The level of organic maturation, thermal history, and source rock potential of Mesozoic and Tertiary strata in the Queen Charlotte Islands have been investigated with vitrinite reflectance measurements (%Ro rand)> numerical modelling (modified Arrhenius and Lopatin models), and Rock-Eval pyrolysis (source rock potential). The level of organic maturation increases from north to south and is primarily controlled by high heat flow associated with plutonism on Moresby Island. Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic strata are overmature on Moresby Island with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 2.40 to 5.80 %Ro rand Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary strata are immature to overmature on Graham Island with values ranging from 0.15 %Ro rand (Skonun Formation) to 2.43 % Ro rand (Haida Formation). Constant and variable geothermal gradient thermal regimes were numerically modelled with modified Arrhenius and Lopatin methods. Numerical modelling (assuming constant geothermal gradients) predicts high paleogeothermal gradients (45 to 90 °C/km) for up to 180 million years from the Late Triassic to the Tertiary. Variable paleogeothermal gradient modelling (utilizing a 30 °C/km background geothermal gradient) predicts peak geothermal gradients ranging up to 150 °C/km during Yakoun (183-178 Ma) and Masset (35-10 Ma) volcanism. The timing of hydrocarbon generation was estimated with numerical modelling. The levels of organic maturation for Mesozoic and Tertiary strata reflect the timing of plutonism and associated high heat flow. Triassic strata from west Graham Island and Cretaceous strata from north and south Graham Island entered the oil window during the Early Miocene and are still in the oil window. Jurassic strata in central Graham Island and north Moresby Island entered the oil window during the Bajocian and remain within the oil window. The Skonun Formation is generally immature except for strata at west Graham Island (Port Louis well) and at northeast Graham Island (basal strata in the Tow Hill well) which entered the oil window during the Late Miocene. Mean total organic carbon (TOC) contents are generally low (0.06 %) to moderately high (3.6 %) for Mesozoic and Tertiary strata. Some organic-rich horizons with TOC values up to 11.2 % occur in Upper Triassic (black limestone member of the Kunga Group) and Lower Jurassic (Sandilands and Ghost Creek Formations) source strata. Mesozoic and Tertiary strata generally contain gas prone Type III organic matter except for the Lower Jurassic Ghost Creek Formation and the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Kunga Group which contain oil and gas prone Type II organic matter and significant amounts of oil prone Type I organic matter. Lateral variations in TOC and the quality of organic matter (QOM) for Triassic and Jurassic strata are primarily related to the level of organic maturation. The strata have poor to good hydrocarbon source potential on Graham Island. High heat flow associated with plutonism on Moresby Island has overmatured the strata resulting in poor source potential on Moresby Island. Hydrocarbon source potential for Cretaceous and Tertiary strata is primarily controlled by the level of organic maturation and depositional patterns. The Cretaceous Haida and Honna Formation generally contain terrestrially derived Type III organic matter with poor to fair gas source potential. The Skidegate Formation contains a mixture of Types II and III organic matter with decreased (terrestrial) Type III organic matter input and increased Type II (marine) organic matter input relative to the Haida Formation. Cretaceous strata from Moresby Island are generally overmature and have poor source potential whereas equivalent strata from Graham Island are immature to overmature and have fair to moderate gas source potential. Generally immature coal and lignite from the Tertiary Skonun Formation have poor to fair gas source potential. Resinite horizons containing hydrogen-rich organic matter have good oil and gas source potential where mature. Siltstone and shale facies of the Skonun Formation contain moderate amounts of Type II organic matter and have good hydrocarbon source potential. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

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A new depth-based method of seismic imaging is used to provide insights into the 3D structural geometry of faults, and to facilitate a detailed structural interpretation of the Penola Trough, Otway Basin, South Australia. The structural interpretation is used to assess fault kinematics through geological time and to evaluate across-fault juxtaposition, shale gouge and fault reactivation potential for three selected traps (Zema, Pyrus and Ladbroke Grove) thus providing a full and systematic assessment of fault seal risk for the area. Paper 1 demonstrates how a depth-conversion method was applied to two-way time seismic data in order to redisplay the seismic in a form more closely representative of true depth, here termed ‘pseudo-depth’. Some apparently listric faults in two-way time are demonstrated to be planar and easily distinguishable from genuine listric faults on pseudo-depth sections. The insights into fault geometry provided by pseudo-depth sections have had a significant impact on the new structural interpretation of the area. Paper 2 presents the new 3D structural interpretation of the area. The geometry of faulting is complex and reflects variable stress regimes throughout structural development and the strong influence of pre-existing basement fabrics. Some basement-rooted faults show evidence of continual reactivation throughout their structural history up to very recent times. Structural analysis of all the live and breached traps of the area demonstrate that traps associated with a basement rooted bounding fault host breached or partially breached accumulations, whereas non-basement rooted faults are associated with live hydrocarbon columns. Papers 3 and 4 demonstrate that for all the traps analysed (Zema, Pyrus and Ladbroke Grove), initial in-place seal integrity was good. The initial seal integrity was provided by a combination of both favourable across fault juxtaposition (Ladbroke Grove) and/or sufficiently well developed shale gouge over potential leaky sand on sand juxtaposition windows to retain significant hydrocarbon columns (Zema, Pyrus). The palaeocolumns observed at Zema and Pyrus indicate that there has been subsequent post-charge breach of seal integrity of these traps while Ladbroke Grove retains a live hydrocarbon column. Evidence of open, permeable fracture networks within the Zema Fault Zone suggest that it is likely to have recently reactivated, thus breaching the original hydrocarbon column. Analysis of the in-situ stress tensor and fault geometry demonstrates that most of the bounding faults to the selected traps are at or near optimal orientations for reactivation in the in-situ stress tensor. The main exception being the Ladbroke Grove Fault which has a NW-SE trending segment (associated with a relatively high risk of fault reactivation and possible leakage at the surface) and an E-W trending segment (associated with a relatively low risk of fault reactivation and a present day live column). The free water level of the Ladbroke Grove accumulation coincides with this change in fault orientation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339545 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

The shareholders of E&P companies evaluate the future performance of these companies in terms of multiple performance attributes. Hence, E&P decision makers have the task of allocating limited resources to available project proposals to deliver the best performance on these various attributes. Additionally, the performance of these proposals on these attributes is uncertain and the attributes of the various proposals are usually correlated. As a result of the above, the E&P portfolio optimisation decision setting is characterised by multiple attributes with uncertain future performance. Most recent contributions in the E&P portfolio optimisation arena seek to adapt modern financial portfolio theory concepts to the E&P project portfolio selection problem. These contributions generally focus on understanding the tradeoffs between risk and return for the attribute NPV while acknowledging the presence of correlation among the assets of the portfolio. The result is usually an efficient frontier where one objective is set over the expected value of the NPV and the other is set over a risk metric calculated from the same attribute where, typically, the risk metric has a closed form solution (e.g., variance, standard deviation, semi-standard deviation). However, this methodology fails to acknowledge the presence of multiple attributes in the E&P decision setting. To fill this gap, this thesis proposes a decision support model to optimise risk and return objectives extracted from the NPV attribute and from other financial and/or operational attributes simultaneously. The result of this approach is an approximate Pareto front that explicitly shows the tradeoffs among these objectives whilst honouring intra-project and inter-project correlations. Intra-project correlations are incorporated into the optimisation by integrating the single project models to the portfolio model to be optimised. Inter-project correlation is included by modelling of the oil price a global variable. Additionally, the model uses a multi-objective simulation-optimisation approach and hence it overcomes the need of using risk metrics with closed form solutions. The model is applied to a set of realistic hypothetical offshore E&P projects. The results show the presence of complex relationships among the objectives in the approximate Pareto set. The ability of the method to unveil these relationships hopes to bring more insight to the decision makers and hence promote better investment decisions in the E&P industry. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320463 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

CAPES / A bomba centrífuga submersa (BCS) é utilizada na indústria do petróleo como uma técnica de elevação artificial. Entretanto, o bombeamento de petróleo está associado a escoamentos de óleo de diferentes viscosidades. Esta condição leva a degradação do desempenho em relação à operação com água, na qual a bomba é originalmente projetada. Neste cenário no presente trabalho é desenvolvido um estudo numérico do escoamento em três estágios de duas BCSs semi-axiais. As equações transientes da conservação da massa e do balanço da quantidade de movimento, que modelam o escoamento nas BCSs, são resolvidas numericamente utilizando o programa computacional comercial Ansys-CFX. A turbulência do escoamento foi modelada utilizando o modelo SST. Os resultados numéricos obtidos foram comparados contra dados experimentais e de catálogo mostrando uma boa concordância, para uma grande faixa de viscosidades e rotações. Grupos adimensionais (n, n, n e Re) foram usados para avaliar a degradação do desempenho das BCSs. Além disso, os fenômenos envolvidos no escoamento no interior do rotor das bombas centrífugas foram analisados através dos campos de velocidade obtidos numericamente. A partir dos resultados numéricos foi verificado que a degradação do desempenho é diretamente relacionada com o número de Reynolds de rotação, Re. Também, observou-se que a degradação do desempenho ocorre para uma rotação específica normalizada constante n, no qual bombas de diferentes geometrias apresentaram degradação do desempenho similar. Além disso, dados experimentais e os resultados numéricos obtidos foram consistentes quando comparados com a relação entre os fatores de correção para a vazão e altura de elevação propostas por Stepanoff (1967). Uma definição de número de Reynolds modificado foi proposta e relaciona o fator de correção para altura de elevação com a viscosidade. Além disso, uma correlação entre o fator de correção para altura de elevação e o número de Reynolds modificado foi proposta, apresentando boa concordância. A partir das correlações obtidas, foi proposto um método para prever o desempenho de bombas centrífugas operando com fluidos de alta viscosidade, sendo comparado com outras metodologias encontradas na literatura. Certamente, as informações extraídas são relevantes para o entendimento do escoamento de fluidos de alta viscosidade em bombas, especialmente em BCSs semi-axiais de múltiplos estágios. / Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is used as an artificial lift technique. However, pumping viscous oil is generally associated with low Reynolds number flows. This condition leads to a performance degradation respect to the performance expected from the regular operation with water that most of the centrifugal pumps are originally designed for. These issues are considered in this investigation through a numerical study of the flow in two different multistage, semi-axial type ESPs. This investigation is carried out numerically using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package, where the transient RANS equations are solved numerically. The turbulence is modeled using the SST model. Head curves for several operating conditions are compared with manufacturer’s curves and experimental data for a three-stage ESP, showing good agreement for a wide range of fluid viscosities and rotational speeds. Dimensionless numbers (n, n, n e Re) are used to investigate performance degradation of the ESPs. In addition, flow phenomena through the impellers of the ESPs are investigated using flow field from numerical results. Results show that performance degradation is directly related to rotational Reynolds number, Re. In addition, it was verified that performance degradation occurs for constant normalized specific speedn, which shows that performance degradation occurs similarly for different centrifugal pumps. Moreover, experimental data and numerical results agreed with a correlation from literature between head and flow correction factors proposed by Stepanoff (1967). A definition of modified Reynolds number was proposed and relates the head correction factor to viscosity. A correlation between head correction factor and the modified Reynolds number was proposed, which agreed well with numerical and experimental data. Then, a method to predict performance degradation based on the previous correlations was proposed. This method was compared with others from literature. In general, results and conclusions from this work can also be useful to bring more information about the flow of highly viscous fluids in pumps, especially in semi-axial, multistage ESPs.

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Orientador: Celso Kazuyuki Morooka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChampiFarfan_David_M.pdf: 3228003 bytes, checksum: 8b3ed290e87307aa0cc1afcdd9c2ecf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Na atualidade as descobertas de óleo a grandes profundidades no mar têm levado ao desenvolvimento de campos localizados numa profundidade aproximada de 3000m, sendo então o sistema de Riser Híbrido Auto-Sustentável uma alternativa atraente. O presente trabalho apresenta os modelos matemáticos que descrevem o comportamento estático e dinâmico de um riser vertical com bóia de sub-superfície nas direções in-line, que é a direção da onda e correnteza no mar, e a direção transversal, perpendicular à direção in-line. Apresentam-se também simulações numéricas em diferentes condições de onda e correnteza e o seu efeito combinado, assim como o estudo paramétrico para as principais variáveis que influenciam no comportamento dinâmico e estático / Abstract: Nowadays, the oil discoveries at big depths in the sea have taken to the development of fields located in an approach depth of 3000m, being the Self Standing Hybrid Riser an attractive alternative. The present work presents the mathematical models that describe the static and dynamic behavior of a Vertical riser with a subsurface buoy in the directions inline, that it is the direction of the wave and currents in the sea, and the transversal, that is perpendicular to the in-line direction. Numerical simulations in different conditions of wave and currents are also presented and its combined effect is studied, as well as the parametric study for the main variable that influences its dynamic and static behavior / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo