A pesquisa apresenta a organização de um corpus inédito constituído de cartas pessoais da Bahia escritas nos anos 40 do século XX. A partir desse corpus foram reunidos fatos sociais que contam a história da região, ao mesmo tempo em que foram observados fatos lingüísticos que caracterizam o dialeto dos informantes e que representam características próprias do português brasileiro (PB). Dentre os fenômenos lingüísticos observados no corpus e que representam particularidades dialetais, os pronomes pessoais destacam-se com registros marcantes. Esse fato motivou e definiu o objeto de estudo desse trabalho: os pronomes pessoais. Apresento uma amostra de dados que reúnem os usos efetivos dos pronomes pessoais no corpus e os observo a partir de um modelo de análise empírica com tratamento quantitativo e qualitativo. Trago também para o cenário desse trabalho dados secundários como as cartas pessoais do Conde do Pinhal, quem fundou, em 1857, a cidade de São Carlos, nos sertões da Província de São Paulo. Parto dessa referência, o Conde do Pinhal, que escreve para Anna Carolina (Naninha), sua esposa, pois são pessoas da elite, de condição social nobre e escolaridade supostamente1 avançada, e observo até que ponto seria possível associar a forma do uso dos pronomes pessoais dos meus informantes à condição de sua escolaridade. Por meio desses dados e de resultados de pesquisas que tratam do sistema pronominal do PB, busco refletir sobre como o uso dos pronomes pessoais se manifesta de modo comum nas variedades do português brasileiro padrão e não-padrão. / This research work presents the achievements for an unreleased corpus with personal letters written in Bahia during 1940s in XX century. From that corpus social aspects were joined together which tell us the region history as well as were observed linguistics aspects which characterize the informers\' dialectic and represents characteristics of Brazilian Portuguese - \"PB\". Among the linguistics phenomena observed in the corpus and represents dialectic particularities, the personal pronouns highlight themselves with significant registers. This reason motivated and defined the object of research of this work: the personal pronouns. I present a select of data which join the effective usages of the personal pronouns the corpus and I observe them from a pattern of an empiric analysis with quantitative and qualitative approaches. I also bring to this work scenery personal other data as Conde do Pinhal\'s personal letters who founded São Carlos town in 1857, in the \"sertões\" of São Paulo. Conde do Pinhal writes to his wife, Ana Carolina, they are noble, wealthy and well-educated people and then I observe that up to what level is possible to associate the usage of personal pronouns of my informers to the condition of their education. Through these aspects and the results of the research that studies the system of the pronouns of PB, aims to reflect about as the usage of personal pronouns shows themselves in an usual way in the variations of the Brazilian Portuguese standard and non-standard.

This dissertation explores the emergence of the linguistic use of pointing as first- and non-first-person pronoun in Greek Sign Language. Despite the similarity in form between the pointing gesture and pronominal pointing signs, children acquiring sign language pass through the same stages and acquire personal pronouns at about the same age as children acquiring spoken language. According to Petitto (1984, 1987, 1994), the transition to pronominal pointing in American Sign Language is characterised by: (a) a period of discontinuity in which children avoid using pointing directed towards persons, and (b) the occurrence of reversal errors before the acquisition of first and second-person pronouns. The present study offers additional evidence on the acquisition of personal pronouns through the investigation of: (a) the manner and the age at which pronominal pointing signs are acquired by a child exposed to Greek Sign Language, (b) the use of other signs for reference to persons and self, and (c) the existence of reversal errors in the child’s early use of pointing. Data consist of video-recorded spontaneous interaction between a deaf boy and his family every fortnight from the age of 12 to 36 months. Thirty hours of the child’s communicative behaviour have been transcribed and all sequences that included pointing were analysed in terms of reference and function. This study confirms that language modality plays a restricted role in language acquisition. The time and the frequency of occurrence of pronominal pointing signs correspond to the general developmental pattern observed in the acquisition of ASL. However, there are also important differences: (a) common nouns and proper names are used for reference to others before the acquisition of pronominal pointing, but to a limited extent (b) the existence of only one erroneous pointing sign indicates that the deaf child, from the beginning, uses pronominal signs correctly, and (c) there is no evidence of discontinuity in the transition from the early communicative pointing gesture to pronominal pointing signs. / <p>För att köpa boken skicka en beställning till exp@ling.su.se/ To order the book send an e-mail to exp@ling.su.se</p>

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta tese objetiva estudar a mudanÃa no sistema pronominal da lÃngua portuguesa, em suas variantes europeia e brasileira, no que tange à categoria de caso. Para isso, partimos da noÃÃo sociolinguÃstica de que toda mudanÃa à oriunda de um estÃgio anterior de variaÃÃo linguÃstica (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006; LABOV, 1978, 1994, 2001, 2008 e 2010) e investigamos como variantes os pronomes o (a, os, as); ele (ela, eles, elas); lhe(s), alÃm da anÃfora zero na codificaÃÃo do caso acusativo. Como fatores condicionantes dessa mudanÃa, analisamos: o continuum oralidade/escrita; as propriedades semÃnticas do OD; o tipo da forma verbal que o acusativo complementa; a posiÃÃo do pronome; o perÃodo histÃrico; o sexo do informante; o nÃvel de escolaridade; a idade e a localidade. Propomos como tese que a perda da distinÃÃo da categoria caso nos pronomes pessoais em lÃngua portuguesa advÃm da deriva linguÃstica secular e um indÃcio que comprova esse fato està na convergÃncia linguÃstica de variantes do portuguÃs distantes geograficamente, mas que partilham fatores cognitivos e culturais (LABOV, 2010) dentro da lusofonia. Trabalhamos com duas amostras, uma escrita e outra oral, contendo textos das dÃcadas de 1970 a 2010 do portuguÃs brasileiro e do portuguÃs europeu, bem como com um teste de percepÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo das variantes aplicado a alunos da Universidade da Madeira. ApÃs descritos, os dados passaram por um tratamento estatÃstico no programa GOLDVARB X e depois foram analisados à luz do Sociofuncionalismo, uma vez que, alÃm da Teoria da VariaÃÃo e MudanÃa LinguÃstica, temos como base os princÃpios funcionalistas da iconicidade e da marcaÃÃo (GIVÃN, 1979b, 1984, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2009 e 2011). A partir do resultado do teste aplicado a 412 informantes do Funchal, pudemos mapear as variantes de prestÃgio e as estigmatizadas no PE-Insular. Por ordem de avaliaÃÃo, em sentido crescente de apreciaÃÃo, as variantes estÃo assim distribuÃdas: ele, lhe, anÃfora zero e clÃtico. Em seguida, partimos para a etapa de anÃlise dos dados de textos escritos e orais no portuguÃs europeu e no portuguÃs brasileiro. Para a variante o, foram selecionados os seguintes grupos de fatores como condicionantes: a) faixa etÃria (56 a 75); b) grau de escolaridade (ensino mÃdio e ensino superior); c) gÃnero textual (notÃcia e editorial); d) perÃodo histÃrico (dÃcadas de 70 e de 2000); e) propriedade semÃntica do objeto direto (+ humano); f) tipo da forma verbal (composta); g) localidade (Lisboa e Funchal) e h) continuum fala x escrita (escrita). Para o pronome ele, cinco fatores foram selecionados, a saber: a) faixa etÃria (36 a 55 e 56 a 75); b) 10 escolaridade (ensino fundamental); c) sexo do informante (feminino); d) localidade (Rio de Janeiro) e e) propriedade semÃntica do OD (+ humano). Para a anÃfora zero, foram selecionados os fatores a) faixa etÃria (18 a 35); b) gÃnero textual (entrevista); c) continuum fala x escrita (fala); d) perÃodo histÃrico (dÃcadas de 80, 90, 2010); e) localidade (Rio de Janeiro); f) traÃo semÃntico do objeto (- humano) e g) tipo da forma verbal (simples). Para o pronome lhe, apenas um fator condicionante foi selecionado, a propriedade semÃntica do objeto (+ humano). ApÃs analisados os dados, observamos microdomÃnios funcionais configurando uma sintaxe da lÃngua portuguesa pÃs-colonial: de um lado, estÃo o clÃtico e a anÃfora zero, as variantes nÃo marcadas, apresentando alta frequÃncia, mas motivaÃÃes opostas; por outro lado, as variantes marcadas cognitivamente e socialmente, ele e lhe, apresentam baixa frequÃncia e comportamento anÃlogo entre si. / This thesis aims to study the change in the pronominal system in Portuguese, in its European and Brazilian variants, regarding the category of case. Thereto, it considers that any change comes from an earlier stage of linguistic variation (Weinreich, Labov, Herzog, 2006; Labov, 1978, 1994, 2001, 2008, 2010) and investigates variants of pronouns o (a, os, as); ele (ela, eles, elas); lhe(s), in addition to zero anaphora. As conditioning factors of this change, it analyzes the oral or written continuum; the semantic properties of the direct object; the kind of verbal form that the accusative complements; the position of the pronoun; the historical period; the sex of the informant; the level of schooling; the age and the location. It proposes that the loss of the distinction of the case category in personal pronouns in Portuguese derives from the secular linguistic drift, and an evidence that proves this fact lies in the linguistic convergence of variants of Portuguese geographically distant but sharing cognitive and cultural factors (Labov, 2010) within Lusophony. It works with two samples, a written one and an oral one, containing texts from the 1970s to 2010 of Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, as well as a test of perception and evaluation of variants applied to students of the University of Madeira. After being described, the data were subjected to a statistical treatment in the GoldVarb X program and then analyzed in the light of Sociofunctionalism, since, besides the Theory of Variation and Linguistic Change, it is based on the functionalist principles of iconicity and marking (Givon, 1979b, 1984, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2011). From the result of the test applied to 412 informants from Funchal, it was possible to map prestige variants and those stigmatized in European Portuguese peninsular. By order of evaluation, in an increasing sense of appreciation, the variants are distributed as it follows: ele, lhe, zero anaphora and o(a)(s). After that, it makes the analysis of the data of written and oral texts in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese. For variant o, the following groups of factors were selected as conditioning factors: a) Age group (56 to 75); b) education level (high school and higher education); c) textual genre (news and editorial); d) historical period (decades of 70 and 2000); e) semantic property of the direct object (+human); f) type of verbal form (compound); g) locality (Lisbon and Funchal); and h) continuum speech vs. writing (writing). As for the pronoun ele, five factors were selected, namely: a) age 12 range (36 to 55 and 56 to 75); b) schooling (elementary education); c) gender of the informant (female); d) locality (Rio de Janeiro); and e) semantic property of the direct object (+human). As for zero anaphora, the following factors were selected: a) age range (18 to 35); b) textual genre (interview); c) continuum speech vs. writing (speech); d) historical period (decades of 80, 90, 2010); e) locality (Rio de Janeiro); f) semantic trait of the object (âhuman) and g) type of the verbal form (simple). As for the pronoun lhe, only one conditioning factor was selected, the semantic property of the object (+human). After analyzing the data, functional microdomains were observed, configuring a syntax of the postcolonial Portuguese language: on the one hand, clitic o and zero anaphora, variants not marked, presenting high frequency, but opposite motivations; on the other hand, the variants marked cognitively and socially (ele and lhe) present low frequency and behavior analogous to each other.

No description available.

The paper investigates the expression and translation of the author's textual persona in the popular science text Packing for Mars (Roach 2011). One chapter from this book is translated into Swedish and compared to a parallel translation of another text by Roach, as well as a translation of the novel Shantaram (Roberts 2003; 2007). The specific features under investigation are Roach's use of appositional constructions, first and second person pronouns, and unstandardised direct quotation. The paper argues for the contribution of these features to the expressive, personal and humorous nature of the text, and draws parallels to the genres of journalism and literary fiction. Translation choices are then discussed with reference to Ingo, Newmark, Venuti and others, with an emphasis on furthering the textual persona through an equivalent effect on the reader. The possibility of equivalent effect is questioned, and strategies such as compensation and consistency suggested as solutions when formal equivalents are lacking in the target language.

Rhetorical skills are a very important part of political discourse. Being able to persuade an audience in a speech is central for politicians. This study aims to investigate how the personal pronouns I, you, we and they are used strategically in Barack Obama’s speeches. Previous research suggests that certain personal pronouns can enable politicians to take on different identities, which in turn gives them an opportunity to distance themselves from problematic issues and also invoke specific ideological ideas on their audience.  The study analyzes personal pronouns by the means of the co-text and the broader social context. It is found that I, you and we are used both to enhance the ‘self’ and portray the opposition in a negative way, while they focused on portraying the opposition negatively. However, the fact that politicians have speechwriters can be problematic when drawing conclusions of the pronominal choice.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive use of first person plural pronoun we through a discourse analysis of the variety of arguments by leaders of Pacific Island States in political debates, specifically within a climate change context. The research question is “How do political leaders of Pacific Island states make discursive use of the first person plural pronoun we in political debates in a climate change context?” By using a textual discourse analysis to study statements made by Pacific Island leaders at the UN Conference of the Parties, the investigation finds a wide variety of argumentation styles and pronominal choices. The main finding is how the word we is used in several ways, all of which carry political meaning, and the pronominal choice is found to depend on social context as well as the intention of the speaker. Political leaders utilize the pronoun we as a tool for political rhetoric, to argue both that the international community as a whole will face the negative consequences of climate change while also emphasizing the specific victim status of the islands. Several of the arguments found in the statements that were studied are centered on the vulnerable status of the SIDS (Small Island Developing States), emphasizing how they are severely affected by climate change. The essay demonstrates that the pronominal choices also have actual implications on the dynamics of the political arena. Primarily, the exclusive we isused to create a sense of division between groups, which encourages political mobilization. In addition, leaders are shown to make claims of a leadership role by using an exclusive we to create an image of the own nation as responsible, and opt for an inclusive we to create a feeling of shared responsibility globally.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de descrição da dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais brasileira. Nas línguas de sinais, a dêixis de pessoa é realizada substancialmente por meio de dois tipos de sinais de apontamento: os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores. O objetivo de minha pesquisa é dar início à descrição desses dois tipos de sinais, tomando por base o trabalho de Liddell (2003), que analisa a dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais americana, no âmbito da gramática cognitiva (Langacker, 1991) e da teoria de espaços mentais (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). Segundo Liddell, tanto os pronomes pessoais quanto os verbos indicadores têm a propriedade de ser realizados e localizados no espaço físico em frente e ao redor do corpo do sinalizador e de apontar, dentro desse espaço, para um local que está associado, no discurso, a uma representação mental do(s) seu(s) referente(s). Para o autor, os sinais dêiticos são formados por duas partes: uma lingüística, que é invariável, e uma outra que é dêitica, ou seja, que varia conforme a situação discursiva. Para fazer a descrição dos pronomes pessoais e dos verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, analisei (i) dados levantados do dicionário de Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) dados que foram eliciados de colaboradores surdos, e (iii) dados de língua em uso que foram obtidos por meio de uma narrativa infantil contada por uma surda. Com os estudos empíricos realizados e a construção e uma transcrição da narrativa, foi possível (i) descrever a maneira como os surdos usam o espaço de sinalização, para construir, representar e caracterizar as personagens da história (ou interlocutores) que são apontados pelos sinais dêiticos; (ii) levantar os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, e (iii) descrever algumas de suas características formais e as características pragmáticas de seu apontamento (dêitico ou anafórico), tanto nos contextos eliciados como em uso, nos discursos diretos da narrativa. / This dissertation presents a proposal of description of personal deixis in Brazilian Sign Language. In sign language, personal deixis is substantially performed by means of two kinds of pointing signs: personal pronouns and indicating verbs. The aim of my research is to introduce a description of these two kinds of signs, based on work by Liddell (2003), who has analyzed the deictic signs of American Sign Language (ASL) within the framework of cognitive grammar (Langacker, 1991) and mental space theory (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). According to Liddell, both personal pronouns and indicating verbs have this property of being signed and located in the physical space in front to and around the signer\'s body; in this space, they can point to a locus associated, within the discourse, to a mental representation of their referents. For Liddell, deictic signs have two parts: a linguistic and invariable component; plus a deictic component, which depends on the discourse situation. In order to describe the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, I analyzed data from (i) the dictionary by Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) elicited tests with deaf collaborators, and (iii) language in use in the form of a child narrative told by a deaf collaborator. With the empirical studies carried out, as well as the construction and transcription of the narrative, it was possible to (i) describe how deaf people use the signing space in order to construe, represent and characterize the characters of the story that are pointed at by deictic signs; (ii) identify the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, and (iii) describe some of their formal aspects and the pragmatic characteristics of their pointing (deictic or anaphoric), by looking at both the elicited contexts and those instances of direct speech in narrative.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de descrição da dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais brasileira. Nas línguas de sinais, a dêixis de pessoa é realizada substancialmente por meio de dois tipos de sinais de apontamento: os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores. O objetivo de minha pesquisa é dar início à descrição desses dois tipos de sinais, tomando por base o trabalho de Liddell (2003), que analisa a dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais americana, no âmbito da gramática cognitiva (Langacker, 1991) e da teoria de espaços mentais (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). Segundo Liddell, tanto os pronomes pessoais quanto os verbos indicadores têm a propriedade de ser realizados e localizados no espaço físico em frente e ao redor do corpo do sinalizador e de apontar, dentro desse espaço, para um local que está associado, no discurso, a uma representação mental do(s) seu(s) referente(s). Para o autor, os sinais dêiticos são formados por duas partes: uma lingüística, que é invariável, e uma outra que é dêitica, ou seja, que varia conforme a situação discursiva. Para fazer a descrição dos pronomes pessoais e dos verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, analisei (i) dados levantados do dicionário de Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) dados que foram eliciados de colaboradores surdos, e (iii) dados de língua em uso que foram obtidos por meio de uma narrativa infantil contada por uma surda. Com os estudos empíricos realizados e a construção e uma transcrição da narrativa, foi possível (i) descrever a maneira como os surdos usam o espaço de sinalização, para construir, representar e caracterizar as personagens da história (ou interlocutores) que são apontados pelos sinais dêiticos; (ii) levantar os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, e (iii) descrever algumas de suas características formais e as características pragmáticas de seu apontamento (dêitico ou anafórico), tanto nos contextos eliciados como em uso, nos discursos diretos da narrativa. / This dissertation presents a proposal of description of personal deixis in Brazilian Sign Language. In sign language, personal deixis is substantially performed by means of two kinds of pointing signs: personal pronouns and indicating verbs. The aim of my research is to introduce a description of these two kinds of signs, based on work by Liddell (2003), who has analyzed the deictic signs of American Sign Language (ASL) within the framework of cognitive grammar (Langacker, 1991) and mental space theory (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). According to Liddell, both personal pronouns and indicating verbs have this property of being signed and located in the physical space in front to and around the signer\'s body; in this space, they can point to a locus associated, within the discourse, to a mental representation of their referents. For Liddell, deictic signs have two parts: a linguistic and invariable component; plus a deictic component, which depends on the discourse situation. In order to describe the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, I analyzed data from (i) the dictionary by Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) elicited tests with deaf collaborators, and (iii) language in use in the form of a child narrative told by a deaf collaborator. With the empirical studies carried out, as well as the construction and transcription of the narrative, it was possible to (i) describe how deaf people use the signing space in order to construe, represent and characterize the characters of the story that are pointed at by deictic signs; (ii) identify the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, and (iii) describe some of their formal aspects and the pragmatic characteristics of their pointing (deictic or anaphoric), by looking at both the elicited contexts and those instances of direct speech in narrative.

No description available.