Sediments are transported by the flowing water then build up on the bottom of water bodies as the materials settle. Contaminated sediments are composed of soils, sand, organic matters, and other minerals that accumulate on the bottom of water bodies and contain toxic or hazardous materials at levels that may adversely affect human health or the environment. The contaminated deposits can be decomposed and released into liquid phase by dramatic changes on environmental conditions. However, the contaminated deposits have a potential of causing changes of nature water system, especially for aquatic livings. Sediments contaminated by light non-aqueous-phase liquids (e.g., fuel oil) and heavy metal are prevalent and of a great concern. The major advantage of Fenton-like oxidation process is that the reagent components are safe to handle and environmentally benign. However, protective enclosure of contaminants with aged sediment matrices and the hydrophobic nature of contaminants limit their accessibility to treatment agents; these obstacles prevent treatment efforts from widespread successes. The interactions of hydrophobic contaminants with the soil matrix in various ways often limit contaminant availability for remediation. In order to overcome this limitation and increase contact, a novel extraction technique that utilized oxidation agent and elevated pressure in consecutive cycles of compression and decompression was developed and applied to soil slurry in the presence of chelating or oxidation agent. The objective of this study was to design a pressure-cycling system that integrates the oxidation agent. This system has the following advantages over traditional chemical treatment: (1) increased process speed, (2) lower operating costs, and (3) the transition metal elements can catalyze the oxidized pollutants. In this study, fuel oil was selected as the target compounds to evaluate the effectiveness of pressure-cycling system on the treatment of fuel oil contaminated sediment. The oxidizing agent used in this study was H2O2. The operating parameters included system pressure, pressure cycles, oxidizing agent concentration, and reaction time. Results show that approximately 38% of TPH was removed after 120 min of reaction with Fenton-like oxidation without pressurization. However, the removal efficiency increased to 47% under the pressure of 10 bar. Thus, pressure-assisted oxidation system is able to accelerate the oxidation reaction, and cause the remove the removal of TPH more effectively. To enhance TPH removal efficiency effectively and reduce the oxidant amount used, water flushing combined with pressure-assisted system as a pretreatment process was applied. Results show that TPH removal efficiency can be significantly enhanced and the amount of oxidant usage can be reduced when the pressurized water flushing was applied before the oxidation process.

Resumo: As contaminações do solo e de águas subterrâneas por vazamentos em postos de combustíveis têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas, devido à complexidade dos fenômenos de interação com o solo e o grande número de contaminações. Entre as dificuldades para a proteção ambiental estão as avaliações da extensão, da dinâmica e da concentração das contaminações provocadas por estes vazamentos, oriundas das deficiências de infra-estrutura, manutenção e desgastes nas instalações e a falta de fiscalização de tanques e equipamentos. Entender a dinâmica dos hidrocarbonetos derivados de petróleo, gasolina e óleo diesel, e seu comportamento em solo, é um passo importante no esforço para o entendimento da migração e transporte destes contaminantes para as águas subterrâneas. Esta dissertação apresentou uma análise das plumas de contaminação e dos procedimentos adotados para a delimitação das mesmas. Para tanto, foram analisados dois estudos de caso de vazamentos de postos de combustíveis na região do Médio Vale do Paraíba. / Abstract: The contaminations of the soil and of groundwaters for leaks in put of fuels have been objective of countless researches due to complexity of the interaction phenomena with the soil and the great number of contaminations. One of the difficulties in the activities gone back to the environmental protection it consists of the evaluation of the extension, dynamics and concentration of the contaminations provoked by these leaks, originating from of the infrastructure deficiencies, maintenance and wastes in the facilities, as well as lack of fiscalization of tanks and equipments. To understand the dynamics of the derived of petroleum hydrocarbon, gasoline and diesel oil, and your behavior in soil, it is an important step in the effort for the understanding of the migration and transport of these pollutants in the groundwater. The dissertation presented an analysis of the feathers of contamination and of the procedure for limitation of the same ones. For so much, two studies of case of leaks of positions of fuels were analyzed in the area of the Medium Valley of Paraíba. / Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Coorientador: Silvio Jorge Coelho Simões / Banca: Isabel Cristina de Barros Trannin / Banca: Helcio José Izário Filho / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_dar_me_guara.pdf: 2671476 bytes, checksum: e5d331115c49706ae96e28db4c572039 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As contaminações do solo e de águas subterrâneas por vazamentos em postos de combustíveis têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas, devido à complexidade dos fenômenos de interação com o solo e o grande número de contaminações. Entre as dificuldades para a proteção ambiental estão as avaliações da extensão, da dinâmica e da concentração das contaminações provocadas por estes vazamentos, oriundas das deficiências de infra-estrutura, manutenção e desgastes nas instalações e a falta de fiscalização de tanques e equipamentos. Entender a dinâmica dos hidrocarbonetos derivados de petróleo, gasolina e óleo diesel, e seu comportamento em solo, é um passo importante no esforço para o entendimento da migração e transporte destes contaminantes para as águas subterrâneas. Esta dissertação apresentou uma análise das plumas de contaminação e dos procedimentos adotados para a delimitação das mesmas. Para tanto, foram analisados dois estudos de caso de vazamentos de postos de combustíveis na região do Médio Vale do Paraíba. / The contaminations of the soil and of groundwaters for leaks in put of fuels have been objective of countless researches due to complexity of the interaction phenomena with the soil and the great number of contaminations. One of the difficulties in the activities gone back to the environmental protection it consists of the evaluation of the extension, dynamics and concentration of the contaminations provoked by these leaks, originating from of the infrastructure deficiencies, maintenance and wastes in the facilities, as well as lack of fiscalization of tanks and equipments. To understand the dynamics of the derived of petroleum hydrocarbon, gasoline and diesel oil, and your behavior in soil, it is an important step in the effort for the understanding of the migration and transport of these pollutants in the groundwater. The dissertation presented an analysis of the feathers of contamination and of the procedure for limitation of the same ones. For so much, two studies of case of leaks of positions of fuels were analyzed in the area of the Medium Valley of Paraíba.

The rapid urbanization and industrialization has led to an increase of disposal petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and trace elements (TE) into the environment. These pollutants are considered as the most toxic contaminants in the world due to their persistence in the environment, and the long range of toxicological effects for living beings. Recent concerns regarding the environmental contamination have initiated the development of several remediation technologies, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. In this thesis, gentle soil remediation options (GRO) were investigated at different scales for the reclamation of PHC and TE co-contaminated soil. In the first part of this thesis, laboratory experiments were performed to characterize PHC and TE contaminated soil as well as the indigenous microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present inside these contaminated soil. It was found that the studied aged contaminated soil had a negative effect on earthworm’s development and L. sativum biomass. Moreover, a high respiration of microorganisms attributed to the transformation/ mineralization of organic matter or/and organic pollutants was observed. This presence of viable microorganisms suggested an adaptation of microorganisms to the contaminant. Further results showed that the long-term exposure of soil microorganisms to high PHC concentration and the type of isolation culture media did not influence the ability of isolates to effectively degrade PHC. However, phylogenic affiliation had a strong on PHC biodegradation. In the second part of this thesis, preliminary studies in greenhouse were assessed to investigate the ability of M. sativa assisted by compost in the greenhouse aided-phytoremediation of PHC and TE. It was found that compost incorporation into the soil promoted PHC degradation, M. sativa growth and survival, and phytoextraction of TE. Residual risk assessment after the phytoremediation trial also showed a positive effect of compost amendment on plant growth and earthworm development. Pilot scale ecopile experiment carried out in the third part of this thesis allow a reduction of up to 80% of PHC and 20% of metals after 17 months. This research demonstrated that M. sativa and H. annus were suitable for phytodegradation of PHC and phytoextraction of TE.  Results from this thesis are helpful for further full-scale phytoremediation studies.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-09T11:49:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3160277 bytes, checksum: 9549d58a07164e6f27c72ece8b7ebd35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T11:49:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3160277 bytes, checksum: 9549d58a07164e6f27c72ece8b7ebd35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to conduct a preliminary and confirmatory assessment of environmental impacts to water resources caused by hydrocarbons originating from car repair shops located in the Distrito dos Mecânicos in Campina Grande - PB. This District was built in the 1980s. Thinking about sustainable practices implies assessing the need for a diagnosis of activities that work with petroleum products and a have high power of contamination of surface and groundwater, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), HPAs- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, oils and greases. Called micropollutants, aromatics BTEX and PAHs are the most dangerous among the hydrocarbons because they present high toxicity, even at low concentrations. The analysis of BTEX, PAHs, oils and greases in groundwater were carried out at four places in the Distrito dos Mecânicos, selected from the groundwater flow, and the results were compared with the current legislation for the potability standards and contamination of ecosystems. Samples of surface water were analyzed from two collection points in the Riacho das Piabas, located upstream and downstream of the Distrito dos Mecânicos in order to find a possible influence of the activities performed in the space referred to in the water contamination by hydrocarbons. Through in loco visits it was diagnosed that 91% of the establishment do not have a Oil Water Separator - OWS system and the 9% who have do not perform the proper maintenance. The Companhia de Água e Esgotos da Paraíba also has a OWS system that collects all effluent from the Distrito dos Mecânicos, however, periodic maintenance is not done. During the research we found only the BTEX toluene in groundwater and in surface water. Some PAHs were found only in surface water. The levels of oil and grease in the Riacho das Piabas and groundwater were above those recommended by the CONAMA 430/2011 legislation, which indicates the need for further investigation of the study area and for proposing mitigation measures. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação preliminar e confirmatória de possíveis impactos ambientais aos recursos hídricos provocados por hidrocarbonetos originados das oficinas mecânicas localizadas no Distrito dos Mecânicos em Campina Grande - PB. Este Distrito foi construído na década de 1980, quando diversas exigências da legislação ambiental ainda não eram previstas. Pensar em práticas sustentáveis implica em avaliar a necessidade de um diagnóstico das atividades que trabalham com produtos derivados do petróleo e que apresentam elevado potencial de contaminação das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, como BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos), hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, óleos e graxas. Denominados de micropoluentes, os compostos aromáticos BTEX e HPA são os mais perigosos dentre os hidrocarbonetos por possuírem elevada toxidade, mesmo em baixas concentrações. As análises de BTEX, HPA, óleos e graxas em água subterrânea foram realizadas em quatro pontos do Distrito dos Mecânicos, selecionados a partir do fluxo subterrâneo, e os resultados foram comparados com a legislação vigente para o padrão de potabilidade e contaminação dos ecossistemas. As amostras das águas superficiais foram analisadas a partir de dois pontos de coleta no riacho das Piabas, localizados à montante e à jusante do Distrito dos Mecânicos a fim de verificar uma possível influência das atividades realizadas no referido local na contaminação da água por hidrocarbonetos. Através de visitas in loco foi diagnosticado que 91% das oficinas não possuem instalado o Sistema Separador de Água e Óleo - SSAO e as 9% que possuem não realizam a devida manutenção. A Companhia de Água e Esgotos da Paraíba também possui um sistema SSAO que coleta todo o efluente proveniente do Distrito dos Mecânicos, porém, a manutenção periódica não é realiza. Durante a pesquisa foi encontrado apenas o tolueno em águas superficiais e nas águas subterrâneas. Alguns HPAs foram encontrados apenas nas águas superficiais. Os níveis de óleos e graxas no riacho das Piabas e na água subterrânea estavam acima dos permitidos pela legislação CONAMA 430/2011, o que indica a necessidade de uma investigação mais detalhada da área de estudo e a proposição de medidas mitigadoras.

Les champignons endophytes sont des organismes qui vivent à l’intérieur de plantes sans causer de symptômes de maladie apparents. Ils sont trouvés dans virtuellement toutes plante, et la nature des interactions peut aller de mutualiste à pathogène dépendant des conditions. La diversité et la structure des communautés des champignons endophytes dans les plantes poussant en milieu extrêmement pollué, ainsi que leur rôle potentiel pour améliorer la phytorémédiation, demeurent peu compris. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux communautés de champignons endophytes de racines de deux espèces de plantes (Eleocharis erythropoda et Populus sp.). Ces espèces poussaient de manière spontanée dans trois bassins de sédimentation d’un ancienne usine pétro-chimique ayant des niveaux de contaminations différents, en utilisant à la fois une approche d’isolation d’organisme ainsi que des analyses de pyroséquençage de l’ITS d’ADN ribosomal. Nos résultats indiquent que les niveaux de contamination ont un effet significatif sur la composition taxonomique des champignons endophytes des racines de E. erythropoda. Une majorité des données de séquences appartiennent à la classe des Dothideomycetes dans les échantillons de forte concentration en hydrocarbures pétroliers, dont une majorité appartient au genre Alternaria. La comparaison des données d’isolation et de pyroséquençage suggère que l’isolation de souches ne permet pas l’obtention des souches les plus représentées dans les données de pyroséquençage. Ces résultats pourront potentiellement aider à l’élaboration de stratégies pour améliorer la phytorémédiation en utilisant les champignons endophytes. / Endophytic fungi are organisms that live inside plant tissues without any apparent disease symptoms. They are found in virtually all plant species and their interactions can vary widely from mutualism to parasitism depending chiefly on environmental conditions and stresses. The diversity and community structure of fungal endophytes in extremely polluted sites and their role in phytoremediation remain largely unexplored. In this study we investigated the community structure of endophytic fungi in roots of two plant species (Eleocharis eryhtropoda and Populus sp.) growing spontaneously in three petroleum-contaminated sedimentation basins of a former petro-chemical plant with different contamination levels. We used both a culture-dependent method of strain isolation as well as a culture-independent method of pyrosequencing of ITS ribosomal DNA. Our results indicate that levels of contamination shape the taxonomic composition of endophytic fungi in E. erythropoda roots. A majority of the reads belonged to the Dothydeomycetes class in smaples from high petroleum-hydrocarbon levels, with the Alternaria genus accounting for the majority of these reads. In addition comparison between culture-dependent and -independent methods showed that strain isolation does not promote the most abundant species found in pyrosequencing. This could help to develop strategies for improving phytoremediation using fungal endophytes.

In Canada, about 60% of contaminated sites involve petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination and most of these sites have been abandoned due to contamination. Among current technologies used for soil remediation, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a relatively recent and potentially viable method. The main aim of this research was to investigate the application of SFE for removal of PHCs from contaminated soils. In the first phase, the effects of SFE operational parameters including fluid pressure, fluid temperature, time duration and mode of extraction on the removal efficiency of PHCs from a spiked sandy soil (with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt%) were investigated. SFE experiments were performed at different pressures (15, 33 and 50 MPa) and temperatures (30, 75 and 120 °C). The combination of 10 min static mode followed by 10 min dynamic mode, repeated for 3 cycles (60 min in total) led to the highest PHC removal percentage. According to response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum pressure and temperature were found to be 50 MPa and 69.3 °C, respectively. According to experimental results, the optimum combination of pressure and temperature determined to be 33 MPa and 75 °C; which resulted in the extraction percentages of 99.2%, 91.7% and 86.1% for PHC F2, F3 and F4 fractions, respectively. In the second phase, the influence of several parameters including soil water content, soil pH and addition of modifier on PHCs removals from a field-contaminated sandy soil using SFE were experimentally investigated. SFE experiments were performed at 33 MPa pressure and temperatures of 45 and 75 °C. Three water content levels of 8%, 14% and 20% at two levels of pH 6.5 and 7.5 were investigated. The extraction of total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions (TPHF), the sum of F2, F3, and F4 fractions, decreased due to the increase in the water content from 8% to 20% at both pH 6.5 and 7.5. The difference of extractions of all PHC fractions at pH values of 6.5 and 7.5 were not statistically significant (at p < 0.05 confidence level) at all three water content levels and pH did not have a significant influence on the PHC removal efficiency. Addition of acetone as a modifier (33.7% TPHF removal) was more effective than hexanes (24.3% TPHF removal) to decrease the concentrations of PHCs for the field contaminated soil. In the third phase, the influence of soil texture and grain size on the extraction of PHC fractions was investigated. SFE experiments were performed at 33 MPa pressure and 75 °C temperature. Three types of soils (soil A, B and C) were spiked with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt%. Soil A, B and C had different particle sizes and were categorized as sand, silt loam and clay, respectively. Soil A (sand) which had the largest particle size resulted in the highest TPHF removal percentage while soil C (clay) with the smallest particle size led to the lowest TPHF removal percentage. A higher clay content in soil C resulted in a lower extraction of PHCs. In the fourth phase, the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction of PHC fractions from a clay soil spiked with diesel fuel with a ratio of 5 wt% were investigated. SFE experiments were performed at three pressures (15, 33 and 50 MPa) and temperatures (30, 75 and 120 °C). According to the statistical analysis including factorial design and RSM, the optimized combination of pressure and temperature was selected at 42.8 MPa and 120 °C; which resulted in the removal percentages of 74.9% and 65.6% for PHC F2 and F3 fractions, respectively. The optimum combination of pressure and temperature based on the experimental results was selected at 33 MPa and 120 °C that led to 70.3%, 58.4% and 32.6% removal of PHC F2, F3 and F4 fractions, respectively.

The rapid urbanization and industrialization has led to an increase of disposal petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) and trace elements (TE) into the environment. These pollutants are considered as the most toxic contaminants in the world due to their persistence in the environment, and the long range of toxicological effects for living beings when their concentrations exceed critical thresholds. Recent concerns regarding the environmental contamination have initiated the development of several remediation technologies, including physico-chemical, biological and Dig and Dump approaches. In my thesis, gentle soil remediation options (GRO) were investigated at different scales for the reclamation of PHC and TE co-contaminated soil. In the first part of my thesis, laboratory experiments were performed to characterize PHC and TE contaminated soil as well as the indigenous microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) present in these contaminated soils. It was found that the studied aged contaminated soil had a negative effect on earthworm’s development and Lepidium sativum biomass. Moreover, a high respiration of microorganisms attributed to the transformation/ mineralization of organic matter or/and organic pollutants was observed. This presence of viable microorganisms suggested an adaptation of microorganisms to the contaminant. Further results showed that the long-term exposure of soil microorganisms to high PHC concentration and the type of isolation culture media did not influence the ability of isolates to effectively degrade PHC. However, phylogenic affiliation had a strong effect on PHC biodegradation. In the second part of my thesis, preliminary studies in greenhouse trials were performed to investigate the ability of Medicago sativa assisted by compost in the greenhouse aided-phytoremediation of PHC and TE. The results clearly showed that compost amendment into the soil promoted PHC degradation, M. sativa growth and survival, and phytoextraction of TE. Residual risk assessment after the phytoremediation trial also showed a positive effect of compost amendment on plant growth and earthworm development. Pilot-scale ecopile experiment carried out in the third part of this thesis allow a reduction of up to 80% of PHC and 20% of metals after 17 months. My thesis showed that alfalfa (M. sativa) and sunflower (Helianthus annus) plants were suitable for phytodegradation of PHC and phytoextraction of TE. The outcomes of my thesis can be extend to other plants and they bring a new level of understanding that can be helpful for further full-scale phytoremediation studies. / L'urbanisation rapide et les activités industrielles ont abouti à la contamination de l’environnement par les hydrocarbures pétroliers (HP) et les éléments traces (ET). Ces composés sont particulièrement toxiques en raison de leur persistance dans l'environnement, et de leurs effets toxicologiques sur les êtres vivants quand les concentrations de ceux-ci dépassent des seuils critiques. Les préoccupations de plus en plus croissantes sur la contamination de l'environnement ont favorisé le développement de plusieurs technologies de remédiation des sites contaminés par les approches biologiques, physico-chimiques et par l’excavation et l’entreposage. Dans cette thèse, des options douces d'assainissement des sols (ODA) ont été utilisées à différentes échelles pour la remédiation des sols contaminés par des mélanges des HP et des ET. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, des expériences en laboratoire ont été effectuées dans le but de caractériser les sols contaminés et les micro-organismes autochtones (bactéries et champignons) qu’ils contiennent. Malgré la contamination ancienne du sol, les résultats obtenus montrent des effets négatifs des contaminants sur le développement des lombrics et la biomasse de Lepidium sativum. En outre, une respiration élevée de microorganismes, attribuée à la transformation / minéralisation de la matière organique et / ou des polluants organiques a été observée. Cette présence de micro-organismes viables dans les sols contaminés suggère leur adaptation aux contaminants. Toutefois, d'autres résultats ont montré que l'exposition à long terme des microorganismes du sol à de fortes concentrations en HP et le type de milieu de culture utilisé pour l'isolation n'influencent pas la capacité des isolats microbiens à dégrader efficacement les HP. Cette capacité de biodégradation des HP est liée à la phylogénie des microorganismes. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, les études préliminaires en serre ont été réalisées dans le but d’évaluer l’efficacité de phytoremédiation en utilisant Medicago sativa assistée par l’ajout du compost. Les résultats ont montré dans cette expérience que l’ajout du compost dans le sol favorise la dégradation des HP, la croissance et la survie de M. sativa, ainsi que la phytoextraction des ET. L’évaluation des risques résiduels après la phytoremédiation a également montré un effet positif de l'amendement du sol en compost sur la croissance des plantes et le développement des lombrics. L’expérience pilote réalisée sur le terrain dans la troisième partie de ma thèse a permis une réduction de 80% des HP et de 20% des ET après 17 mois. Ma thèse a démontré que la luzerne (M. sativa) et le tournesol (Helianthus annus) sont des choix judicieux de plantes pour la phytodégradation des HP et pour la phytoextraction des ET. Les résultats qui en résultent sont utiles pour d’autres études de phytoremédiation à grande échelle. / Den snabba urbaniseringen och industrialiseringen har lett till en ökning av petroleumkolväten (PHC) och olika spårämnen (TE) i miljön. Dessa föroreningar anses vara de mest giftiga föroreningarna i världen på grund av att de stannar kvar i miljön samt att de har toxikologisk påverkan på levande varelser. På senare tid har oron för dessa miljöföroreningar lett till utvecklingen av flera saneringstekniker, såsom fysiska, kemiska och biologiska metoder. I denna avhandling undersöktes enkla marksaneringsalternativ (GRO) på olika nivåer, för återvinning av PHC och TE från förorenad jord. I den första delen av denna avhandling, utfördes laboratorieförsök för att karakterisera PHC- och TE-förorenad jord samt av de inhemska mikroorganismerna (bakterier och svampar) som förekommer i dessa förorenade jordar. Det konstaterades att den studerade förorenade jorden hade en negativ inverkan på daggmaskars utveckling och biomassan av L. sativum. Dessutom kunde den höga respirationen bland mikroorganismerna tillskrivas omvandlingen och mineraliseringen av organiskt material och/eller de organiska föroreningar som observerades. Denna närvaro av livsdugliga mikroorganismer antydde att mikroorganismerna anpassat sig till föroreningssituationen på platsen. Ytterligare resultat visade dock att den långvariga exponeringen av höga PHC-koncentrationer i isolerade odlingsmedier, för mikroorganismer i jorden, inte påverkade förmågan för dessa att effektivt bryta ned PHC. Dock hade den fylogenetiska tillhörigheten en stark påverkan på bionedbrytning av PHC. I den andra delen av denna avhandling genomfördes preliminära studier i växthus där förmågan hos M. sativa undersöktes, med hjälp av kompost, gällande den växthusstödda fytosaneringen av PHC och TE. Resultaten visade att inblanding av kompost i jorden främjade nedbrytningen av PHC, tillväxten och överlevnadsgraden av M. sativa och fytoextraktion av Pb. Återstående riskbedömning efter fytosaneringen visade också en positiv effekt, när komposten användes, på växternas tillväxt och daggmaskarnas utveckling. Ett experiment med eco-bädd utfördes för den tredje delen av avhandlingen. Denna studie visade på en minskning på upp till 80% av PHC och 20% av metallerna. Denna avhandling visar att M. sativa och H. annus var lämpliga för nedbrytning av PHC och fytoextraktion av Pb och Cu. Resultaten från denna avhandling förväntas vara användbara för ytterligare studier av fytoremediering i fullskala.

Les activités industrielles, la production d’énergie le transport et l’urbanisation ont engendré de sérieux problèmes environnementaux qui ont des effets néfastes non seulement pour les divers écosystèmes, mais aussi pour la santé des Humains. Il existe plusieurs méthodes de réhabilitation des sites contaminés. Les méthodes dites conventionnelles consistent le plus souvent à excaver, transporter et entreposer des sols dans des sites d’enfouissements, alors que d’autres technologies utilisent des traitements physico-chimiques ou l’incinération des polluants. Les inconvénients majeur de ces méthodes en sont le coût élevé, l’émission des gaz à effet de serre et la destruction des habitats. Cependant, plusieurs technologies ont émergé ces dernières décennies. Parmi ces technologies émergentes, la phytoremédiation est une méthode prometteuse et dont l’efficacité devienne de plus en plus reconnue. La phytoremédiation consiste à utiliser des plantes et les microbes qui leurs sont associés pour dégrader, extraire ou stabiliser les polluants du sol aussi bien organiques qu’inorganiques. Parmi les microbes associés aux racines des plantes, on trouve les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA) dont le rôle en phytoremédiation a été montré. Cependant, la diversité et les changements des structures des communautés de ces champignons dans des sites hautement contaminés et en association avec les populations des plantes qui poussent spontanément dans ces sites demeurent méconnues. L’objectif de mon projet de maitrise consiste à étudier la diversité et la structure des communautés des CMA dans les racines et les sols rhizosphériques de trois espèces de plantes Eleocharis elliptica, Populus tremuloides et Persicaria maculosa qui poussent spontanément dans des bassins d’une ancienne raffinerie pétro-chimique. J’ai échantillonné trois individus par espèce de plante dans trois bassins qui ont montré des concentrations différentes des polluants pétroliers. J’ai utilisé l’approche de la PCR conventionnelle, le clonage et le séquençage en ciblant le gène 18S de l’ARN ribosomique autant sur des échantillons de racines et des que sur ceux de sols rhizophériques. J’ai analysé au minimum 48 clones par échantillon. L’analyse de la diversité Beta a montré que la structure des communautés des CMA était significativement différente selon les biotopes (racines et sols rhizosphèriques) et les concentrations de contaminants pétroliers. Mes résultats ont montré que l'identité de la plante et la concentration de contaminants ont fortement influencé la structure des communautés de CMA. J’ai aussi observé qu’en plus de l’effet des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques mentionnés ci-dessus, plusieurs OTUs de CMA sont corrélés soit positivement ou négativement entre eux et aussi avec différents types de polluants d'hydrocarbures pétroliers. Cette étude a permis de comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les changements des structures des communautés des CMA et pourrait nous aider à améliorer l’efficacité de la phytoremédiation avec des plantes indigènes poussant spontanément sur des sites hautement contaminés par des hydrocarbures pétroliers. / Industrial activities, energy production, transportation, and urbanization have led to serious environmental problems that have negative effects not only for the natural ecosystems, but also for the human health. Several methods of rehabilitation of contaminated sites such as conventional methods consisting on excavation, transportation and storage of contaminated soils in landfills (known as Dig and Dump), as well as other technologies that use physical and chemical treatments or incineration of polluted soil pollutants, have been largely utilized. However, these methods are very costly and not environmental-friendly because of greenhouse gas emission and destruction of habitats. Several green technologies have emerged in recent decades. Among these emerging technologies, phytoremediation is a promising method whose effectiveness becomes increasingly recognized worldwide. Phytoremediation uses plant and their associated microbes to degrade, uptake or sequestrate organic and inorganic pollutants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among microbes that live intimately with plant root where they form a symbiosis known as arbuscular mycorrhiza. The objective of my master project was to study the diversity and changes of community structure of AMF in roots and rhizospheric soils of three native plant species Eleocharis elliptica, Populus tremuloides and Persicaria maculosa growing in petroleum-contaminated sedimentation basins of a former petro-chemical plant. I used conventional PCR, cloning and sequencing approach targeting 18S rRNA gene to investigate AMF community structure. I analyzed at minimum 48 clones for each sample. Beta diversity analyses showed that AMF community structure was significantly different across biotopes (roots and rhizospheric soils) and different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Our results showed that plant identity and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminations strongly influenced the AMF community structure as well as the inter-specific relationship among AMF taxa. Moreover, with consideration of both biotic and abiotic factors, we found that several AMF OTUs showed positive and negative correlations between each other and also with petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. My study brings us in-valuable information to apply AMF for the phytoremediation in the future.

Le microbiome de la rhizosphère fait généralement référence aux communautés bactériennes, archées et fongiques ainsi qu'à leur matériel génétique entourant étroitement les systèmes racinaires des plantes. Le métagénome de ce microbiome a été appelé le deuxième génome de la plante puisqu’elle est capable de profiter de plusieurs fonctions dont elle manque. La communauté microbienne de la rhizosphère inclue entre autres des microorganismes ayant développé des interactions intimes et spécifiques de longue durée avec les racines des plantes. Il s'agit d'une communauté dynamique de microorganismes, à partir de laquelle une partie d’espèces a développé des interactions intimes et spécifiques de longue durée avec les racines des plantes. Les progrès récents dans l’étude des interactions plantes-microbes ont démontré leur impact considérable sur la croissance, la nutrition et la santé des plantes. Le microbiote de la rhizosphère est complexe avec une structure spatio-temporelle dynamique qui s'adapte rapidement en fonction des stress biotiques et abiotiques. Considérant l’importance du microbiome de la rhizosphère pour la santé des plantes, des informations précises sur leurs microbes associés sont d'une importance capitale pour déchiffrer les mécanismes d'adaptation des plantes aux stress médiés par le microbiome et comprendre comment les plantes recrutent des taxons microbiens clés pour mieux faire face aux conditions stressantes. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené trois études afin de faire la lumière sur les facteurs qui jouent un rôle dans le recrutement et la structure du microbiome de la rhizosphère de plantes dans les milieux stressés. Dans un premier lieu, nous avons testé si des inoculations répétées avec des protéobactéries influençaient la productivité des plantes et les communautés microbiennes associées à la rhizosphère de quatre espèces végétales poussant dans des sédiments contaminés par des hydrocarbures pétroliers. Une expérience de mésocosme a été réalisée en conception de blocs randomisés avec deux facteurs : 1) la présence ou l'absence de quatre espèces végétales collectées dans un bassin de sédimentation d'une ancienne usine pétrochimique, et 2) l'inoculation ou non avec un consortium bactérien composé de dix isolats de Protéobactéries. Les plantes ont été cultivées en serre pendant quatre mois. Le séquençage d'amplicon MiSeq, ciblant le gène de l'ARNr 16S bactérien l’ITS fongique, a été utilisé pour évaluer les structures de la communauté microbienne des sédiments provenant de mesocosmes plantés ou non plantés. Nos résultats ont montré qu’alors que l'inoculation provoquait un changement significatif dans les communautés microbiennes, la présence de la plante et de son identité spécifique avait une influence plus forte sur la structure du microbiome dans les sédiments contaminés par les hydrocarbures pétroliers. Ensuite, en utilisant le même dispositif expérimental, nous avons utilisé le séquençage d'amplicon MiSeq ciblant le gène de l'ARNr 18S pour évaluer les structures communautaires AMF dans les racines et la rhizosphère de plantes poussant dans des substrats contaminés et non contaminés. Nous avons également étudié la contribution de l'identité spécifique des plantes et du biotope (racines des plantes et sol rhizosphérique) dans la formation des assemblages AMF associés. Nos résultats ont montré que si l'inoculation provoquait un changement significatif dans les communautés AMF, la contamination du substrat avait une influence beaucoup plus forte sur leur structure, suivie par le biotope et l'identité végétale dans une moindre mesure. De plus, l'inoculation augmentait considérablement la production de biomasse végétale et était associée à une diminution de la dissipation des hydrocarbures pétroliers dans le sol contaminé. Le résultat de cette étude fournit des connaissances sur les facteurs influençant la diversité et la structure communautaire de l'AMF associée aux plantes en milieux stressés à la suite d’inoculations répétées d'un consortium bactérien. Finalement, nous avons testé l’effet d’une inoculation d’arbres avec des champignons mycorhiziens spécifiques sur leur survie et croissance, ainsi que l’extraction de métaux traces. Pour ce faire, une expérience sur le terrain a été menée dans laquelle nous avons cultivé le clone de Salix miyabeana "SX67" sur le site d'une décharge industrielle déclassée, et inoculé les arbustes avec le champignon arbusculaire mycorhizien Rhizophagus irregularis, le champignon ectomycorhizien Sphaerosporella brunnea, ou un mélange des deux. Après deux saisons de croissance, les saules inoculés avec le champignon S. brunnea ont produit une biomasse significativement plus élevée. Le Ba, le Cd et le Zn se sont avérés être accumulés dans les parties aériennes des plantes, où le Cd présentait les valeurs de facteur de bioconcentration les plus élevées dans tous les traitements. De plus, les parcelles où les saules ont reçu l'inoculation de S. brunnea ont montré une diminution significative des concentrations de Cu, Pb et Sn dans le sol. L'inoculation avec R. irregularis ainsi que la double inoculation n'ont pas influencé de manière significative la production de biomasse et les niveaux d’éléments traces du sol. Le résultat de cette étude apporte des connaissances sur la diversité et l’écophysiologie des microbes de la rhizosphère associés aux plantes de croissance spontanée à la suite d’inoculations répétées. De plus ils montrent le potentiel de l’utilisation de champignons mycorhiziens afin d’améliorer la santé et croissance des plantes dans des milieux pollués et toxiques. Ils soulignent aussi l'importance de la sélection des plantes afin de faciliter leur gestion efficace et accélérer les processus de remise en état des terres. / The rhizosphere microbiome generally refers to the bacterial, archaea, and fungal communities and their genetic material that closely surrounds the root systems of plants. The metagenome of this microbiome has been called the second genome of the plant because it is able to take advantage of several functions that it lacks. It is a vibrant community of microorganisms, from which part of the species has developed long-lasting, specific and intimate interactions with plant roots. Recent advances in the study of plant-microbe interactions have demonstrated their considerable impact on plant growth, nutrition and health. The rhizosphere microbiota is complex with a dynamic spatio-temporal structure which adapts rapidly to biotic and abiotic stresses. Considering the importance of the rhizosphere microbiome to plant health, accurate information about their associated microbes is of utmost importance in deciphering the mechanisms of plant adaptation to microbiome-mediated stress, and understanding how plants recruit key microbial taxa to better cope with stressful conditions. To do this, we conducted three studies to shed light on the factors that play a role in the recruitment and structure of the microbiome of the rhizosphere of plants in stressed environments. First, we tested whether repeated inoculations with Proteobacteria influenced the productivity of plants and the microbial communities associated with the rhizosphere of four plant species growing in sediments contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. A mesocosm experiment was carried out in design of randomized blocks with two factors: 1) the presence or absence of four plant species collected in a sedimentation basin of a former petrochemical plant, and 2) inoculation or not with a bacterial consortium made up of ten isolates of Proteobacteria. The plants were grown in the greenhouse for four months. MiSeq amplicon sequencing, targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal ITS, was used to assess the microbial community structures of sediments from planted and unplanted microcosms. Our results showed that while inoculation caused a significant change in microbial communities, the presence of the plant and its specific identity had a stronger influence on the structure of the microbiome in sediments contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Next, using the same experimental setup, we used MiSeq amplicon sequencing targeting the 18S rRNA gene to assess AMF community structures in the roots and rhizosphere of plants growing in contaminated and uncontaminated substrates. We also studied the contribution of the specific identity of plants and the biotope (plant roots and rhizospheric soil) in the formation of associated AMF assemblages. Our results showed that while inoculation caused a significant change in AMF communities, substrate contamination had a much stronger influence on their structure, followed by biotope and plant identity to a lesser extent. In addition, inoculation dramatically increased plant biomass production and was associated with decreased dissipation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. The result of this study provides knowledge on the factors influencing the diversity and community structure of AMF associated with plants in stressed environments following repeated inoculations of a bacterial consortium. Finally, we tested the effect of inoculating trees with specific mycorrhizal fungi on their survival and growth, as well as the extraction of trace metals. To do this, a field experiment was carried out in which we cultivated the Salix miyabeana "SX67" clone on the site of a decommissioned industrial landfill and inoculated the shrubs with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, the ectomycorrhizal fungus Sphaerosporella brunnea, or a mixture of both. After two growing seasons, willows inoculated with the fungus S. brunnea produced a significantly higher biomass. Ba, Cd and Zn were found to accumulate in the aerial parts of plants, where Cd had the highest bioconcentration factor values in all treatments. In addition, the plots where the willows were inoculated with S. brunnea showed a significant decrease in the concentrations of Cu, Pb and Sn in the soil. The inoculation with R. irregularis as well as the double inoculation did not significantly influence the biomass production and the soil trace elements levels The result of this study provides insight into the diversity and ecophysiology of rhizosphere microbes associated with spontaneously growing plants following repeated inoculations. In addition, they show the potential of using mycorrhizal fungi to improve plant health and growth in polluted and toxic environments. They also stress the importance of plant selection to facilitate their efficient management, in order to speed up land reclamation processes.