Esta tese, embasada nos pilares da teoria do prospecto (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) e do efeito disposição (Shefrin & Statman, 1985), estuda o comportamento do investidor no mercado de ações frente a contextos de ganhos e perdas e os tipos de personalidade junguianos, de extroversão e introversão (Jung, 1971). Por meio de estratégia experimental, na qual os voluntários da pesquisa puderam tomar decisões de venda de ações em ambiente semelhante ao de uma plataforma real de negociação (home broker), é possível verificar se as pessoas tomam decisões que respeitam os valores de ganhos e perdas que elas mesmas definem para si. Compuseram a amostra da pesquisa 371 pessoas com experiência de pelo menos um ano como investidor no mercado de ações, às quais foram apresentadas quatro ações de empresas brasileiras listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, sendo duas com forte movimento de alta e outras duas, de baixa. Os resultados dos testes de hipóteses realizados mostram que, em geral, as pessoas tomam decisões que desconsideram os ganhos e perdas que elas previamente estabelecem para si, manifestando comportamento que reforça o debate sobre aversão a perda e efeito disposição. Em se tratando dos tipos de personalidades, não há diferença significativa entre os resultados de pessoas introvertidas e extrovertidas, sinalizando que tais traços não são suficientes para explicar o desempenho dos investidores no mercado financeiro. Por outro lado, os sujeitos introvertidos declaram menor disposição a resultados negativos, ainda que na prática tomem perdas tanto quanto as pessoas extrovertidas. Isso fez com que fosse rejeitada a hipótese de que pessoas extrovertidas apresentam maior desvio aos valores dos ganhos e perdas autodefinidos para seus investimentos do que as pessoas introvertidas. Resultado semelhante é observado para a diferença de desempenho entre homens e mulheres. Elas declaram assumir perdas muito menores do que os homens, e exigem ganhar tanto quanto eles. No entanto, o desempenho obtido com suas decisões mostra que elas perdem tanto quanto eles e ganham bem menos do que gostariam. Em se tratando de mulheres introvertidas, os resultados obtidos evidenciam um desvio ainda maior entre os objetivos desejados e os resultados alcançados. Tais achados reforçam a controvérsia existente na literatura sobre diferença de gênero em decisões de investimentos e não permitem rejeitar a hipótese de inexistência de diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos por homens e mulheres de mesmo perfil de personalidade em suas decisões de investimentos em ações. O desempenho dos investidores que utilizaram ordens programadas stop loss e gain também foi verificado, mostrando que não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de que os investidores que utilizam tais estratégias limitam as perdas e os ganhos aos valores previamente autodefinidos. Porém, a hesitação dos investidores em usar esse tipo de estratégia, faz com que eles obtenham perdas maiores do que admitiriam. Os achados aqui apresentados contribuem com novas evidências no campo das finanças comportamentais, especialmente sobre a relação entre os valores de perdas e ganhos autodefinidos e obtidos, estratégias operacionais na negociação com ações, os tipos de personalidade e o desempenho dos investidores. / Braga, R. (2015). Gains and losses on investments: an experimental study on personalities under the perspective of the prospect theory and disposition effect. PhD Thesis, Department of Accounting and Actuarial Sciences, School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. In this study, I investigate the investor behavior of the stock market in the context of gain and loss and the Jungian personality types: extraversion and introversion (Jung, 1971), based on the pillars of prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) and the disposition effect (Shefrin & Statman, 1985). Through experimental strategy, in which volunteers could take stock sale decisions in an environment similar to that of a real trading platform, I could verify whether people make decisions that respect the values of gains and losses they define for themselves. In the experiment, I present four shares of Brazilian companies listed on the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange, two of them with strong upward movements, and two with downward movements. The sample was composed by 371 people with at least one year of experience as investor in the stock market. The results from hypotheses tests show that, in general, people make decisions that disregard the gains and losses they previously set for themselves, manifesting behavior that reinforces the debate on disposition effect and loss aversion. Regarding to the types of personalities, there is no significant differences between the results of introverted and extroverted people, signaling that such traits are not enough to explain the performance of investors in financial markets. On the other hand, the introverted people tend to show less willingness for negative results, although in practice they take losses as much as the extroverted people. In this context, the hypothesis that extroverted people have higher deviations of self-defined gains and losses values, in comparison of introverted people, was rejected. A similar result is observed for the performance gap between men and women. Women declared they take on much smaller losses than men, and earn as much as they require. However, the performance achieved with their decisions shows that they lose as much as men and earn much less than they would like. When it comes to introverted women, the results obtained show an even greater deviation between the desired goals and results achieved. My findings reinforce the existing controversy in the literature about gender differences in investment decisions, showing that they do not allow the rejection of the hypothesis of lack of significant differences in results obtained by men and women with same personalities. I also investigate the performance of investors who used scheduled orders for selling. In this context, I find that hypothesis that investors who use scheduled orders with limited losses and gains in previously self-defined values cannot be rejected. However, investors \' hesitation in using this type of strategy allows them to obtain larger losses than they would admit. My findings provide new evidences in the field of behavioral finance, mostly related to the relationship between values of self-defined and obtained gains and losses, operational strategies on stock trading, the personality types and investors performance.

The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in adolescents with respect to interpretation and memory for stimuli outside and inside autobiographical memory and affective personalities. A total of 70 male and 65 female high-school students with an age mean of 17.00 years (S.D. = .88) participated in the experiment. Well-being was measured as Subjective Well-Being (SWB) and Psychological Well-Being (PWB). Interpretation and memory was measured with recognition of words in a short story and recall of life events. Affective personalities were developed through PANAS. The results show self-acceptance and environmental mastery as the eudaimonic predictors of SWB. Adolescents with high levels of well-being remembered more positive life events and used mixed strategies to discriminate memory for words. Adolescents with high levels of well-being showed a positive priming effect and those with low levels a negative priming effect. Finally, Self-actualizing and self-destructive individuals emerged as the happy and unhappy personalities for both perspectives.

The Relationships between Gender, Birth Order, Family Structure, Emotion, Creative Personalities and Technological Creativity of Fifth Graders Pei-jen Chang Abstract The main purposes of this study were (a) to investigate the differences of fifth graders¡¦ performances on technological creativity in different induced moods; and (b) to explore the relationships between gender, birth order, family structure, emotional straits, creative personalities and the fifth graders¡¦ performances on technological creativity. An unequal group pretest-posttest design was employed in this study. The participants consisted of 3 classes of fifth graders, randomly distributed into 3 groups: the experimental group A (n = 42) which received positive mood induction, the experimental group B (n = 33) which received negative mood induction, and the controlled group (n = 38) which didn¡¦t received any treatment. The employed instruments were The Questionnaire of Emotional Traits, The Questionnaire of Emotional States, The Inventory of Personal Traits to The Development of Technological Creativity, and The Test of Technological Creativity. The applied analysis methods were Descriptives, Multiple Analysis of Variance, Multivariate Analysis of Covariance, and Canonical Correlation. The findings and conclusions of this study were as follows: 1.Induced positive moods were a better facilitator for the fifth graders¡¦ performance on technological creativity than induced negative moods as well as neutral moods. 2.Positive emotional traits were able to promote the fifth graders¡¦ performance on the invention of creative products. 3.Gender differences in the fifth graders¡¦ technological creative performance were evident. While the boys¡¦ abilities to combine technological concepts were better than the girls¡¦, but their abilities to invent creative products were worse than the girls¡¦. 4.Birth order and family structure had no significant effects on the fifth graders¡¦ technological creative performance. 5.Personal traits had significant effects on the fifth graders¡¦ performance on the invention of creative products. Among all personal traits, ¡§knowledge¡¨ had the most significant effect on the fifth graders¡¦ technological creative performance. 6.Gender, birth order, family structure, mood, emotional traits, and creative personalities had significant correlations, and gender had the highest correlation with technological creativity of the fifth graders. Finally, some suggestions were proposed for teachers, relative educational institutions, parents and further study.

<p>The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in adolescents with respect to interpretation and memory for stimuli outside and inside autobiographical memory and affective personalities. A total of 70 male and 65 female high-school students with an age mean of 17.00 years (S.D. = .88) participated in the experiment. Well-being was measured as Subjective Well-Being (SWB) and Psychological Well-Being (PWB). Interpretation and memory was measured with recognition of words in a short story and recall of life events. Affective personalities were developed through PANAS. The results show self-acceptance and environmental mastery as the eudaimonic predictors of SWB. Adolescents with high levels of well-being remembered more positive life events and used mixed strategies to discriminate memory for words. Adolescents with high levels of well-being showed a positive priming effect and those with low levels a negative priming effect. Finally, Self-actualizing and self-destructive individuals emerged as the happy and unhappy personalities for both perspectives.</p>

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Darbo tikslas – parodyti ir atskleisti autobiografinį ryšį tarp Vinco Krėvės ir pagrindinių jo dramų personažų – Šarūno ir Skirgailos. Vincas Krėvė – Mickevičius buvo asmenybė, kuriai rūpėjo individas ir jo gyvenimiškųjų vertybių raiška. V. Krėvė pirmasis lietuvių literatūroje pavaizdavo individualią (laisvą, išdidžią, dažnai vienišą ir nesuprastą) asmenybę, suabejojusią visuomeniniais idealais ir susitelkusią į savo problemas. Tokį pasirinkimą lėmė istoriniame procese vis pasikartojantys asmenybės pokyčiai. Rašytoją traukė žmogaus įvairiapusiškumas: meilė ir neapykanta, pasitikėjimas ir nusivylimas, meilė ir kančia, laisvė ir maištas. Šios paralelės labai svarbios ir išryškėja V. Krėvės Šarūne ir Skirgailoje. Darbe aptarti pagrindinių veikėjų charakteriai, jų savybės, akcentuojama autobiografinė V. Krėvės gyvenimo paralelė, aptartos romantizmo ir lūžio (krizės) asmenybės sąvokos. Parodyta, kokią įtaką romantiniam herojaus tipui daro amžinosios (moralinės, romantinės) vertybės, atskleisti prometėjiškumo ir revizionistiškumo raiškos atvejai. / The objective of the thesis to demonstrate and reveal autobiographical relation between Vincas Krėvė and key characters of his dramas: Šarūnas and Skirgaila. Vincas Krėvė – Mickevičius was a personality, who cared a lot about an individual and expression of his true-life values. V. Krėvė was the first in Lithuanian literature to depict an individual (free, proud-hearted, often lonely and misunderstood) personality, who questioned social ideas and was immersed into his own problems. Such choice was determined by personality changes that repeat themselves in the historical process. The writer was attracted by versatility of a person: love and hate, trust and despair, love and distress, freedom and rebellion. These parallels are very important and are emphasized in Šarūnas and Skirgaila by V. Krėvė. The thesis discusses nature of key characters, their characteristics, and emphasizes autobiographical parallel with the life of V. Krėvė, as well as disputes the concepts of romanticism and turning-point (crisis) personalities. The influence of the eternal (moral, romantic) values on the type of a romantic hero is revealed, as well as cases of expression of Prometheism and revisionism.

Esta tese, embasada nos pilares da teoria do prospecto (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) e do efeito disposição (Shefrin & Statman, 1985), estuda o comportamento do investidor no mercado de ações frente a contextos de ganhos e perdas e os tipos de personalidade junguianos, de extroversão e introversão (Jung, 1971). Por meio de estratégia experimental, na qual os voluntários da pesquisa puderam tomar decisões de venda de ações em ambiente semelhante ao de uma plataforma real de negociação (home broker), é possível verificar se as pessoas tomam decisões que respeitam os valores de ganhos e perdas que elas mesmas definem para si. Compuseram a amostra da pesquisa 371 pessoas com experiência de pelo menos um ano como investidor no mercado de ações, às quais foram apresentadas quatro ações de empresas brasileiras listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, sendo duas com forte movimento de alta e outras duas, de baixa. Os resultados dos testes de hipóteses realizados mostram que, em geral, as pessoas tomam decisões que desconsideram os ganhos e perdas que elas previamente estabelecem para si, manifestando comportamento que reforça o debate sobre aversão a perda e efeito disposição. Em se tratando dos tipos de personalidades, não há diferença significativa entre os resultados de pessoas introvertidas e extrovertidas, sinalizando que tais traços não são suficientes para explicar o desempenho dos investidores no mercado financeiro. Por outro lado, os sujeitos introvertidos declaram menor disposição a resultados negativos, ainda que na prática tomem perdas tanto quanto as pessoas extrovertidas. Isso fez com que fosse rejeitada a hipótese de que pessoas extrovertidas apresentam maior desvio aos valores dos ganhos e perdas autodefinidos para seus investimentos do que as pessoas introvertidas. Resultado semelhante é observado para a diferença de desempenho entre homens e mulheres. Elas declaram assumir perdas muito menores do que os homens, e exigem ganhar tanto quanto eles. No entanto, o desempenho obtido com suas decisões mostra que elas perdem tanto quanto eles e ganham bem menos do que gostariam. Em se tratando de mulheres introvertidas, os resultados obtidos evidenciam um desvio ainda maior entre os objetivos desejados e os resultados alcançados. Tais achados reforçam a controvérsia existente na literatura sobre diferença de gênero em decisões de investimentos e não permitem rejeitar a hipótese de inexistência de diferenças significativas nos resultados obtidos por homens e mulheres de mesmo perfil de personalidade em suas decisões de investimentos em ações. O desempenho dos investidores que utilizaram ordens programadas stop loss e gain também foi verificado, mostrando que não se pode rejeitar a hipótese de que os investidores que utilizam tais estratégias limitam as perdas e os ganhos aos valores previamente autodefinidos. Porém, a hesitação dos investidores em usar esse tipo de estratégia, faz com que eles obtenham perdas maiores do que admitiriam. Os achados aqui apresentados contribuem com novas evidências no campo das finanças comportamentais, especialmente sobre a relação entre os valores de perdas e ganhos autodefinidos e obtidos, estratégias operacionais na negociação com ações, os tipos de personalidade e o desempenho dos investidores. / Braga, R. (2015). Gains and losses on investments: an experimental study on personalities under the perspective of the prospect theory and disposition effect. PhD Thesis, Department of Accounting and Actuarial Sciences, School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo. In this study, I investigate the investor behavior of the stock market in the context of gain and loss and the Jungian personality types: extraversion and introversion (Jung, 1971), based on the pillars of prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) and the disposition effect (Shefrin & Statman, 1985). Through experimental strategy, in which volunteers could take stock sale decisions in an environment similar to that of a real trading platform, I could verify whether people make decisions that respect the values of gains and losses they define for themselves. In the experiment, I present four shares of Brazilian companies listed on the Sao Paulo Stock Exchange, two of them with strong upward movements, and two with downward movements. The sample was composed by 371 people with at least one year of experience as investor in the stock market. The results from hypotheses tests show that, in general, people make decisions that disregard the gains and losses they previously set for themselves, manifesting behavior that reinforces the debate on disposition effect and loss aversion. Regarding to the types of personalities, there is no significant differences between the results of introverted and extroverted people, signaling that such traits are not enough to explain the performance of investors in financial markets. On the other hand, the introverted people tend to show less willingness for negative results, although in practice they take losses as much as the extroverted people. In this context, the hypothesis that extroverted people have higher deviations of self-defined gains and losses values, in comparison of introverted people, was rejected. A similar result is observed for the performance gap between men and women. Women declared they take on much smaller losses than men, and earn as much as they require. However, the performance achieved with their decisions shows that they lose as much as men and earn much less than they would like. When it comes to introverted women, the results obtained show an even greater deviation between the desired goals and results achieved. My findings reinforce the existing controversy in the literature about gender differences in investment decisions, showing that they do not allow the rejection of the hypothesis of lack of significant differences in results obtained by men and women with same personalities. I also investigate the performance of investors who used scheduled orders for selling. In this context, I find that hypothesis that investors who use scheduled orders with limited losses and gains in previously self-defined values cannot be rejected. However, investors \' hesitation in using this type of strategy allows them to obtain larger losses than they would admit. My findings provide new evidences in the field of behavioral finance, mostly related to the relationship between values of self-defined and obtained gains and losses, operational strategies on stock trading, the personality types and investors performance.

The purpose of this study is to aid in the personal development of abnormal speech defective personalities by determining the effects of crippled speech upon certain individuals.

I den här uppsatsen görs en studie över svenskarnas resemotiv till Mallorca. Studien utgörs av tre studieområden. Den första behandlar hur resemotiven ser ut idag, den andra ser till hur utvecklingen av resemotiv sett ut från 1960-talet och den sista fokuserar på researrangörernas syn på sina kunder och deras resemotiv till Mallorca. Uppsatsen utgörs av en kvalitativ del samt en kvantitativ del då insamlandet av empirisk data har gjorts. Den primära delen i undersökningen utgörs av den kvantitativa insamlingsmetoden. Det gjordes en enkätundersökning där 91 respondenter deltog och besvarade frågor om sina resemotiv. Den kvalitativa delen består av intervjuer som har gjorts med två researrangörer och en resebyrå som fick svara på frågor om vilka deras kunder är, deras resemotiv, hur utvecklingen sett ut över en 50-årsperiod och vilka trender man kan se inom charterturismen. Teorierna som är använda i uppsatsen utgår ifrån två olika teorifamiljer, den ena familjen handlar om teorier knutna till begreppet resemotiv och den andra om teorier knutna till begreppet resepersonligheter. Resultatet presenteras i form av diagram och text där en sammanställning av svar från intervjuer och enkätundersökning har gjorts. I resultatet syns bland annat vilka resemotiv resenärerna har nu och hur det sett ut sen 1960-talet. Därefter kommer analysdelen där teori och empiri kopplas samman och sambandet dem emellan analyseras för att förstå varför resultatet blev som det blev. I slutsatsen presenteras de resultat som uppkommit under denna undersökning. Den främsta slutsatsen är att det varma klimatet är det primära resemotivet och har varit det över hela perioden. / This thesis is a study of Swedes' travel motives to Majorca. The thesis consists of three areas of study. The first area deals with the travel motives today, the other area looks at the development of the travel motives since the 1960s and the last area focuses on the travel agent's view of their customers and their travel motives to Majorca. The essay consists of a qualitative part and a quantitative part of the empirical data. The primary component in the study consists of the quantitative collection method. It consists of a survey in which 91 respondents participated and answered questions about their travel motives to Majorca. The qualitative part consists of interviews made with two tour operators and one travel agent who answered questions about which their customers are, what their travel motives are, developments of the motives during a 50 years period and which trends can be seen in the charter tourism industry. The theories that are used in the paper are based on two different theory families; one family is about theories related to the concept of travel motives and the other dealing with the theories linked to studies of travel personalities. The results are presented in the essay in form of graphics and text that concludes responses from interviews and questionnaires. The result shows the travel motives now and the motives since the 1960s. Next up is the analysis section where we connect theories and empirical findings and find connections between them to understand why the result ended up like it did. In the conclusion, we describe what we come up with in this whole investigation. The main conclusion is that the warm climate is the primary travel motive and has been throughout the whole period.

The value of proper concepts and an adjustable or adaptable personality are teaching factors to be considered in present-day education. The education for richer living must be through the main institutions of learning, the schools.