaining bismuth titanate calcined at different temperatures allowed the understanding of the effects of crystallinity on the photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, it was observed that the insertion of different ions in the bismuth titanate (Bi12TiO20) structure modified the band gap energy in different ways, which consequently altered the photocatalytic activities of the materials, showing the dependence of the redox potential of the conduction and valence band in the photocatalysis process. / O bem estar da população e o progresso tecnológico de nossa sociedade dependem, em grande parte, do desenvolvimento e do intensivo uso de materiais sintéticos, o que gera um grande volume de resíduos químicos e um elevado consumo de energia. Portanto, a necessidade do desenvolvimento de rotas de síntese que sejam mais eficientes, econômicas e ambientalmente sustentáveis, tanto para a obtenção de novos materiais, quanto para o aperfeiçoamento daqueles tradicionalmente utilizados pelo setor produtivo, tem crescido em importância. Desta forma, o trabalho visou compreender e ampliar o uso do método dos complexos oxidantes de peróxido (OPM), como uma nova rota de síntese para a obtenção do titanato de bismuto com a fase selenita (Bi12TiO20) e perovskita (Bi4Ti3O12). Além disso, avaliou-se a influência dos defeitos formados na estrutura dos materiais pela adição de diferentes dopantes como: nióbio, lantânio e chumbo. Essas modificações foram realizadas a fim de obter materiais com melhores propriedades estruturais e ópticas para aplicação no processo de fotodegradação do corante orgânico rodamina B (RhB) sob radiação ultravioleta (UV) e visível. Através da obtenção dos precipitados amorfos pela rota OPM observou-se a formação de esferas de óxido de bismuto (Bi2O3) juntamente com nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) com grupos peroxos superficiais que foram identificados como os grandes responsáveis pela elevada reatividade dos pós obtidos por este método de síntese. As propriedades fotocatalíticas de todos os materiais foram avaliadas através da descoloração da solução de RhB sob irradiação de luz UV e visível, no qual os titanatos de bismuto obtidos pela rota OPM apresentaram atividades fotocatalíticas superiores ao TiO2 comercial. A obtenção do titanato de bismuto tratado termicamente em diferentes temperaturas permitiu o entendimento dos efeitos da cristalinidade sobre a atividade fotocatalítica. Além disso, observou-se que a inserção de diferentes íons na estrutura do titanato de bismuto (Bi12TiO20) alterou de maneiras diferentes a energia do band gap, que consequentemente alterou as atividades fotocatalíticas dos materiais, deixando clara a dependência dos potenciais redoxes da banda de condução e de valência no processo de fotocatálise.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1912.pdf: 1694504 bytes, checksum: 69eadf580a9b66ee2fd7885ad8e4060b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / This study describes the use of oxo diperoxo molybdenum (VI) complex using 2,2-bipyridine and N,N -dioxide-2,2 -bipyridine as ligands for the oxidation of a series of aliphatic and aromatic sulfides, ketosulfides, sulfinyl acids and olefinic sulfides. The preparation of these complexes, the reactivity and the chemeoselectivity in these sulfides oxidation reactions are discussed. This work also describes the enantioselectivity results obtained for the oxidation reaction of a series of alkyl aryl prochiral sulfides using the MoO5(N,N-DMLA) chiral complex. The enantioresolution of the series of alkyl aryl sulfoxides, using chiral polysaccharide stationary phases, in multimodal elution, is also demonstrated. The reactivity of MoO5(pyridine oxide)(H2O) complex, coated and uncoated to silica gel, for the series of alkyl aryl sulfides oxidation reactions were also thoroughly evaluated for comparison with the results obtained in previous studies with a different series of sulfide. The result obtained in this work discloses that, in these oxidation, reactions the reactivity depends, not only of the used complex, but also, of the nucleophilicity of the used sulfides. The preparation of MoO5(N,N-DMLA) chiral complex, by a variety of methods, and the characterization of the obtained products by infrared, ultraviolet 13C-NMR, microanalyses and optical activity are also reported. / Este trabalho descreve o uso de oxo diperoxo complexos de molibdênio (VI) contendo 2,2 -bipiridinas e N,N -dióxido-2,2, -bipiridinas, substituídas, como ligantes bidentados, para a oxidação de uma série de sulfetos pró-quirais funcionalizados, dentre eles, sulfetos alifáticos, aromáticos, cetossulfetos, sulfetos ácidos e olefínicos. O preparo dos complexos, sua reatividade e quimiosseletividade, em reações de oxidação de sulfetos são discutidos, levando em consideração estudos teóricos já desenvolvidos e os efeitos eletrônicos dos substituintes dos ligantes utilizados. O trabalho também reporta os resultados obtidos na oxidação enantiosseletiva de uma série de alquil aril sulfetos pró-quirais com o complexo quiral MoO5(N,N-DMLA), mostrando resultados promissores em relação aos excessos enantioméricos obtidos, assim como a influência estérica e eletrônica dos grupos substituintes dos sulfetos. A enantiorresolução da série de alquil aril sulfóxidos foi demonstrada, usando fase estacionária quiral de polissacarídeo, em eluição multimodal. A reatividade do complexo aquiral MoO5(óxido de piridina)(H2O), adsorvido à sílica e não adsorvido, também foi avaliada para a série de alquil aril sulfetos, e comparada com os resultados obtidos anteriormente para uma série de diferentes sulfetos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram que, na oxidação, a reatividade depende não só do complexo utilizado, mas também das características nucleofílicas de cada sulfeto. O preparo do complexo quiral MoO5(N,N-DMLA), através de diferentes métodos, e a caracterização do mesmo por infravermelho, ultravioleta-visível, 13C-RMN, análise elementar e atividade ótica também é reportado.

No description available.

The products of the decomposition of selected types of peroxo compounds in the presence of redox agents (Pb and Co compounds) were investigated by EPR method. Besides some commercial peroxides the study was performed with peroxo compounds of Luperoxide group (Luperox 101, Luperox 256, Luperox 531). For the detection of the decomposition products the technique of spin-trapping using nitrosobenzene was applied. EPR spectra of radical adducts formed by the reaction of the reactive oxygenous radicals with nitrosobenzen having the character of stable nitroxyl radicals were analyzed. Their EPR parameters were obtained by simulation method. Besides the addition to nitrosobenzene the generated oxygen centered radicals were proved also on the basis of their reaction with model compounds (Santonox R; 2,6–ditercbutyl–4–methylphenol; diphenylamine).

No description available.

The Ph.D. thesis was focused on EPR study of redox reactions of selected types of phenols, secondary amines and diperoxy coumpounds. Within the study some redox agents were employed in nonpolar, in some special cases also in polar solvents. EPR spectra of generated radical products were interpreted using spectral simulation. Study of radical reactions under participation of phenols was preferentially concentrated on the behavior of para methyl substituted phenols, where the instability of this substituent in relation to the applied redox agents was evaluated. The tendency towards the abstraction of hydrogen from methyl group, representing the paralell mechanism to the hydrogen abstaction from phenolic OH group was proved. The generated benzyl radicals were undirectly detected in the form of adducts with aromatic nitroso compounds. These adducts undergo the consecutive transformations, leading to the formation of new types of phenoxy radicals. The study of the decomposition of NH bonds was performed with substituted N,N´-paraphenylenediamines, 1-anilino-1-phenylpentane-3-ones and amino substituted 1,3-dimethyluracils. By the oxidation with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid the corresponding nitroxyl radicals were prepared. In the case of 1-anilino-1-phenylpentane-3-ones the aminyl radicals were prepared by the oxidation with PbO2, which existence was evidenced by spin trapping method with nitrosobenzene. In the framework of the investigation of the decomposition of -O-O- bonds the oxygen centred radicals, generated from peroxidic compounds of Luperox type using selected redox agents were detected by spin trapping method. The analysis of EPR spectra documented that primary alkoxyl radicals undergo the consecutive fragmentation, which leads in the presence of oxygen to the formation of secondary alkoxyl radicals. The generation of oxygen centred radicals during the decomposition was indirectly proved in the presence of model phenolic compounds, where due to the abstraction of hydrogen from phenolic OH group the phenoxyl radicals are formed.

Hochvalente Metal-oxo-, -peroxo- und -nitrenzentren später Übergangsmetalle werden als reaktive Intermediate vieler technologisch interessanter und biologischer Transformationsreaktionen wie die Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen, Hydroxylierung, Aminierung, Aziridierung und Sauerstoffreduktion angenommen. Die Isolierung und Charakterisierung solcher Intermediate, wenngleich sie sich schwierig gestaltet, kann wichtige Informationen zum Mechanismus solcher Reaktionen liefern und kann somit zu einer gezielten Optimierung und Herstellung von verbesserten Katalysatoren genutzt werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden drei unterschiedliche Intermediate – Eisenoxo , Kobaltperoxo- und Kupfernitrenkomplexe – näher untersucht. Es konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die Reaktivität der hier untersuchten hoch-valenten reaktiven Intermediate maßgeblich abhängig vom Ligandsystem, dem Zentralmetall und dem verwendeten Oxidationsmittel sind. / High-valent metal-oxo, -peroxo and -nitrene cores of late transition metals have been proposed as reactive intermediates in transformations that are both technologically attractive and fundamental for the functioning of biological systems, like the activation of C−H bonds in hydrocarbons and the reduction of dioxygen. The isolation and characterization of such species, despite being challenging, provides valuable information about the mechanisms of the reactions performed and can help in the design of improved catalysts. In this work, three different kinds of intermediates were studied, namely iron-oxo, cobalt-peroxo and copper-nitrenes. Several new reactive species were isolated and spectroscopically characterized, and their reactivity was thoroughly investigated. It was shown that the reactivity patterns of the high-valent reactive intermediates here studied depend greatly on subtle changes in the ligand system, the metal center and the oxidant employed.