La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) et l'angiopathie amyloïde cérébrale (AAC) sont les deux formes les plus courantes de démence liée à l'âge qui partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques moléculaires, notamment l'accumulation de bêta-amyloïde (Aβ) dans les parois des vaisseaux sanguins cérébraux. Les cellules du système immunitaire inné, telles que les monocytes patrouilleurs, sont capables de surveiller les vaisseaux sanguins cérébraux et de phagocyter la bêta-amyloïde vasculaire ainsi que d'autres substances. Les monocytes patrouilleurs sont devenus une cible thérapeutique dans la MA, et leur phagocytose de l'Aβ permettrait une redistribution à l'équilibre entre le parenchyme et les espaces périvasculaires et vasculaires, ce qui réduirait ensuite la charge dans le parenchyme. Des recherches antérieures ont démontré que les monocytes peuvent être convertis du phénotype inflammatoire au phénotype de patrouille en utilisant la liaison du MDP à NOD2 (Lessard et al., 2017). Nous émettons l'hypothèse que le développement d'analogues de la MDP ayant des effets immunomodulateurs similaires à ceux de la MDP pourrait conduire à un médicament préventif dans la MA. Nous avons utilisé les lignées cellulaires HEK-Blue NOD2 et HEK-Blue TLR2 pour détecter les analogues qui se lient à NOD2. Nous avons également utilisé le test MTS sur des PBMC et des cellules HepG2 pour évaluer la viabilité cellulaire et la cytométrie perlée pour caractériser les cytokines et les interférons libérés par les cellules exposées aux analogues du MDP. Nous avons effectué des tests de phagocytose pour évaluer si les analogues du MDP modifiaient le taux de phagocytose par les monocytes. De plus, nous avons effectué des tests in vivo sur des souris WT pour évaluer si les analogues de la MDP pouvaient provoquer des changements phénotypiques dans les monocytes et si ces changements phénotypiques se produisaient chez les souris NOD2 KO. Les analogues de la MDP ont le potentiel de devenir un médicament préventif de la MA en augmentant la phagocytose de l'Aβ et en diminuant l'Aβ vasculaire. D'autres recherches sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre le rôle exact des monocytes patrouillant dans la MA.

Prion diseases are fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders hypothesised to be caused by misfolding of the prion protein. Following prion infection, the infectious agent is sequestered to and replicates upon follicular dendritic cells (FDC) within lymphoid follicles prior to neuroinvasion. The mechanism of transport of the prion infectious agent from the site of infection to FDC is unknown. One of the postulated routes of transport is the specific migration of antigen presenting cells (APC) to FDC. APC specifically capture antigenic material and transport and present that material to effector cells and FDC in order to generate an appropriate acquired immune response. FDC reside within the B-cell follicle of secondary lymphoid organs. FDC organise and maintain the B-cell follicular structure by secretion of the chemokine CXCL13 which stimulates chemotactic movement of cells which express the CXCR5 receptor, e.g. B cells. Dendritic cells are specialised APC that are commonly characterised by their expression of CD11c. Transport of the prion infectious agent from the site of infection to FDC was observed to be blocked or severely delayed following depletion of CD11c+ cells. To determine whether CD11c+ cells acquire prions and subsequently deliver them to the FDC, the chemokine receptor CXCR5 was depleted from CD11c+ cells using a conditional transgenic mouse model. These mice were characterised for normal lymphoid organogenesis and monitored for their responses to oral infection with either prions or intestinal helminths. Data in this thesis show that the CD11c-mediated depletion of CXCR5 resulted in a delay in peripheral prion pathogenesis after oral exposure and significantly reduced disease susceptibility. These data suggest that efficient prion transport to FDC requires delivery by APC and is potentially mediated by CXCR5 chemotaxis. Following oral exposure to the intestinal helminth (Trichuris muris) CD11c-mediated depletion of CXCR5 prevented the establishment of a protective TH2 response. As a consequence the mice mounted a TH1-dominated response and were unable to clear the infection. These data also confirm that the effective generation of TH2 responses to oral helminth infection also requires APC localisation to B-cell follicles via CXCR5.

Graduation date: 1995

Thèse doctorat : Biologie Cellulaire : Nancy 1 : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Typescript (Photocopy) / Addendum inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 202-216. / vii, 216 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 1989

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2007. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Mark T. Quinn. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-162).

Estudou-se quantitativamente e qualitativamente a citologia, os teores de imunoglobulinas, e a atividade bactericida dos fagócitos do colostro bovino contra a Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ECET), analisando-se a influência da opsonização prévia destas células. Para tal finalidade foram utilizadas 53 vacas da raça Holandesa, das quais realizou-se a colheita de um total 212 amostras de colostro obtidas antes da primeira e segunda ordenha. As amostras positivas (n=41) ao exame bacteriológico do leite foram excluídas desta pesquisa. Para a análise citológica quantitativa e qualitativa do colostro, foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia direta e citocentrifugação, respectivamente. As dosagens das imunoglobulinas (IgG, IgM e IgA) foram realizadas por meio da técnica de imunodifusão radial, utilizando-se Kits comerciais. Para a avaliação da atividade bactericida indireta dos fagócitos e verificação da influência da opsonização prévia da ECET, foram realizados os seguintes ensaios: utilizando somente suspensão de fagócitos mononucleares e polimorfonucleares em meio de cultura (Grupo Controle - C); suspensão de fagócitos mononucleares e polimorfonucleares adicionados a suspensão de ECET não opsonizada (Grupo NO); suspensão de fagócitos mononucleares e polimorfonucleares adicionados a suspensão de ECET previamente opsonizada com 10% de sobrenadante de colostro bovino delipidado (Grupo O). A atividade bactericida indireta dos fagócitos foi mensurada por meio da quantidade de nmoles de peróxido de hidrogênio liberado por estas células, nos ensaios C, NO e O. Após as avaliações dos resultados das determinações realizadas, conclui-se que: (1) o colostro bovino de segunda ordenha apresenta maior quantidade de células/mL, que aquele de primeira ordenha; (2) a predominância celular demonstrada com o uso das técnicas de microscopia direta e de citocentrifugação foi de células mononucleares; (3) colostro bovino de segunda ordenha possui maior quantidade de neutrófilos polimorfonucleares, quando comparada àquela da primeira ordenha, utilizando as técnicas de microscópica direta e de citocentrifugação, para a contagem dos tipos leucocitários; (4) os tipos celulares predominantes no colostro bovino de primeira e segunda ordenha foram macrófagos/células epiteliais, seguidos por linfócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos, respectivamente, utilizando a técnica de citocentrifugação para diferenciação celular; (5) o colostro bovino de primeira ordenha possui maiores teores de imunoglobulinas das classes G e M, que o da segunda ordenha, havendo predomínio da IgG, sobre a IgM e IgA independente da ordem de ordenha. (6) os fagócitos do colostro bovino de primeira ordenha apresentaram maior atividade celular avaliada pela liberação de peróxido de hidrogênio, que os da segunda ordenha; (7) a estimulação antigênica com ECET não foi suficiente para aumentar a atividade bactericida dos fagócitos do colostro bovino; (8) a opsonização da ECET com soro colostral não determinou diferenças significativas na atividade bactericida dos fagócitos do colostro bovino, mensurada pela quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio liberado por estas células; (9) existe correlação positiva entre os teores de imunoglobulinas da classe M e a quantidade de peróxido de hidrogênio liberado pelos fagócitos do colostro bovino; (10) o comportamento quantitativo observado para as imunoglobulinas e células do colostro bovino, considerando a ordem das ordenhas, sugere que os anticorpos teriam função prioritária na imunidade do neonato, enquanto o aumento de neutrófilos estaria voltado aparentemente para a proteção da glândula mamária. / Bovine collostrum citology, immunoglobulin content and bactericidal activity of phagocytes against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were studied qualitatively and quantitatively, analyzing the influence of previous opsonization of the bacterium. In order to achieve this aim, 53 Holstein cows were used to obtain 212 collostrum samples before the first and second milkings. Samples positive (n=41) in the bacteriological examination of milk were excluded from the trial. Direct microscopy and cytocentrifugation were used in the quantitative and qualitative cytological analysis of collostrum, respectively. Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) contents were determined by means of radial immunodiffusion using commercial kits. Indirect bactericidal activity of phagocytes and assessment of the influence of ETEC previous opsonization were carried out as follows: using only a suspension of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes in culture medium (Control group - C); suspension of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes added to a suspension of non-opsonized ETEC (NO group); suspension of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes added to an ETEC suspension previously opsonized with 10% of supernatant of delipidated bovine collostrum (O group). Indirect bactericidal activity of phagocytes was measured by means of the amount of hydrogen peroxide nmoles released by these cells in assays C, NO and O. After results were evaluated, it was concluded that: (1) bovine collostrum obtained in the second milking showed more cells/mL than first milking collostrum; (2) the predominance of mononuclear cells was determined by both direct microscopy and cytocentrifugation; (3) bovine collostrum obtained in the second milking showed greater quantity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils than that of the first milking, as determined in cell type counts by direct microscopy and cytocentrifugation; (4) cell types predominating in bovine collostrum of the first and second milking were macrophages / epithelial cells, followed by lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, using cytocentrifugation for cell differentiation; (5) first milking bovine collostrum showed greater levels of immunoglobulins G and M than that of the second milking, with a predominance of IgG compared with IgM and IgA, no matter the milking order; (6) phagocytes in first milking collostrum showed greater cell activity than those in the second milking collostrum, as evaluated by hydrogen peroxide release; (7) antigenic stimulation of ETEC was not enough to increase bactericidal activity of phagocytes in bovine collostrum; (8) ETEC opsonization with collostral serum did not lead to significant differences in bactericidal activity of bovine collostrum phagocytes, as measured by the amount of hydrogen peroxide released by these cells; (9) there was a positive correlation between the contents of immunoglobulin M and the amount of hydrogen peroxide released by phagocytes in bovine collostrum; (10) quantitative behavior observed for immunoglobulins and cells of bovine collostrum considering the milking order, suggest that antibodies would have a essential function in neonate immunity, whereas the increase in neutrophils would apparently be linked to mammary gland protection.

O rompimento eritrocítico característico do ciclo de vida do Plasmodium resulta na liberação de ATP, o qual é reconhecido pelo receptor P2X7. Este estudo da malária experimental causada pelo P. chabaudi em camundongos P2X7-/- mostraram que estes animais são mais suscetíveis à infecção. Tanto in vitro, como ex vivo, as populações celulares fagocíticas mostraram-se sensíveis ao ATP extracelular, de uma forma P2X7 dependente, e a infecção pelo P. chabaudi mostrou ser um fator que aumenta esta sensibilidade. Estudos fenotípicos do baço e do fígado dos animais P2X7-/- indicaram que, com exceção da população CD11b+ Ly6G+, estes animais apresentam número inferior de células fagocíticas quando comparados aos animais C57BL/6. Além disso, há uma leve deficiência na ativação dos fagócitos, na produção de IFN-g e no número de células produtoras de IFN-g, TNF-a e IL-10 no baço dos animais P2X7-/- em relação aos C57BL/6. A maior suscetibilidade dos camundongos P2X7-/- à infecção pelo P. chabaudi deve-se, portanto, a uma resposta imunológica deficiente nestes animais. / The erythrocyte rupture is a step of the life cycle of Plasmodium in which ATP is released and is recognized by the P2X7. This study of experimental malaria caused by P. chabaudi in P2X7-/- mice showed that these mice are more susceptible to the infection. Either in vitro or ex vivo, the phagocyte cell populations were sensible to extracellular ATP in a P2X7-dependent way and the P. chabaudi infection acted as a component that increases this sensitivity. Phenotypic analysis of the spleen and liver from P2X7-/- mice showed that, excepted for the CD11b+ Ly6G+ population, these mice have a lower number of phagocyte cells when compared to C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, there was a slight deficiency in phagocyte activation, IFN-g production and number of cells that produce important cytokines as IFN-g, IL-10 and TNF-a in P2X7-/- mice in comparison with C57BL/6 mice. The increased susceptibility of P2X7-/- mice to the P. chabaudi infection is due to a deficient immune response.

Bibliography: leaves 80-106. / 106, [11] leaves, [33] leaves of plates : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Studies the phagocytic function of regenerated splenic tissue to determine its potential for protection against overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, using an in vivo model established in rats. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Surgery, 1996

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.