Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AllisonARS_DISSERT_Parcial.pdf: 268843 bytes, checksum: ccc10add424035b8ef9b1b3a87699d4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-27 / With the increasing of demand for natural gas and the consequent growth of the pipeline networks, besides the importance of transport and transfer of oil products by pipeline, and when it comes to product quality and integrity of the pipeline there is an important role regarding to the monitoring internal corrosion of the pipe. This study aims to assess corrosion in three pipeline that operate with different products, using gravimetric techniques and electrical resistance. Chemical analysis of residues originated in the pipeline helps to identify the mechanism corrosive process. The internal monitoring of the corrosion in the pipelines was carried out between 2009 and 2010 using coupon weight loss and electrical resistance probe. Physico-chemical techniques of diffraction and fluorescence X-rays were used to characterize the products of corrosion of the pipelines. The corrosion rate by weight loss was analyzed for every pipeline, only those ones that has revealed corrosive attack were analyzed located corrosion rate. The corrosion potential was classified as low to pipeline gas and ranged from low to severe for oil pipelines and the pipeline derivatives. Corrosion products were identified as iron carbonate, iron oxide and iron sulfide / Com o aumento da demanda de g?s natural e consequente crescimento da malha dutovi?ria, al?m da import?ncia do transporte e transfer?ncia de petr?leo e derivados por dutos, e em se tratando da qualidade do produto e da integridade do duto h? um importante papel no que diz respeito ao monitoramento da corros?o interna da tubula??o. O objetivo deste trabalho ? avaliar a corros?o em 3 (tr?s) dutos que operam com diferentes produtos, utilizando t?cnicas gravim?trica e de resist?ncia el?trica. An?lises qu?micas dos res?duos gerados nos dutos ajudam a identificar o mecanismo do processo corrosivo. Monitoramento da corros?o interna em dutos foi realizado no per?odo de 2009 a 2010 utilizando cupom de perda de massa e sonda de resist?ncia el?trica. T?cnicas f?sico-qu?micas de difra??o e fluoresc?ncia de Raios-X foram utilizadas na caracteriza??o dos produtos de corros?o dos dutos. A taxa de corros?o por perda de massa foi analisada para todos os dutos, apenas aqueles que apresentaram ataque corrosivo localizado foram analisados a taxa de corros?o localizada. O potencial de corros?o foi classificado como baixo para duto de transporte de g?s e variou de baixo a severa para dutos de petr?leo e para o duto de derivado. Foram identificados produtos de corros?o como carbonato de ferro, ?xido de ferro e sulfeto de ferro / 2020-01-01

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnelieseLF_DISSERT.pdf: 3198107 bytes, checksum: 808e93eb6952cb8e374d91afa53cabe1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This master thesis aims at developing a new methodology for thermochemical degradation of dry coconut fiber (dp = 0.25mm) using laboratory rotating cylinder reactor with the goal of producing bio-oil. The biomass was characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis TG, with evaluation of activation energy the in non-isothermal regime with heating rates of 5 and 10 ?C/min, differential themogravimetric analysis DTG, sweeping electron microscopy SEM, higher heating value - HHV, immediate analysis such as evaluated all the amounts of its main constituents, i.e., lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. In the process, it was evaluated: reaction temperature (450, 500 and 550oC), carrier gas flow rate (50 and 100 cm?/min) and spin speed (20 and 25 Hz) to condensate the bio-oil. The feed rate of biomass (540 g/h), the rotation of the rotating cylinder (33.7 rpm) and reaction time (30 33 min) were constant. The phases obtained from the process of pyrolysis of dry coconut fiber were bio-oil, char and the gas phase non-condensed. A macroscopic mass balance was applied based on the weight of each phase to evaluate their yield. The highest yield of 20% was obtained from the following conditions: temperature of 500oC, inert gas flow of 100 cm?/min and spin speed of 20 Hz. In that condition, the yield in char was 24.3%, non-condensable gas phase was 37.6% and losses of approximately 22.6%. The following physicochemical properties: density, viscosity, pH, higher heating value, char content, FTIR and CHN analysis were evaluated. The sample obtained in the best operational condition was subjected to a qualitative chromatographic analysis aiming to know the constituents of the produced bio-oil, which were: phenol followed by sirigol, acetovanilona and vinyl guaiacol. The solid phase (char) was characterized through an immediate analysis (evaluation of moisture, volatiles, ashes and fixed carbon), higher heating value and FTIR. The non-condensing gas phase presented as main constituents CO2, CO and H2. The results were compared to the ones mentioned by the literature. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de degrada??o termoqu?mica da fibra do coco seco (dp = 0,25 mm) utilizando reator de cilindro rotativo em escala de laborat?rio, visando a produ??o de bio-?leo. A biomassa foi caracterizada por an?lise elementar (C, H, N), espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier - IVTF, an?lise termogravim?trica ATG, com avalia??o da energia de ativa??o no regime n?o isot?rmico com taxas de aquecimento de 5 e 10 oC/min, an?lise diferencial termogravim?trica - DTG, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura - MEV, poder calor?fico superior - PCS, an?lise imediata (avalia??o da umidade, materiais vol?teis, cinzas e carbono fixo) bem como avalia??o dos teores dos principais constituintes, ou seja, lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. No processo de pir?lise os seguintes par?metros foram estudados: temperatura da rea??o (450, 500 e 550 ?C), vaz?o do g?s de arraste (50 e 100 cm?/min) e velocidade de centrifuga??o para condensa??o do bio-?leo (20 e 25 Hz). O fluxo de alimenta??o da biomassa (540 g/h), a rota??o do cilindro rotativo (33,7 rpm) e o tempo de rea??o (30 33 min) foram mantidos constantes. Os produtos obtidos no processo da pir?lise da fibra do coco seco foram o bio-?leo, os finos de carv?o e a fase gasosa n?o condensada. Um balan?o de massa macrosc?pico aplicado tendo como base o peso de cada produto permitiu obter o rendimento dessas fases. O melhor rendimento de 18,1 % em bio-?leo foi obtido nas seguintes condi??es: temperatura de 500 ?C, vaz?o de g?s inerte 100 cm?/min e velocidade de centrifuga??o de 20 Hz. Nessas condi??es, o rendimento em finos de carv?o foi de 21,7 %, fase gasosa n?o condens?vel 37,6 % e perdas da ordem de 22,6 %. Algumas propriedades f?sicas do bio-?leo foram avaliadas, a saber, a densidade, viscosidade, pH, poder calor?fico superior, teor de finos de carv?o, an?lise por IVTF e CHN. A an?lise cromatogr?fica do bio-?leo mostrou que os principais constituintes de sua composi??o foram o fenol seguido do sirigol, aceto vanilona e vinil guaiacol. A fase s?lida (finos de carv?o) obtida foi caracterizada por an?lise imediata, poder calor?fico superior e IVTF. A fase gasosa n?o condensada apresentou como principais constituintes o CO2, CO e H2. Os resultados foram comparados com dados da literatura.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LennedyCS_DISSERT.pdf: 3653783 bytes, checksum: 8a237d13a56a26f3a6ff1bf8c63bdede (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-22 / The several existing methods for oil artificial lifting and the variety of automation equipment for these methods many times lead the supervisory systems to be dedicated to a unique method and/or to a unique manufacturer. To avoid this problem, it has been developed the supervisory system named SISAL, conceived to supervise wells with different lifting methods and different automation equipments. The SISAL system is working in several Brazilian states but, nowadays, it is only supervising rod pump-based wells. The objective of this work is the development of a supervision module to the plunger lift artificial lift method. The module will have the same characteristics of working with automation hardware of many manufacturers. The module will be integrated to the SISAL system, incorporating the capacity to supervise the plunger lift artificial lift method. / Os v?rios m?todos de eleva??o artificial de petr?leo e os diferentes equipamentos de automa??o existentes muitas vezes levam a que os sistemas supervis?rios sejam dedicados a um ?nico m?todo e/ou a um ?nico fabricante de equipamentos. Para contornar este problema, foi desenvolvido o sistema SISAL, capaz de supervisionar po?os com diferentes m?todos de eleva??o e equipamentos de automa??o. Atualmente, o SISAL est? em opera??o em diversos po?os em v?rios estados do Brasil, supervisionando po?os de bombeio mec?nico. O objetivo deste trabalho ? desenvolver um m?dulo de supervis?o para o m?todo de eleva??o artificial plunger lift, com as mesmas caracter?sticas de poder trabalhar com hardwares de automa??o de diferentes fabricantes. O m?dulo desenvolvido ser? integrado ao SISAL, de forma a incorporar ao sistema a capacidade de supervisionar este novo m?todo de eleva??o.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MartinhoQAF_DISSERT.pdf: 3517855 bytes, checksum: e2d79876500fdde55b949a6a832b6ff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / Water injection is the most widely used method for supplementary recovery in many oil fields due to various reasons, like the fact that water is an effective displacing agent of low viscosity oils, the water injection projects are relatively simple to establish and the water availability at a relatively low cost. For design of water injection projects is necessary to do reservoir studies in order to define the various parameters needed to increase the effectiveness of the method. For this kind of study can be used several mathematical models classified into two general categories: analytical or numerical. The present work aims to do a comparative analysis between the results presented by flow lines simulator and conventional finite differences simulator; both types of simulators are based on numerical methods designed to model light oil reservoirs subjected to water injection. Therefore, it was defined two reservoir models: the first one was a heterogeneous model whose petrophysical properties vary along the reservoir and the other one was created using average petrophysical properties obtained from the first model. Comparisons were done considering that the results of these two models were always in the same operational conditions. Then some rock and fluid parameters have been changed in both models and again the results were compared. From the factorial design, that was done to study the sensitivity analysis of reservoir parameters, a few cases were chosen to study the role of water injection rate and the vertical position of wells perforations in production forecast. It was observed that the results from the two simulators are quite similar in most of the cases; differences were found only in those cases where there was an increase in gas solubility ratio of the model. Thus, it was concluded that in flow simulation of reservoirs analogous of those now studied, mainly when the gas solubility ratio is low, the conventional finite differences simulator may be replaced by flow lines simulator the production forecast is compatible but the computational processing time is lower. / A inje??o de ?gua ? o m?todo de recupera??o suplementar mais difundido na maioria dos campos de petr?leo, devido a v?rios motivos, como o fato de a ?gua ser um eficiente agente deslocante de ?leos com baixa viscosidade associado ao fato de ser relativamente f?cil de injetar e de existir grande disponibilidade de ?gua a um custo relativamente baixo de se obter. Para o dimensionamento de um projeto de inje??o de ?gua ? necess?rio efetuar um estudo de reservat?rio com o objetivo de se definir os v?rios par?metros necess?rios para aumentar a efic?cia do m?todo. Para este estudo podem ser utilizados v?rios modelos matem?ticos classificados como anal?ticos ou num?ricos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar uma an?lise comparativa entre os resultados apresentados por um simulador de linhas de fluxo e um simulador convencional por diferen?a finita, que s?o dois tipos de simuladores de fluxo baseados em m?todos num?ricos, para um modelo de um reservat?rio de petr?leo leve submetido ? inje??o de ?gua. Para tanto foram montados dois modelos de reservat?rio, sendo um modelo heterog?neo e outro homog?neo contendo valores m?dios das propriedades de rocha do primeiro modelo. Foram realizadas compara??es dos resultados destes modelos considerando sempre as mesmas condi??es de opera??o. Em seguida foram alterados alguns par?metros de fluido e de rocha em ambos os modelos e efetuadas novamente compara??es de resultados. A partir do planejamento fatorial, realizado para a an?lise de sensibilidade dos par?metros de reservat?rio, foram escolhidos alguns casos para efetuar an?lise da varia??o dos par?metros operacionais escolhidos que foram a vaz?o de inje??o de ?gua e a localiza??o dos canhoneados. Observou-se que os resultados entre os simuladores s?o bastante similares na maioria dos casos estudados, tendo sido encontrado diverg?ncias apenas nos casos em que h? aumento na raz?o de solubilidade de g?s do modelo. Desta maneira foi conclu?do que o simulador convencional por diferen?as finitas pode ser substitu?do por um simulador por linhas de fluxo em reservat?rios semelhantes ao estudado, quando a raz?o de solubilidade possui valores baixos, sem preju?zo aos resultados de produ??o e com menores tempos de processamento computacional. / 2020-01-01

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LoivaLSB_DISSERT.pdf: 3990836 bytes, checksum: 3537e4304659ead550f1c758b72dbbce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-19 / Currently, the oil industry is the biggest cause of environmental pollution. The objective was to reduce the concentration of copper and chromium in the water produced by the oil industry. It was used as adsorbent natural sisal fiber Agave sp treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. All vegetable fibers have physical and morphological properties that enablies the adsorption of pollutants. The basic composition of sisal is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The features are typically found in the characterization of vegetable fibers, except the surface area that was practically zero. In the first stage of adsorption, it was evaluated the effect of temperature and time skeeking to optimize the execution of the factorial design. The results showed that the most feasible fiber was the one treated with acid in five hours (30?C). The second phase was a factorial design, using acid and five hours, this time was it determined in the first phase. The tests were conducted following the experimental design and the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to optimize the main parameters that influence the process: pH, concentration (mol / L) and fiber mass/ metal solution volume. The volume / mass ratio factor showed significant interference in the adsorption process of chromium and copper. The results obtained after optimization showed that the highest percentages of extraction (98%) were obtained on the following operating conditions: pH: 5-6, Concentration: 100 ppm and mass/ volume: 1 gram of fiber/50mL solution. The results showed that the adsorption process was efficient to remove chromium and copper using sisal fibers, however, requiring further studies to optimize the process. / A ind?stria de petr?leo ? atualmente uma das principais causadoras da polui??o ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi reduzir a concentra??o de cobre e cromo na ?gua produzida pela ind?stria petrol?fera. Foi usado como adsorvente a fibra de sisal natural, tratada com ?cido n?trico e hidr?xido de s?dio. Todas as fibras vegetais possuem caracter?sticas f?sicas e morfol?gicas que possibilitam a adsor??o de poluentes. A composi??o b?sica do sisal ? celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. As caracter?sticas encontradas na caracteriza??o s?o t?picas de fibras vegetais, com exce??o da ?rea superficial que foi praticamente zero. Na primeira fase da adsor??o foi realizado um estudo a temperatura (30?C, 45?C e 60?C) e tempo para otimizar a realiza??o do planejamento fatorial. Os resultados mostraram que a fibra mais vi?vel para o estudo ? a fibra tratada com ?cido ? 30?C durante 5 horas. A segunda fase foi a do planejamento fatorial, usando a fibra ?cida e o tempo de cinco horas determinado na primeira fase. Os ensaios foram efetuados seguindo o planejamento Fatorial 2 3. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados, atrav?s de m?todos estat?sticos, visando a otimiza??o dos principais par?metros que influenciam no processo: pH, concentra??o (mol/L) e rela??o massa de fibra (g)/ volume de solu??o (mL). Os resultados do planejamento descrevem, o fator concentra??o e o fator massa/volume apresentam interfer?ncia significativa no processo de adsor??o do cromo e cobre. Os resultados, ap?s a otimiza??o, demonstraram que os maiores percentuais de extra??o (98 %) foram obtidos nas seguintes condi??es operacionais: pH: 5-6, Concentra??o: 100 ppm e a rela??o massa /volume: 1grama de fibra/50mL de solu??o. Observou-se que o processo foi eficiente com rela??o ? adsor??o do cromo e cobre, contudo s?o necess?rios mais estudos para a otimiza??o do processo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeticiaOC_DISSERT.pdf: 1957366 bytes, checksum: aa5e54916560ae5630fffcf811a9be90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The worldwide concern regarding the use of sustainable energy and preserving the environment are determining factors in the search for resources and alternative sources of energy and therefore fuel less aggressive nature. In response to these difficulties Biodiesel has emerged as a good solution because it is produced from renewable sources, produces burns cleaner and is easily reproducible. This work was synthesized with biodiesel oil, sunflower via homogeneous catalysis in the presence of KOH, with and without the use of BHT and subsequently added to the blends BX (a proportion of biodiesel X = 5, 10, 15 and 20 %). Atmospheric distillation of the analysis, performed in blends with and without BHT were collected residue generated by each sample and performed a study heat from the thermogravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10 ?C*min-1, nitrogen atmosphere and heating to 600 ?C. According to the specifications of Resolution N 7/2008 for biodiesel, it was found that the synthesized material was in accordance with the specifications. For blends showed that the samples are in accordance with the Resolution of ANP N 42/2009. From the TG / DTG curves of the samples of biodiesel, blends and waste can be seen that these show a single loss of thermal decomposition concerning constituents present in each sample. The blends without BHT with ratios of 5%, 10% and 15% biodiesel showed a lower amount of waste (1,07%; 1,09% e 1,10%) to mineral diesel (1,15%). Therefore, it is concluded that the addition of biodiesel with diesel mineral can improve some physico-chemical parameters, but also, depending on the added amount, decreasing the amount of waste generated. This fact is of great importance because the carbonaceous residue can cause problems in mechanical equipment and parts for vehicles, causing more frequent maintenance, and this is not desirable / A preocupa??o mundial com rela??o ao uso sustent?vel de energia e a preserva??o do meio-ambiente s?o fatores determinantes na busca por meios e fontes alternativas de energia e, consequentemente, de combust?veis menos agressivos ? natureza. Em resposta a essas dificuldades o Biodiesel tem se apresentado como uma boa solu??o, pois ? produzido a partir de fontes renov?veis, produz queima mais limpa e ? de f?cil reprodutibilidade. Neste trabalho, foi sintetizado biodiesel com o ?leo de girassol, via cat?lise homog?nea na presen?a de KOH, com e sem o uso de BHT, e posteriormente, adicionado ?s blendas BX (com propor??es de biodiesel de X = 5, 10, 15 e 20%). Da an?lise de Destila??o Atmosf?rica, realizada nas blendas com e sem BHT, foram coletados o res?duo gerado por cada amostra e efetuado um estudo t?rmico, a partir da An?lise Termogravim?trica, na raz?o de aquecimento de 10 ?C.min-1, atmosfera de nitrog?nio e aquecimento at? 600 ?C. De acordo com as especifica??es da Resolu??o N? 7/2008 para o biodiesel, verifica-se que o material sintetizado encontra-se em conformidade com as especifica??es. Para as blendas observa-se que as amostras est?o de acordo com a Resolu??o da ANP N? 42/2009. A partir das curvas TG/ DTG das amostras de biodiesel e res?duos pode-se observar que estas apresentaram uma ?nica perda de decomposi??o t?rmica referentes aos constituintes presentes em cada amostra. J? para as blendas, observam-se duas perdas de decomposi??o t?rmica, comprovadas pela DTG, referentes aos componentes do ?leo diesel e do biodiesel. As blendas sem BHT com propor??es de biodiesel de 5%, 10% e 15% apresentaram uma quantidade de res?duo (1,07%; 1,09% e 1,10%) inferior ao diesel mineral (1,15%). Sendo assim, conclui-se que a adi??o de biodiesel ao diesel mineral pode contribuir para melhorar alguns par?metros f?sico-qu?micos, como, tamb?m, dependendo da quantidade adicionada, diminuir a quantidade de res?duo gerado. Este fato ? de grande relev?ncia, pois o res?duo carbon?ceo pode causar problemas mec?nicos em equipamentos e pe?as dos ve?culos, causando manuten??es mais frequentes, e este aspecto n?o ? desej?vel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaoniBA_DISSERT.pdf: 2283831 bytes, checksum: 9e3bfc1213fc5b5ac439fb175ddc5631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The retail fuel stations are partially or potentially polluters and generators of environmental accidents, potentially causing contamination of underground and surface water bodies, soil and air. Leaks in fuel retail stations? underground storage systems are often detected in Brazil and around the world. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an indication of the presence of contamination due to its high toxicity. This paper presents a case study of contamination in a Fuel Retail Station by petroleum derivative products in the city of Natal. For identification and quantification of the hydrocarbons, EPA analytical methods were used. The values of benzene quantified by EPA method 8021b CG-PID/FID, ranged from 1.164 to 4.503 mg.Kg-1 in soil samples, and from 12.10 to 27,639 μg.L-1 in underground water samples. Among the PAHs, naphthalene and anthracene showed the most significant results in soil samples, 0.420 to 15.46 mg.Kg-1 and 0.110 to 0,970 mg.Kg-1, respectively. In underground water samples, the results for Naphthalene varied between 0.759 and 614.7 μg.L-1. PAHs were quantified by EPA Method 8270 for GCMS. All of the results for the chemical analysis were compared with the values for the CONAMA 420/2009 resolution. The results for benzene (27,639 μg.L-1) showed levels highly above the recommended by the CONAMA 420 resolution, wherein the maximum permissible for underground water is 5 μg.L-1. This is a worrying factor, since underground water makes up 70% of the city of Natal?s water supply / The retail fuel stations are partially or potentially polluters and generators of environmental accidents, potentially causing contamination of underground and surface water bodies, soil and air. Leaks in fuel retail stations? underground storage systems are often detected in Brazil and around the world. Monoaromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an indication of the presence of contamination due to its high toxicity. This paper presents a case study of contamination in a Fuel Retail Station by petroleum derivative products in the city of Natal. For identification and quantification of the hydrocarbons, EPA analytical methods were used. The values of benzene quantified by EPA method 8021b CG-PID/FID, ranged from 1.164 to 4.503 mg.Kg-1 in soil samples, and from 12.10 to 27,639 μg.L-1 in underground water samples. Among the PAHs, naphthalene and anthracene showed the most significant results in soil samples, 0.420 to 15.46 mg.Kg-1 and 0.110 to 0,970 mg.Kg-1, respectively. In underground water samples, the results for Naphthalene varied between 0.759 and 614.7 μg.L-1. PAHs were quantified by EPA Method 8270 for GCMS. All of the results for the chemical analysis were compared with the values for the CONAMA 420/2009 resolution. The results for benzene (27,639 μg.L-1) showed levels highly above the recommended by the CONAMA 420 resolution, wherein the maximum permissible for underground water is 5 μg.L-1. This is a worrying factor, since underground water makes up 70% of the city of Natal?s water supply

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IzabelKVS_DISSERT.pdf: 849654 bytes, checksum: e754d8d3077394e35fc6004a18238827 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / This project describes a methodology optimization that would allow for a more efficient microwave assisted digestion process for petroleum samples. With the possible chance to vary various factors at once to see if any one factor was significant enough in the answers, experimental planning was used. Microwave assisted digestion allows, through the application of potency, an increasing number of collisions between the HNO3 and H2O2 molecules, favoring sample opening for complex matrixes. For this, a 24 factorial experimental planning was used, varying potency, time and the volumes for HNO3 65% and H2O2 30%. To achieve the desired answers, several elements were monitored (C, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn and V) through Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). With this initial study it was noticed that the HNO3 was not a significant factor for any of the statistical studies for any of the analytes and the other 3 factors and their interactions showed statistical significance. A Box Behnken experimental planning was used taking in consideration 3 factors: H2O2 volume, time (min) and Potency (W), Nitric Acid kept at 4mL for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The results were extremely satisfying showing higher efficiency in the digestion process and taking in a responsibility between the answers for each analyte and the carbon monitoring was achieved in the following conditions: 7mL of H2O2, 700 Watts of potency and a reaction time of 7 minutes with 4mL de HNO3 for a mass of 0,1g of petroleum. The optimized digestion process was applied to four different petroleum samples and the analytes determined by ICP-OES / Este trabalho teve como objetivo a otimiza??o de uma metodologia que possibilite maior efici?ncia no processo de digest?o auxiliada por forno microondas para amostras de petr?leo. Um planejamento experimental multivariado foi realizado, num intuito de observar todos os fatores ao mesmo tempo e suas intera??es, para saber se determinado fator tem influ?ncia significativa sobre a resposta. A digest?o auxiliada por microondas permite, atrav?s da aplica??o de pot?ncia, tornar maior o n?mero de colis?es entre as mol?culas do HNO3 e do H2O2 no meio reacional, favorecendo a abertura de amostras de matrizes complexas. Dessa forma, foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 24 variando a pot?ncia, o tempo e os volumes de HNO3 65% V/V e H2O2 30% V/V. Para obter as respostas, foram monitorados diversos elementos (C, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn e V) por espectrometria de emiss?o ?tica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Com este estudo inicial foi observado que o volume de HNO3 n?o foi um fator significativo estatisticamente para nenhum dos analitos estudados e que os outros tr?s fatores e suas intera??es apresentaram signific?ncia estat?stica. Um segundo planejamento do tipo Box Behnken foi realizado considerando os 3 fatores: volume de H2O2, tempo (min) e pot?ncia (W), o volume de ?cido n?trico foi mantido em 4 mL para uma massa de 0,1g de petr?leo. Os resultados foram bastante expressivos, a maior efici?ncia de digest?o, assumindo um compromisso entre as respostas obtidas para cada analito e o monitoramento do carbono, foi obtido nas condi??es de 7 mL de H2O2, 700 W de pot?ncia e 7 min de tempo de rea??o com 4 mL de HNO3 para uma massa de 0,1 g de petr?leo. O procedimento de digest?o otimizado foi aplicado a quatro diferentes amostras de petr?leo e os analitos determinados por ICP OES

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YasmineIFN_DISSERT.pdf: 3060416 bytes, checksum: 9c16a86ed5e6a8b081b1d3520826bad4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The produced water is a byproduct formed due to production of petroleum and carries with it a high amount of contaminants such as oil particles in suspension, organic compounds and metals. Thus, these latter pollutants are very difficult to treat because of its high solubility in water. The objective of this work is to use and evaluate a microemulsioned system to remove metals ( K , Mg , Ba , Ca , Cr , Mn , Li , Fe ) of synthetic produced water. For the extraction of metals, it was used a pseudoternary diagram containing the following phases: synthetic produced water as the aqueous phase (AP), hexane as organic phase (OP), and a cosurfactant/surfactant ratio equal to four (C/S = 4) as the third phase, where the OCS (saponified coconut oil) was used as surfactant and n-butanol as cosurfactant. The synthetic produced water was prepared in a bench scale and the region of interest in the diagram for the removal of metals was determined by experimental design called. Ten points located in the phase Winsor II were selected in an area with a large amount of water and small amounts of reagents. The samples were analyzed in atomic absorption spectrometer, and the results were evaluated through a statistical assesment, allowing the efficiency analysis of the effects and their interactions. The results showed percentages of extraction above 90% for the metals manganese, iron, chromium, calcium, barium and magnesium, and around 45% for metals lithium and potassium. The optimal point for the simultaneous removal of metals was calculated using statistical artifact multiple response function (MR). This calculation showed that the point of greatest extraction of metals occurs was the J point, with the composition [72% AP, 9% OP, 19% C/S], obtaining a global extraction percentage about 80%. Considering the aspects analyzed, the microemulsioned system has shown itself to be an effective alternative in the extraction of metals on synthetic produced water remediation / A ?gua produzida ? um subproduto gerado na produ??o do petr?leo e possui uma grande quantidade de contaminantes, tais como part?culas de ?leo em suspens?o, compostos org?nicos e metais, sendo estes ?ltimos poluentes de dif?cil tratamento devido a sua alta solubilidade em ?gua. O objetivo deste trabalho ? utilizar e avaliar um sistema microemulsionado na extra??o de metais (K, Mg, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mn, Li, Fe) contidos na ?gua produzida. Utilizou-se um diagrama pseudotern?rio de um sistema contendo em sua composi??o: ?gua produzida sint?tica como fase aquosa (FA), hexano como fase org?nica (FO), e uma raz?o cotensoativo/tensoativo igual a quatro (C/T=4), sendo utilizado o OCS (?leo de coco saponificado) como tensoativo e n-butanol como cotensoativo. A ?gua produzida sint?tica foi preparada em escala de bancada e a regi?o de interesse para a remo??o dos metais foi determinada atrav?s do planejamento experimental de mistura, sendo escolhidos dez pontos localizados na fase de Winsor II, em uma ?rea com uma grande quantidade de ?gua e pouca quantidade de mat?ria ativa ou solvente. As amostras foram analisadas no espectr?metro de absor??o at?mica, e os resultados obtidos foram avaliados atrav?s de um tratamento estat?stico permitindo a an?lise da efici?ncia dos efeitos das vari?veis estudadas e suas intera??es. Os resultados apresentaram percentuais de extra??o acima de 90% para os metais mangan?s, ferro, cromo, c?lcio, b?rio e magn?sio, e em torno de 45% para o l?tio e o pot?ssio. O ponto ?timo para a remo??o simult?nea dos metais foi calculado atrav?s do recurso estat?stico de m?ltipla fun??o de resposta (MR). O c?lculo permitiu observar que o ponto onde ocorre o maior percentual de extra??o dos metais foi o ponto J com a composi??o [72% FA, 9% FO, 19% C/T], obtendo percentual de extra??o global em torno de 80% de todos os metais. Tendo em vista os aspectos analisados, o sistema microemulsionado estudado mostrou-se como uma eficiente alternativa na extra??o de metais de ?gua produzida sint?tica

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TayllandyaSP_DISSERT.pdf: 2803522 bytes, checksum: 516959be83003bd573c721b4ad05b984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection / Atualmente, a maior parte das reservas de hidrocarbonetos no mundo se encontram na forma de ?leo pesado, ultra-pesado ou betume. Para a extra??o e produ??o desse recurso ? necess?ria a implanta??o de novas tecnologias. Um dos processos promissores para a recupera??o desse ?leo ? a drenagem gravitacional assistida com vapor e solvente (ESSAGD) que utiliza dois po?os horizontais paralelos, onde o injetor ? disposto acima do produtor. A realiza??o do processo se d? mediante a inje??o de um aditivo de hidrocarboneto em baixa concentra??o em conjunto com vapor. O vapor contribui com calor para redu??o da viscosidade do ?leo e o solvente ajuda na miscibilidade, reduzindo a tens?o interfacial entre ?leo/solvente. A principal for?a atuante neste processo ? a gravitacional e a transfer?ncia de calor ocorre por meio da condu??o, convec??o e pelo calor latente do vapor. Neste estudo foi utilizado o modelo discretizado, onde o po?o ? discretizado da mesma forma que o reservat?rio, sendo cada se??o do po?o tratada como um bloco da grade, com conex?o interblocos com o reservat?rio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a influ?ncia da perda de carga e calor ao longo do po?o injetor no processo ES-SAGD. O modelo utilizado para estudo trata-se de um reservat?rio homog?neo, semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro e as simula??es num?ricas foram realizadas atrav?s do simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os par?metros operacionais analisados foram: porcentagem de solvente injetado, vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, dist?ncia vertical entre os po?os e qualidade de vapor. Todos eles foram significativos no Fator de Recupera??o de ?leo. Os resultados demonstraram que, para todos os casos analisados, o modelo que considera a perda de carga apresenta produ??o acumulada de ?leo inferior ao seu respectivo modelo que desconsidera tal perda. Essa diferen?a ? mais acentuada quanto menor o valor da vaz?o de inje??o de vapor