In this work, we will present experimental and theoretical results concerning adsorption und phase equilibria being influenced by kinetic effects.

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No description available.

The system H₂O-CH₄ is found in a variety of geological environments in the earth’s crust, from sedimentary basins to low grade metamorphic terrains. Knowledge of the PressureVolume-Temperature-Composition (PVTX) properties of the H₂O-CH₄ system is necessary to understand the role that these fluids play in different geological environments. In this study the properties of the H₂O-CH₄ fluid system at elevated temperatures and pressures has been investigated experimentally to determine the PVTX properties of H₂O-CH₄ fluids in the P-T range equivalent to late diagenetic to low grade metamorphic environments, and XCH₄≤4mol%. A study has also been conducted to determine methane hydrate stability over the temperature range of -40~20°C. Synthetic fluid inclusions were employed in both studies as miniature autoclaves. Experimental data for the PVTX properties of H₂O-CH₄ fluids under late diagenetic to low grade metamorphic conditions was used to calculate the slopes of isoTh lines (the line connecting the P-T conditions of the inclusions at formation and at homogenization) at different PTX conditions. An empirical equation to describe the slope of iso-Th line as a function of homogenization temperature and fluid composition was developed. The equation is applicable to natural H₂O-CH₄ fluid inclusions up to 500°C and 3 kilobars, for fluid compositions ≤4 mol% CH₄. The Raman peak position of CH₄ gas is a function of the pressure and temperature. This relationship was used to determine the pressure along the methane hydrate stability curve in the H₂O-CH₄ system. The combined synthetic fluid inclusion, microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy method is a novel experimental approach to determine the P-T stability conditions of methane hydrates. The method is fast compared to conventional methods, and has the potential to be applied to study other gas hydrate systems. / Ph. D.

Magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits are formed in association with aqueous fluids that exsolve from hydrous silicate melts during ascent and crystallization. These fluids are invariably trapped as inclusions in vein-filling minerals associated with hydrothermal fluid flow, and their composition may be modeled based on the H₂O-NaCl system. Thus, if we know the pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTX) properties of H₂O-NaCl solutions, it is possible to interpret the PTX trapping conditions, which is important for understanding the processes leading to the generation of the hydrothermal system and ore mineralization. High salinity (> 26 wt. % NaCl) fluid inclusions contain liquid, vapor, and halite at room temperature, and are common in magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. These inclusions homogenize in one of three ways: A) halite disappearance (Tmhalite) followed by liquid-vapor homogenization (ThL-V), B) simultaneous ThL-V and Tmhalite, or C) ThL-V followed by Tmhalite. The PVTX properties of H₂O-NaCl solutions three phase (L+V+H) and liquid-vapor (L+V) phase boundaries are well constrained, allowing researchers to interpret the minimum trapping pressure of inclusion types A and B. However, data that describe the pressure at Tmhalite for inclusion type C are limited to a composition of 40 wt. % NaCl. To resolve this problem, the synthetic fluid inclusion technique was used to determine the relationship between homogenization temperature and minimum trapping pressure for inclusions that homogenize by mode C. These results allow researchers to interpret the minimum trapping pressure of these inclusions, and by extension the depth at which the inclusions formed. The temporal and spatial distribution of fluid inclusions formed in associated with porphyry copper mineralization has been predicted using a computer model. A simple geologic model of an epizonal intrusion was developed based on a Burnham-style model for porphyry systems and thermal models of the evolution of epizonal intrusions. The phase stability fields and fluid inclusion characteristics at any location and time were predicted based on PVTX properties of H₂O-NaCl solutions. These results provide vectors towards the center of a magmatic-hydrothermal system that allow explorationists to use fluid inclusion petrography to predict position with the overall porphyry environment when other indicators of position are absent. / Ph. D.

In many geologic environments, fluids have compositions that are approximated by the H₂O-NaCl system. When minerals grow in the presence of such fluids, some of the solution is trapped in the growing mineral as fluid inclusions. The salinity, temperature of homogenization, and pressure of homogenization are required to predict the trapping conditions of the fluid inclusion. In the laboratory the salinity and the temperature of homogenization of the trapped fluid are easily determined however, the pressure of homogenization cannot be determined directly, and must be calculated from an equation of state. A statistical model that relates the vapor pressure of H₂O-NaCl to the fluid temperature and composition has been developed. The model consists of equations that predict the vapor pressure of H₂O-NaCl from the eutectic temperature (-21.2°C) to 1500°C and for all compositions between the pure end-members. The model calculates the vapor pressure based on the composition (wt% NaCl) and the temperature of homogenization, which can be directly obtained from laboratory studies of fluid inclusions. This information in turn can be used to construct the isochore, or line of constant volume, along which the fluid inclusion was trapped. Finally the isochore can be used to determine the temperature and pressure at which the host mineral of the fluid inclusion was trapped. / Master of Science

Hydrothermal processes play a major role in transporting mass and energy in Earth’s crust. These processes rely on hydrothermal fluid, which is dissolving, transporting and precipitating minerals and distribute heat. The composition of the hydrothermal fluid is specific for various geological settings, but in most cases it can be approximated by H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ fluid composition. The flow of hydrothermal fluid is controlled by differences in temperature, pressure and/or density of the fluid and hydraulic conductivity of the rock. In my work, I was focused on modeling of the hydrothermal fluid properties and experimental characterization of fluid that formed emerald deposit in North Carolina, USA. The dissertation based on the result of three separate projects. The first project has been dedicated to characterization of the H₂O-NaCl hydrothermal fluid ability to transport mass and energy. This ability of the fluid is defined by a change in fluid density and enthalpy in response to changing pressure or temperature. In this project we quantified the derivatives of mass, enthalpy and SiO₂ solubility in wide range of pressure, temperature and composition (PTx) of H₂O-NaCl fluid. Our study indicated that the PT region in which fluid is most efficiently can transport mass and energy, located in the critical region near liquid-vapor phase boundary and the sensitivity to changing pressure-temperature conditions decrease with increasing salinity. In second project we developed the revised H₂O-NaCl viscosity model. Revised model to calculate the viscosity of H₂O-NaCl reproduces experimental data with ±10% precision in PTx range where experimental data available and follows expected trends outside of the range. This model is valid over the temperature range from the H₂O solidus (~0 °C) to ~1,000 °C, from ~0.1 MPa to ≤500 MPa, and for salinities from 0-100 wt.% NaCl. The third project has been focused on the characterization of formation conditions of the emerald at North American Emerald Mine, Hiddenite, North Carolina, USA. The emerald formation conditions defined as 120-220 MPa, 450-625 °C using stable isotope, Raman spectrometry, and fluid inclusion analysis. Hydrothermal fluid had a composition of CO2-H2O±CH4, which indicates mildly reducing environment of emerald growth. / Ph. D.

Metallic fuels have an important role to play in "fast breeder" Gen-IV type nuclear reactors, and U-Pu-Zr is one of the prototypical systems. Because of the variability in fuel chemistry during burn-up, it is important to understand the effect of minor actinides and fission products on phase stability. Within this framework, we present a study on phase equilibria in the binary Np-Zr alloy system on which little work has been published. To resolve the contradictory reports on the ordering/ clustering trends of the bcc phase, a thermodynamic study is performed using the CALPHAD method. The calculated Np-Zr phase diagram is consistent with two sets of data: formation enthalpies of the bcc phase that are calculated with ab initio KKR-ASA-CPA electronic-structure method and lattice stabilities of solution phases obtained from first-principles technique. Another important feature in the Np-Zr alloy system is the non-stoichiometric delta-NpZr2 phase that forms in a hexagonal C32 structure similar to the delta-phase in the U-Zr system and the w-phase in pure Zr. An increase in the homogeneity range of the delta-phase when going from Pu to Np and to U is attributed to a lowering of its heat of formation that is caused by an increase in d-band occupation. Two different possibilities for the stability of the delta- and w- phases have been proposed in the present work. Additionally, calculated changes in enthalpy versus temperature are plotted for two alloy compositions of the Np-Zr system to guide future experimental work in resolving important issues in this system. Finally, an ab initio study, implemented with the L(S)DA U formalism, is performed for pure Np that reveals a transition from a non-magnetic to a magnetic state at a critical U parameter.

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In this PhD research the liquid-liquid phase separation phenomena in Gd-based alloys was investigated in terms of phase equilibria, microstructure formation upon quenching the melt and corresponding magnetic properties of phase-separated metallic glasses. The phase diagrams of the binary subsystems Gd-Zr and Gd-Ti were experimentally reassessed. Especially the phase equilibria with the liquid phase could be determined directly by combining in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction with electrostatic levitation of the melt. The Gd-Zr system is of eutectic type with a metastable miscibility gap. The eutectic composition at 18 ± 2 at.% Zr, the liquidus line and the coexistence of bcc-Zr and bcc-Gd at elevated temperature could be determined. The Gd-Ti system is a monotectic system. The experimental observations in this work led to improved new Gd-Zr and Gd-Ti phase diagrams. The phase equilibria of the ternary Gd-Ti-Co system were analyzed for two alloy compositions. The XRD patterns for molten Gd35Ti35Co30 gave direct evidence for the coexistence of two liquid phases formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. The first experimental and thermodynamic assessment of the ternary Gd–Ti–Co system revealed that the stable miscibility gap of binary Gd–Ti extends into the ternary Gd–Ti–Co system (up to about 30 at.% Co). New phase-separated metallic glasses were synthesized in Gd-TM-Co-Al (TM = Hf, Ti or Zr) alloys. The microstructure was characterized in terms of composition and cooling rate dependence of phase separation. Due to large positive enthalpy of mixing between Gd on the one side and Hf, Ti or Zr on the other side, the alloys undergo liquid-liquid phase separation during rapid quenching the melt. The parameters determining the microstructure development during phase separation are the thermodynamic properties of the liquid phase, kinetic parameters and quenching conditions. By controlling these parameters and conditions the microstructure can be tailored both at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. This includes either droplet-like or interconnected microstructures at the microscopic level and glass-glass or glass-crystalline composites at the macroscopic level. Essential parameter for the quenched in microstructure is the temperature dependence of liquid-liquid phase separation, which is determined by the chemical composition of the alloy: on the one hand, earlier and/or later stages of spinodal decomposition or almost homogeneous glassy states are obtained if the critical temperature of miscibility gap Tc is close to the glass transition temperature Tg; and on the one hand, coarsening and secondary precipitations of the liquids are obtained if Tc is much higher than Tg. Finally, the influence of the microstructure developed by phase separation on their magnetic properties had been investigated. The saturation magnetization σS depends on the overall amount of Gd atoms in the alloys and is not remarkably affected by phase separation processes. The Curie temperature TCurie of the magnetic transition is influenced by the changed chemical composition of the Gd-rich glassy phases compared to that of monolithic Gd-Co-Al glasses. / In dieser Doktorarbeit wurde die flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung von Gd-basierten Legierungen hinsichtlich der Phasengleichgewichte, der Gefügeentwicklung während der Schmelzabschreckung und dazugehöriger magnetischer Eigenschaften, untersucht. Die Zustandsdiagramme der binären Untersysteme Gd-Zr undGd-Ti wurden experimentell ermittelt.. Insbesondere konnten die Phasengleichgewichte mit der flüssigen Phase mittels in-situ Röntgenbeugungsmessunngen an elektrostatisch levitierten Schmelzen direkt, bestimmt werden. Das Gd-Zr System stellt ein ein eutektisches Phasendiagram dar und besitzt eine metastabile Mischungslücke. Die eutektische Zusammensetzung wurde mit 18 ± 2 at.%Zr bestimmt und der Verlauf der Liquiduslinie bei erhöhten Temperaturen wurde experimentell ermittelt. Experimentell wurde die Koexistenz von kubisch-raumzentrierten Zr und Gd in einem Bereich bei hohen Temperaturen nachgewiesen. Das Gd-Ti-System ist von monotektischer Art. Die experimentellen Beobachtungen dieser Arbeit trugen wesentlich zur Verbesserung der Beschreibung der Phasendiagaramme Gd-Zr- und Gd-Ti-Phasenbei. Die Phasengleichgewichte des ternären Gd-Ti-Co-Systems wurde anhand zweier Legierungszusammensetzungen untersucht. Die Röntgenbeugungsdiffraktogramme der geschmolzenen Legiereung Gd35Ti35Co30 sind ein direkter Beleg für die Koexistenz zweier flüssiger Phasen, aufgrund der flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung. Die erste experimentelle und thermodynamische Auswertung des ternären Gd-Ti-Co-Systems zeigt, dass sich die stabile Mischungslücke des binären Gd-Ti-Systems ins ternäre Gd-Ti-Co-System bis zu ungefähr 30 at.% Co erstreckt. Es wurden neue Gd-TM-Co-Al (TM = Hf, Ti oder Zr)-basierte metallische Gläser, die separierte Phasen besitzen, hergestellt. Ihr Gefüge wurden hinsichtlich Zusammensetzung- und Abkühlratenabhängigkeit der Phasenentmischung charakterisiert. Aufgrund der großen positiven Mischungsenthalpie zwischen Gd auf der einen und Hf, Ti oder Zr auf der anderen Seite, weisen diese Legierungen eine flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung während der Abschreckung aus der Schmelze auf. Die Einflussgrößen, die die Gefügeentwicklung während der Phasenentmischung bestimmen, sind die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der flüssigen Phase, die kinetische Parameter und die Abschreckbedingungen. Indem diese Parameter und Bedingungen kontrolliert werden, kann das Gefüge auf makro- sowie mikroskopischer Längenskala maßgeschneidert werden. Dies beinhaltet entweder tropfenförmige oder miteinander verbundene Gefüge auf einer mikroskopischen Skala und Glas-Glas oder Glas-Kristall Komposite auf einer makroskopischen Längenskala. Ein wesentlicher Parameter für das abgeschreckte Gefüge ist die Temperatur-Abhängigkeit der flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung, die durch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Legierung bestimmt wird. Frühere und/oder spätere Stadien der spinodalen Entmischung oder nahezu homogene amorphe Zustände können abhängig von dem Temperaturunterschied zwischen kritischer Temperatur der flüssig-flüssig Phasenentmischung und der Glasübergangstemperatur erhalten werden. Wenn die kritische Temperatur der Mischungslücke, Tc, viel höher ist als die des Glasübergangs, Tg, können makroskopische Vergröberungen der tropfenförmigen Verteilung der flüssigen Phase und sekundäre flüssige oder kristalline Ausscheidungen in den gebildeten amorphen Phasen erhalten werden. Durch die Phasenentmischung und die erhaltenen heterogenen Gefüge werden die magnetischen Eigenschaften beeinflusst.. Die Sättigungsmagnetisierung,σS, hängt von der gesamten Anzahl der Gd-Atome der Legierung ab und wird nicht bemerkenswert vom Phasenentmischungsprozess beeinflusst. Die Curie Temperatur TCurie wird im Vergleich zu monolithischen Gd-Co-Al Gläsern, und abhängig von der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Gd-reichen Phase, verändert.