Le paludisme est la maladie parasitaire la plus meurtrière qui touche 3,3 milliards de personne (la moitié de la population mondiale). En 2010, le nombre des décès dus au paludisme a été estimé à 655 milles, dont 91% des cas concerne le continent Africain. Ce sont les femmes enceintes et les enfants de moins de 5 ans (86% des décès) qui sont les plus vulnérables. Pour les pays africains le paludisme est non seulement une maladie due à la pauvreté, mais il est également la cause de la pauvreté. Face à ce fléau qui fait beaucoup de ravage dans les pays pauvres, il est urgent de trouver de nouveaux traitements efficaces et accessibles aux populations concernées. D'autre part, la toxoplasmose est une maladie parasitaire qui touche principalement les pays industrialisés (50% de la population française). Cette parasitose souvent bénigne chez les personnes immunocompétentes, est qualifiée de maladie opportuniste, car elle peut s'avérer dangereuse chez les femmes enceintes et chez les patients immunodéprimés (personnes atteintes du SIDA ou ayant subi des transplantations d'organe). Les parasites responsables de paludisme (P. falciparum) et de la toxoplasmose (T. gondii) appartiennent à la grande famille des apicomplexes, qui sont des organismes unicellulaires. Afin de concevoir de nouveaux composés antipaludiques et antitoxoplasmoses, nous nous sommes inspirés de produits d'origine naturelle qui sont les aculéatines et les cyclotétrapeptides analogues de FR235222. Afin d'optimiser les propriétés antiparasitaires de ces produits naturels, nous avons développé des méthodes de synthèse rapides en peu d'étapes. Des nouveaux analogues des aculéatines ont été obtenus en utilisant une stratégie de réactions en cascade et tandem d'oxydation phénolique induites par les réactifs à l'iode hypervalent (III). Des réactions de chimie radicalaire avec les xanthates et thioesters ont permis d'obtenir une grande diversité de cyclotétrapeptides analogues de FR235222. Les activités antiparasitaires des différents analogues obtenus ont été évaluées et certains se sont révélés actifs de l'ordre du nanomolaire. / Malaria is the more deadly parasitic disease, affecting 3.3 billion people (half of the world population). In 2010, the number of deaths due to malaria was estimated at 655,000, of which 91% of cases for the African continent. Pregnant women and children under 5 years (86% of deaths) are the most vulnerable. For African countries, malaria is not only a disease due to poverty, it is also the cause of the poverty. Due to this serious problem, it is urgent to find new effective treatments accessible to affected populations. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that affects mainly the industrialized countries (50% of the French population). This parasitosis is termed opportunistic disease because it can be dangerous for pregnant women and immunocompromised patients (people with AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantion). Parasites responsible of malaria (P. falciparum) and toxoplasmosis (T. gondii) belong to the same family of apicomplexan, which are unicellular organisms. To develop new antimalarial and antitoxoplasmosis compounds, we found inspiration from natural products: aculeatins and cyclopeptides analogue of FR235222. To optimize antiparasitic properties of these natural products, we have developed short synthetic methods. New analogues of aculeatin were obtained by using an approach involving cascade and tandem phenolic oxidative reactions, induced by hypervalent iodine (III) reagents. Radical chemistry with xanthates and thioesters allowed us to obtain a great diversity of cyclopeptides analogue of FR235222. The antiparasitic activities of various analogs obtained were evaluated, and some has reached nanomolar efficacy.STAR

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-29T15:35:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nise de Fatima Coutinho Souto.pdf: 727551 bytes, checksum: 95ee1193333767288a6ff7225ee4caf5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T15:35:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nise de Fatima Coutinho Souto.pdf: 727551 bytes, checksum: 95ee1193333767288a6ff7225ee4caf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The in vitro culture is a tool of great importance in the production of seedlings of the fitossanitary quality. The Tapeinochilos ananassae (Hassk) K. Schum is a tropical species that has a great acceptance in the world of floriculture market and presents, in the Brazilian Northeast, fitossanitary problems in which the Rhabdovirus is highlighted. In the present work, aiming to assess the establishment and development of various explants in the in vitro culture of T. ananassae, including the study of biochemical and anatomical variables. For this, lateral buds and mature zygotic embryos were inoculated in MS medium, full or reduced to its half ionic strength, using three sources of antioxidants: ascorbic acid, activated charcoal and PVP, in the concentrations 0,25g.L-1; 3,0g.L-1 and 0,5g. L-1. The ½MS culture medium supplemented with 3,0g. L-1 activated charcoal promoted a higher rate of success in the establishment of zygotic embryos. The plants formed from the culture of embryos were propagated by nodal segments in different concentrations of BAP and GA3: ½MS; ½MS + 0,5mg.L-1 GA3; ½MS + 1,0mg.L-1 GA3; ½MS + 0,5mg.L-1 BAP; ½MS + 0,5mg.L-1 BAP + 0,5mg.L-1 GA3; ½MS + 0,5mg.L-1 BAP + 1,0mg.L-1 GA3; and showed better development when cultivated in ½MS medium free from growth regulators. The lateral buds had not shown morfogenetic development under the conditions of study, besides a large phenolic oxidation had been seen, regardless of the culture medium that had been used, and a high level of microbial contamination, especially bacterial, when buds that had come from basal branches are used. In the enzymatic analysis of lateral buds that were cultivated in vitro in a process of oxidation, had been realized that the activity of peroxidase had declined through the time, suggesting the loss of organogenetic potential, but the activity of polyphenoloxidase had tended to increase during the oxidation process of explants. / O cultivo in vitro é uma ferramenta de grande importância na produção de mudas com qualidade fitossanitária. O Tapeinochilos ananassae (Hassk) K. Schum é uma espécie tropical com grande aceitação no mercado floricultor mundial. No Nordeste brasileiro, vem enfrentando sérios problemas fitossanitários causados principalmente pelo Rhabdovirus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de diferentes explantes no cultivo in vitro de T. ananassae, incluindo o estudo de variáveis bioquímicas e anatômicas. Para isso, gemas laterais e embriões zigóticos maduros foram inoculados em meio MS completo ou reduzido à metade da força iônica, utilizando três fontes de antioxidantes: ácido ascórbico, carvão ativado e PVP, nas concentrações 0,25g L-1; 3,0g L-1 e 0,5g L-1. O meio de cultivo ½MS suplementado com 3,0g. L-1 de carvão ativado promoveu um maior índice de sucesso no estabelecimento de embriões zigóticos. As plantas formadas a partir da cultura de embriões foram propagadas por segmentos nodais em diferentes concentrações de BAP e GA3: ½MS; ½MS+0,5mg.L-1 GA3; ½MS+1,0mg. L-1 GA3; ½MS+0,5mg.L-1 BAP; ½MS+0,5mg.L-1 BAP+0,5mg.L-1 GA3; ½MS+0,5mg.L-1 BAP+1,0mg.L-1 GA3. O meio de cultivo constituído de ½ dos sais MS e isento de reguladores de crescimento mostrou-se mais adequado para o cultivo de segmentos nodais de T. ananassae. As gemas laterais não apresentaram desenvolvimento morfogênico nas condições de estudo deste trabalho. Além disso, foi observado grande oxidação fenólica, independentemente do meio de cultivo utilizado, e elevado índice de contaminação microbiana, sobretudo bacteriana, quando do uso de gemas advindas de ramos basais. Nas análises enzimáticas das gemas laterais cultivadas in vitro em processo de oxidação, percebeu-se que a atividade da peroxidase decaiu ao longo do tempo, sugerindo a perda do potencial organogenético; já a atividade da polifenoloxidase tendeu a aumentar ao longo do processo de oxidação dos explantes.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.