Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / Porous concrete pavements have been used in the eastern United States to effectively manage storm water when used as an alternative to impervious surfaces. This paper reviewed a wide body of available literature and research to examine their potential to reduce runoff at the University of Arizona. This study found that their unique structural properties enable them to infiltrate and detain large volumes of water in a stone sub-base below the slab, filtering out many street related contaminants without the need to install additional infrastructure. Porous concrete surfaces may support green development in the southwest where water is both a sensitive and valuable resource. However, long-term structural durability, clogging potential due to dust, and maintenance requirements have yet to be fully understood in this region. This paper then summarizes critical factors that affect the performance of porous concrete and proposes a framework for future study to be conducted by the University of Arizona in a way that would reduce runoff to major campus roads, contribute to a better understanding of sustainable storm water management in the southwest, and demonstrate leadership in environmental stewardship.

Les revêtements perméables se développent en France et à l’étranger comme une technique d’avenir en réponse aux enjeux de la protection des sols et de l’amélioration du cycle de l’eau en milieu urbain. Le développement de pavés drainants au sein du laboratoire de l’ESITC Caen a mis en évidence le besoin de quantifier les apports des revêtements perméables pour répondre aux attentes des acteurs locaux et favoriser l’utilisation de ces techniques par les aménageurs. Dans ce but, ce travail de thèse porte sur la description des processus hydrologiques au sein des revêtements perméables et la quantification de leurs bénéfices sur le ruissellement urbain. Deux modèles ont été développés pour répondre à ces objectifs.Le premier permet de modéliser les processus hydrologiques au sein des structures perméables avec une approche physique basée sur la résolution de l’équation de RICHARDS par la méthode des éléments finis. Cette modélisation apporte des éléments de compréhension sur l’influence des propriétés de la structure et de son environnement sur ses performances. Elle a abouti à la proposition d’une représentation conceptuelle du comportement hydrologique des structures perméables. Le second modèle permet de modéliser le comportement hydrologique d’un bassin versant avec une approche par systèmes multi-agents. Différents scénarios d’implantation de revêtements perméables ont été simulés sur un site d’étude réel situé à Ouistreham en Normandie. L’exploration de ce modèle apporte des éléments de quantification des bénéfices de l’implantation des revêtements perméables sur le ruissellement de surface. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence le lien entre le ratio de surface perméable sur la surface imperméable et la réduction du ruissellement. Ils soulignent l’importance de la dispersion des zones de revêtements perméables pour optimiser leurs bénéfices. / Permeable pavements are developing in France and abroad as a promising response to the growing issues of ground protection and the improvement of the water cycle in urban areas. The development of pervious concrete within the laboratory of ESITC Caen had highlighted the need to quantify the contributions of the permeable pavement, and thus meeting the expectations of local authorities and encouraging the use of these techniques by urban planners. In this purpose, this Phd aims at describing the hydrological mechanisms of the permeable pavements and quantifying their benefits on surface runoff. Two models were developed to respond to these objectives. The first one allows modeling the hydrological processes inside permeable pavement structures with a physically-based approach, which solves RICHARD’s law with a finite element method. This modeling enables the understanding of the influence of the properties of the structure and its environment on its performances. Results have led to the proposal of a conceptual representation of permeable structures. The second model allows modeling the hydrological behavior of an urban catchment with an agent-based approach. Various scenarios of permeable pavement implemantations were simulated on a real study site located at Ouistreham in Normandy. The analysis of this model enables the quantifying of the benefits of the implementation of permeable pavements on surface runoff. Results highlight the link between the permeable surface on the impermeable surface ratio and the reduction of runoff. They emphasize the importance of dispersing permeable pavement areas to maximize their benefits.

Partial-infiltration permeable pavement (PP) systems provide environmental benefits by increasing infiltration, attenuating storm flows and improving stormwater quality. This thesis focuses on the performance and operation of partial-infiltration PP systems over low permeability soil in Ontario. Three PP, AquaPave®, Eco-Optiloc® and Hydromedia® Pervious Concrete were monitored over two years and their performance was evaluated relative to an impermeable Asphalt control. Field data was collected from the Kortright PP pilot parking lot in Vaughan, Ontario. Through the use of restrictor valves on underdrains the PP systems were shown to provide substantial hydrologic benefits by eliminating stormwater outflow for rain events less than 7mm, reducing peak flows by 91% and reducing total stormwater volume by 43%. Stormwater quality was analyzed for winter and non-winter seasons. The PP were shown to greatly reduce the concentration and total loading of suspended solids, nutrients, hydrocarbons and most heavy metals. Some water quality data, such as pH, K, or Sr levels, indicate that the quality of PP effluent will change as the system ages. Study of PP sample boxes at the University of Guelph highlighted the role that construction materials have on effluent quality and showed that pollutants introduced by the pavement and aggregate are almost entirely in a dissolved form and decline very rapidly after a season of exposure to rainfall. Benefits to water quality were sustained during winter months. The partial-infiltration PP systems were shown to provide buffering of Na and Cl concentrations. Small and large-scale maintenance practices for PP systems were investigated. Small-sized equipment testing found that vacuum cleaning and pressure-washing have good potential to improve infiltration capacity. Testing of full-sized streetsweeping trucks demonstrated that permeability can be partially restored on PICP by suction-based sweeping. Vacuum-sweeping was beneficial on a PC pavement which had experienced large permeability losses. Results of this study indicate that partial-infiltration PP systems can be effective measures for maintaining or restoring infiltration functions on parking lots and other low volume traffic areas, even in areas with low permeability soils.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal a realização de estudos laboratoriais, de campo e numéricos, buscando viabilizar duas misturas de concreto permeável que foram utilizadas na construção de duas calçadas experimentais localizadas no campus da USP em São Paulo. Nas pistas experimentais foi realizado o acompanhamento da capacidade permeável ao longo do tempo, além da avaliação das suas respostas estruturais frente à aplicação de carregamentos dinâmicos por meio de equipamento FWD, considerando a variação do teor de umidade no interior das estruturas. Por fim, foram realizadas retroanálises com uso de diferentes softwares procurando entender qual das camadas da estrutura apresenta maior vulnerabilidade estrutural frente à presença de volumes excessivos de água. Os resultados da etapa laboratorial indicaram que há uma sensibilidade muito grande no comportamento das misturas em função do teor de aditivo superplastificante, uma vez que houve segregação severa da pasta de cimento no fundo dos corpos de prova quando esse teor ultrapassou determinado limite. Os resultados dos ensaios de taxa de infiltração em campo possibilitaram a proposição um modelo empírico para estimativa do desempenho da capacidade hidráulica para calçadas em concreto permeável executadas na região de São Paulo. Os resultados dos levantamentos deflectométricos e das retroanálises indicaram variação considerável na capacidade de suporte do conjunto base+subleito entre as calçadas, além de evidenciar considerável perda da capacidade de suporte dessas estruturas quanto submetidas à presença de elevados volumes de água no seu interior. Palavras chave: concreto permeável, calçada, pavimento, taxa de infiltração, levantamento deflectométrico, análise estrutural, retroanálise. / The main goal of this research was to carry out laboratorial, field and numerical studies with the purpose of defining two feasible pervious concrete mixtures to be used as the surface layer of two experimental sidewalks in the campus of the University of São Paulo. The permeability capacity of the sidewalks was monitored along time, as well as its structural responses in terms of deflections due to application of FWD dynamic loadings, assessing how the structural behavior was impacted by the presence of high volumes of water into the permeable structure. A backcalculation procedure was used in order to assess the elastic behavior of the structure layers, as well as find out which layer of the structure is the most vulnerable in terms of mechanical behavior under the presence of excessive volumes of water. The results in the laboratory indicates that pervious concrete mixtures are considerable sensitives to the amount of superplasticizer additive, since a severe mortar segregation was observed on the bottom of the specimens casted using some of the mixtures produced. The results of infiltration tests in field made it possible to develop an empirical model capable of estimating the hydraulic performance of pervious concrete permeable sidewalks in São Paulo region. The results of the deflection measurements and the backcalculations indicated a considerable variation on the bearing capacity of the infrastructure (base+subgrade) between the two sidewalks. In addition, it is evident the loss of bearing capacity of the structure under the presence of excessive amount of water into the sidewalk.

El crecimiento acelerado de las urbes y el uso de materiales impermeables han impactado negativamente en el ciclo hidrológico. Las fuertes precipitaciones durante la época de lluvias generan el colapso de redes de alcantarillado en ciudades con la infraestructura inadecuada. Dicha escorrentía acelera el deterioro de los pavimentos, además de la incomodidad y peligro debido al hidroplaneo que impacta en los peatones. El concreto permeable es un material adecuado para mitigar estos problemas debido a su propiedad de discurrir el agua entre sus poros, además de ser ecológico y sostenible. Ya que su resistencia es menor a la del concreto convencional, su uso es limitado en pavimentos rígidos, por ello la incorporación de fibras le proporcionaría un mejor desempeño mecánico. Mediante un análisis cualitativo de diversos factores, se determinó que las fibras de basalto optimizarían el comportamiento del concreto permeable para su aplicación en pavimentos urbanos. Además, se tomó en consideración que el suelo del área de estudio es de grava y la infiltración requerida es de 192.22mm/h. El diseño de mezcla de referencia corresponde a similares características con el área de estudio y finalmente las cantidades requeridas en el diseño de esta investigación son 443.12 kg/m3 de cemento, 130.43 l/m3 de agua, 135.16 kg/m3 de agregado fino, 1312.04 kg/m3 de agregado grueso, 3.99 kg/m3 de aditivo superplastificante; añadido a fibras de basalto en porcentajes de 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% y 0.3% respecto del diseño de mezcla. / The accelerated growth of cities and the use of waterproof materials have negatively impacted the hydrological cycle. Heavy rainfall during the rainy season leads to the collapse of sewerage networks in cities with inadequate infrastructure. Such runoff accelerates the deterioration of pavements, in addition to the discomfort and danger due to hydroplaning that impacts pedestrians. Pervious concrete is a suitable material to mitigate these problems due to its property of running water through its pores, in addition to being ecological and sustainable. Since its resistance is less than that of conventional concrete, its use is limited in rigid pavements, therefore the incorporation of fibers would provide better mechanical performance. Through a qualitative analysis of various factors, it was determined that basalt fibers would optimize the behavior of pervious concrete for application in urban pavements. In addition, it was taken into consideration that the soil of the study area is gravel and the required infiltration is 192.22 mm/h. The reference mix design corresponds to similar characteristics with the study area and finally the quantities required in the design of this research are 443.12 kg/m3 of cement, 130.43 l / m3 of water, 135.16 kg/m3 of fine aggregate, 1312.04 kg/m3 of coarse aggregate, 3.99 kg/m3 of superplasticizer additive; added to basalt fibers in percentages of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% with respect to the mix design. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-16T17:20:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN CORPAS BUCENE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2456363 bytes, checksum: dfcf0b460775e677213c888d5bb3611d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T17:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN CORPAS BUCENE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2456363 bytes, checksum: dfcf0b460775e677213c888d5bb3611d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP / The growth of urban centers has created new challenges for construction activities. It?s not only the environmental point of view, but also from logistical and economic reasons, two aspects that stand out, which are the management of rainwater and a destination of solid construction and demolition residues aggregate (RCD) . One of the alternatives to relieve the drainage system is the pervious concrete pavement (PCP), which allow infiltration of water into the base or soil, reducing floodings, water accumulations on roads and improving aquifers supply. The PCP employs in its composition, little or no fine aggregates, what providing a higher a volume of voids to the element, and consequently permeability. The addition of RCD in the pervious concrete?s composition is justified both by the increasing difficulty of disposal of these materials and by the reduction of the extraction of natural aggregates, favoring a reduction of the environmental impacts generated by the civil construction. Therefore, the production of pavement using pervious concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate (ARC) is one of the alternatives that has been researched to reduce the environmental impact of construction, protecting water resources and being able to avoid flood areas of flood with a lower consumption of natural goods. The effectiveness of water infiltration capability can be partially compromised due to the occurrence of clogging, which is influenced by the type and size of the infiltrated sediment into to the water and the precipitation intensity. This research studied two different types of PCP, produced with and without ARC, evaluating their behavior regarding mechanical, physical and hydraulic properties. A comparison was also made between different types of sediments to simulate the permeation of the pervious concrete. For this, laboratory studies were carried out and also equipment was developed to simulate a real situation of application of this type of concrete. It was observed the influence on the characteristics of PCP, with the use of ARC, as well as the permeability index after filling with various types of materials. The PCP using recycled aggregates obtained a satisfactory result, it was also verified that the test method to obtain the permeability index or the infiltration rate influenced in the analysis. It may also be noted that the adaptation of ?in situ? laboratory tests performed in the laboratory has not been shown to be adequate to the actual situation due to the influence of the floor base. / O crescimento dos centros urbanos tem produzido novos desafios ?s atividades da constru??o civil. N?o apenas do ponto de vista ambiental, mas tamb?m por quest?es log?sticas e econ?micas, dois aspectos v?m se destacando no ?mbito do setor nas grandes metr?poles, que s?o o manejo de ?guas de chuvas e a destina??o de res?duos s?lidos de constru??o e demoli??o (RCD). Uma das ferramentas que pode ser utilizada para aliviar o sistema de drenagem ? o emprego de pavimentos de concreto perme?vel (PCP), que permitem a infiltra??o de ?gua na base ou no solo, diminuindo os picos de cheia, ac?mulos de ?gua nas vias p?blicas, melhorando o abastecimento dos aqu?feros. O PCP ? uma mistura que emprega na sua composi??o pouco ou nenhum agregado mi?do, proporcionando maior ?ndice de vazios ao concreto, e consequentemente um elevado coeficiente de permeabilidade. A adi??o do RCD na composi??o do concreto perme?vel justifica-se tanto pela crescente dificuldade de descarte desses materiais quanto pela redu??o da extra??o de agregados naturais, propiciando uma redu??o dos impactos ambientais gerados pela constru??o civil. Portanto, a produ??o de pisos, usando o PCP elaborado com o agregado reciclado de concreto (ARC) proveniente do RCD, ? uma das alternativas que v?m sendo pesquisada para reduzir o impacto ambiental da constru??o, protegendo os recursos h?dricos e evitando ?reas de inunda??o com um menor consumo de bens naturais. A efic?cia da taxa de infiltra??o da ?gua de chuva no concreto perme?vel pode ser parcialmente comprometida devido ? ocorr?ncia da colmata??o, que ? influenciada pelo tipo e tamanho do sedimento infiltrado junto ? ?gua e a intensidade da precipita??o. Esta pesquisa estudou dois diferentes tipos de PCP, produzidos com e sem ARC, avaliando seu comportamento quanto ?s propriedades mec?nicas, f?sicas e hidr?ulicas. Tamb?m foi realizada uma compara??o entre diferentes tipos de sedimentos para simula??o da colmata??o do concreto perme?vel, para tal, foram realizados estudos em equipamentos desenvolvidos para simula??o do processo de colmata??o em um canteiro real. Observou-se a influ?ncia nas caracter?sticas do PCP, com o emprego do ARC, bem como a taxa de infiltra??o ap?s colmata??o com v?rios tipos de materiais. O emprego do ARC propiciou resultado satisfat?rio nas caracter?sticas do concreto perme?vel e verificou-se que os m?todos de ensaio para obten??o do coeficiente de permeabilidade ou da taxa de infiltra??o influenciam na an?lise do concreto perme?vel. Tamb?m pode-se notar que a adapta??o de ensaios para an?lise ?in loco? reproduzidos em laborat?rio n?o se mostrou adequada ? situa??o real devido a influ?ncia da base dos pavimentos.

<p>У дисертацији су анализиране мешавине за израду порозног бетонског коловоза. Пројектовано је укупно 12 различитих врста мешавина. За справљање бетонских мешавина коришћене су фракције природног и рециклираног агрегата. Електрофилтерски пепео, који је отпадни материјал из термоелектрана, коришћен је као минерални додатак, којим је замењен део цемента. Справљено је шест мешавина са рециклираним агрегатом и шест мешавина са природним агрегатом. Лабораторијска испитивања су обухватила испитивање чврстоће при притиску бетона након: 7, 28, 56 и 84 дана, чврстоће при савијању (након 28, 56 и 84 дана), модул еластичности (статички и динамички), отпорност према хабању, коефицијент водопропустљивости и порозност. Добијени резултати потврдили су постављене хипотезе да је са рециклираним агрегатом и електрофилтерским пепелом могуће пројектовати и извести порозни бетонски коловоз.</p> / <p>U disertaciji su analizirane mešavine za izradu poroznog betonskog kolovoza. Projektovano je ukupno 12 različitih vrsta mešavina. Za spravljanje betonskih mešavina korišćene su frakcije prirodnog i recikliranog agregata. Elektrofilterski pepeo, koji je otpadni materijal iz termoelektrana, korišćen je kao mineralni dodatak, kojim je zamenjen deo cementa. Spravljeno je šest mešavina sa recikliranim agregatom i šest mešavina sa prirodnim agregatom. Laboratorijska ispitivanja su obuhvatila ispitivanje čvrstoće pri pritisku betona nakon: 7, 28, 56 i 84 dana, čvrstoće pri savijanju (nakon 28, 56 i 84 dana), modul elastičnosti (statički i dinamički), otpornost prema habanju, koeficijent vodopropustljivosti i poroznost. Dobijeni rezultati potvrdili su postavljene hipoteze da je sa recikliranim agregatom i elektrofilterskim pepelom moguće projektovati i izvesti porozni betonski kolovoz.</p> / <p>In the dissertation, mixtures for the production of pervious concrete pavements are analyzed. The project has a total of 12 different types of mixtures. For the preparation of concrete mixtures, the fractions of natural and recycled aggregates were used. Fly ash, which is a waste material from thermal power plants, was used as a mineral supplement, which replaced a part of cement. Six mixtures with a recycled aggregate and six mixtures with a natural aggregate were collected. Laboratory tests included: compressive strength after 7, 28, 56 and 84 days, felxural strength (after 28, 56 and 84 days), modulus of elasticity (static and dynamic), abrasion, permeability and porosity. The obtained results confirmed the hypotheses that it is possible to design and execute a previous concrete pavement with a recycled aggregate and fly ash.</p>

El presente trabajo de investigación pretende encontrar el diseño de un concreto permeable con la mejor relación agua/cemento, para ser usado en vías peatonales y de bajo tránsito. Además, busca demostrar que su empleo en zonas lluviosas reduce el volumen pluvial y atenúa el impacto que se produce en las poblaciones urbanas, como la ciudad de Huaraz, en las que existen continuas inundaciones debidas al uso de técnicas y métodos que provocan la impermeabilización del suelo. Se ejecutaron ensayos en laboratorio sobre la base de tres muestras con relaciones agua/cemento de 0.30, 0.35 y 0.40. Luego de someterlas a pruebas de compresión simple, flexión y permeabilidad, se encontró que el diseño que cumple con las mejores características es el de relación agua/cemento 0.30. Se concluye que, para la realidad problemática descrita, el uso de un concreto permeable con dicha relación es viable en tanto este posee un coeficiente de permeabilidad k de 0.44 mm/s o 0.44 x 10-3 m/s., que se equipara a un suelo de arena limpia con mezcla de grava y se comporta como un suelo granular. Por lo tanto, contribuirá a absorber las escorrentías, incluso en zonas con una pendiente pronunciada. / The present research work aims to find the design of a permeable concrete, with the best water/cement ratio to be used in pedestrian and low-traffic pavements. In addition, it seeks to demonstrate that use in rainy areas reduces the rainfall volume and attenuate the impact that occurs in urban populations, such as the city of Huaraz, where there are continuous floods due to the use of techniques and methods that cause the waterproofing of the soil. Laboratory tests were performed on the basis of three samples with water/cement ratios of 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40. After undergoing tests of simple compression, bending and permeability, it was found that the design that meets the best characteristics is the one of water/cement ratio 0.30. It is concluded that, for the problematic reality described, the use of a permeable concrete with this relationship is feasible as it has a permeability coefficient k of 0.44 mm/s or 0.44 x 10-3 m/s, which sand equates to a clean sand soil with gravel mixture. Therefore, it will help absorb runoffs, even in areas with a steep slope. / Tesis

My work describes technology design of pervious concrete. The theoretical part contains a research about this kind of concrete usually from foreign authors. In general, I focused on the composition of the PC, aggregate grading curve, behaviour of concrete in fresh state, storing and compaction of concrete. A critical part is the aggregate grading curve – it plays the main role in the final level of water permeability. Further, we will go through the real world scenarios where we can use this type of concrete and also through the associated drawbacks. A substantial part of this work is about development of water-permeability test. The practical part shows variety of recipes with a list of measured and observed characteristics (compressive strength, frost resistence and water-permeability). The conclusion includes evaluation of the results and suggestions for future development in this area.