By 2020 depression is predicted to be the second most frequent cause of disability worldwide. Research suggests that existing methods of treatment are ineffective for many resulting in a large number of chronic, treatment resistant courses (termed refractory depression [RD]). Further evidence suggests that up to 60% of individuals with RD have a co-morbid Personality Disorder (PD), namely Clusters A and C. As such, it has been proposed that individuals with RD fail to respond to existing treatment interventions because these treatments fail to address maladaptive personality styles (i.e., overcontrol tendencies) that may complicate treatment. This project aimed to test this novel assertion by examining whether individuals with RD exhibit higher levels of overcontrol (e.g., skills deficits in the expression and experience of emotion, in forming close relationships and in receptivity and openness) compared to individuals with current, but not chronic, depression and a normal control group. A total of 180 individuals were recruited and based on eligibility criteria were allocated to the following groups: RD, n = 56; acute, non-chronically depressed (ANCD), n = 61; normal control (NC), n = 63. Participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires and as a whole, between group analyses supported study predictions; individuals with RD displayed significantly higher levels of overcontrol compared to both the ANCD and NC groups. More specifically, individuals with RD demonstrated significantly more difficulties with interpersonal relationships and expressing emotions, a significantly greater need for structure and significantly higher levels of maladaptive perfectionism compared to controls. This study forms part of a large multi-centre randomised controlled trial (RCT; REFRAMED) that is designed to study the efficacy of a novel treatment intervention - Radically Open-Dialectical Behaviour Therapy – for individuals with RD.

The correlation between social style and career satisfaction among emergency physicians was investigated. An e-mail survey was sent to a random sample of 1,000 members of the American College of Emergency Physicians in practice for at least three years; 707 had valid e-mail addresses. A twenty-item behavioral style survey instrument and a five-item career satisfaction scale were used. The study incorporated prenotification and reminder e-mails. Valid responses were obtained from 329 physicians (46.5%). No correlation was shown between social style and career satisfaction. Problems with both survey instruments were discovered. Survey respondents were unhappy with their careers, with an average satisfaction of 4.03, 1 being very satisfied, 5 very dissatisfied. Areas for future study include redoing the study using different survey instruments.

The diploma thesis deals with the personality of a teacher at the first grade of primary school and his influence on the climate of a class. The theoretical part is dedicated to school class like a small social group and phenomenon, which exists there. It examines the personality of a pupil, a teacher and his properties, where the emphasis is on the teacher's style of teaching, education and interaction. Finally the attention is paid to concept climate of a class. The practical part aims to evaluate interaction style of a teacher and to measure a climate in the particular classes, to compare them and find out, what influence interaction style has on pupil's satisfaction in the class. KEYWORDS small social group, personality of pupil, personality of a teacher, style of teaching, style of education, interaction style, climate of class

Bien que le test de Rorschach soit l’outil d’évaluation de la personnalité le plus utilisé en France, peu d’études se sont consacrées à la validation ou l’analyse des propriétés psychométriques de cet instrument. C’est pourquoi, les objectifs de notre étude sont les suivants : Réétudier et vérifier la validité du test de Rorschach en Système Intégré pour le diagnostic de la dépression (1) évaluer l’indice de dépression (DEPI) (2) évaluer l’indice d’incompétence sociale (CDI) (3) réétudier les variables actif et passif (a:p) et (4) la validité des réponses reflets (Fr+ rF> 0)(5) comparer les résultats de notre étude avec ceux de Sultan et al. (2004).Pour opérationnaliser nos objectifs, deux échantillons d’adultes français (18- 70 ans), ont été recrutés : un échantillon normatif et un échantillon dépressif. Cinq outils ont été utilisés : Rorschach Système Intégré, GHQ.12, BDI, T.A.T, SFSC.Les résultats montrent (1) Qu’il n’y pas de différence significative sur l’indice dépression sauf lorsque DEPI=6 ; (2) Une différence significative est observée entre nos deux échantillons normatif et dépressif sur l’indice CDI; (3 et 4)Concernant l’échantillon normatif, il n’y a pas de corrélation entre le score obtenu au Rorschach sur la variable p>a+1 et le score des sujets au TAT, ni de corrélation entre le score S au SF-SC et le score des réponses reflètes ; (5) la comparaison entre l’échantillon normatif combiné et l’échantillon normatif d’Exner indique une différence significative sur les variables suivantes : SumSha, Fr+rF, X-%, WSum6, XA %. Enfin, les résultats montrent un intérêt clinique du Rorschach Système Intégré à savoir qu’un DEPI= 6 est à considérer comme une indication psychopathologique, et que l'indice CDI est très pertinent pour le diagnostic psychologique des troubles dépressifs. / Despite the fact that, the Rorschach test is the most used personality assessment tool in France; few studies have focused on the validation or analysis of the psychometric properties of this instrument. Therefore, the objectives of our study are the following: To re-examine and verify the validity of the Rorschach Comprehensive System for the diagnosis of depression (1) to evaluate the depression index (DEPI) (2). evaluate the social incompetence index (CDI) (3) re-study the active and passive variables (a: p) and (4) the validity of the reflective answers (Fr + rF> 0) (5) compare the results of our study with those of Sultan et al. (2004).To operationalize our objectives, two samples of French adults (18-70 years old) were recruited: a normative sample and a depressive sample. Five tools were used: Rorschach Comprehensive System, GHQ.12, BDI, T.A.T, SFSC.The results show (1) that there is no significant difference on the depression index except when DEPI = 6; (2) A significant difference is observed between our two normative and depressive samples on the CDI index; (3 and 4) Regarding the normative sample, there is no correlation between the Rorschach score on the p> a + 1 variable and the TAT subjects score, or the correlation between the S score and the SF score. -SC and the score of the reflective answers;(5) The comparison between the combined normative sample and the Exner normative sample indicates a significant difference on the following variables: SumSha, Fr + rF, X-%, WSum6, XA%. Finally, the results show a clinical interest of the Rorschach Comprehensive System namely that a DEPI = 6 is to be considered as a psychopathological indication, and that the CDI index is very relevant for the psychological diagnosis of depressive disorders.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti galimas sąsajas tarp kiekvieno asmenybės stiliaus aukštesnio išreikštumo ir ligos suvokimo ypatumų, lyginant su kiekvieno asmenybės stiliaus žemesnio išreikštumo grupės ligos suvokimo ypatumais. Tyrime dalyvavo 190 VšĮ Ukmergės ligoninės Fizinės medicinos ir reabilitacijos skyriuje besigydančių pacientų (vyrų ir moterų). Siekiant įvertinti tiriamųjų asmenybės stiliaus išreikštumo bei ligos suvokimo sąsajas, tiriamiesiems išdalinti klausimynai, kuriuos jie pildė namuose ir grąžino tyrėjui. Tyrime naudoti du klausimynai: Ligos suvokimo klausimyno (Illness Perception Questionare, IPQ; Weinman ir kt., 1996) atnaujinta versija (IPQ-R) ir pagal DSM-IV-R klasifikaciją sudarytas klausimynas asmenybės stilių išreikštumui nustatyti. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad aukštesnio išreikštumo vengiančiam, priklausomam, šizoidiniam, paranoidiniam, histrioniniam, ribiniam asmenybės stiliams būdingas didesnis tapatinimasis su liga, lyginant su žemesnio išreikštumo asmenybės stilių tapatinimusi su liga; aukštesnio išreikštumo vengiančio, priklausomo, paranoidinio, histrioninio, obsesinio-kompulsinio asmenybės stilių požiūris į ligą negatyvesnis, lyginant su žemesnio išreikštumo asmenybės stilių požiūriu į ligą; aukštesnio išreikštumo vengiantis, priklausomas, paranoidinis, histrioninis, ribinis, obsesinis-kompulsinis asmenybės stiliai patiria daugiau nuo ligos suvokimo skirtumų priklausančių neigiamų emocijų, kurios turi įtakos su sveikata susijusio elgesio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to examine the relations between every highly expressed personality style and illness perception peculiarity comparing with lower expressed personality style and illness perception peculiarity. 190 patients from Ukmerge Hospitals Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation centre were examined in this experiment (both men and women). In order to examine relations between expressed personality style and illness perception, every patient had to complete the questionnaire at home and bring it back researcher. Two questionnaires were used in this experiment: Illness Perception Questionnaire, IPQ (Weinman ir kt., 1996) new version IPQ – R and questionnaire to identify expressed personality style which was created based on DSM – IV – R. The results showed that: patients with higher expressed personality style (avoiding, depending, paranoid, schizoid, borderline personalities) have higher identification with illness, comparing with lower expressed personality style patients; patients with higher expressed personality style (avoiding, depending, paranoid, histrionic, anancastic personalities) have more negative attitude towards illness, comparing with lower expressed personality style patients; patients with higher expressed personality style (avoiding, depending, paranoid, histrionic, borderline and anancastic personalities) experience more negative emotions related to illness perception which influence health related behavior, comparing with lower expressed... [to full text]