Hyptis Jacq., Lamiaceae, subtribo Hyptidinae, ocorre nas regiões semiáridas tropicais da América e da África. Compreendendo cerca de 144 espécies, e é composto por ervas ou arbustos com caule quadrangular e estames epipétalos. Conhecido por ser fortemente aromático e comumente utilizado na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de infecções gastrointestinais, cólicas, dores, perturbações da pele, malária e como repelente de mosquitos. Este trabalho propõe uma avaliação dos potenciais antioxidante, antimicrobiano e anti-HIV-1 de diferentes extratos e fases produzidas a partir de folhas e eixos caulinares de H. lacustres e a realização de triagem fitoquímica dos mesmos. Para tanto, fragmentos de caule e folhas foram secos em estufa e triturados; o pó obtido foi submetido à maceração em etanol por sete dias, à temperatura ambiente. O extrato bruto hidroetanólico foi liofilizado e, parte do extrato, particionada com hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. Após as fases serem secas, foi realizada a caracterização das substâncias por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM) e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE-DAD). As frações obtidas foram identificadas com o auxílio de técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de 1H, 13C e DEPT 135, sendo isolados e identificados três diterpenoides abietanos: sugiol, horminona e 7-O-acetilhorminona. Os diterpenoides abietanos de duas frações foram identificados com técnicas de RMN e CG-EM, uma fração constituída por uma mistura de ácidos graxos com o diterpenoide abietano 6,7-dehidroferruginol e uma fração constituída por dois diterpenoides abietanos (8β-hidroxi-9(11),13-abietadien-12-one e ferruginol) e ácidos graxos. A avaliação do potencial antioxidante foi realizada pelos métodos de sequestro dos radicais DPPH e ABTS, atividade redutora de ferro (III), atividade quelante de ferro e ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity). A fase de acetato de etila foi a mais promissora nos ensaios realizados, com valores de EC50 de 16,73 μg mL-1 para DPPH, 5,18 μg mL-1 para ABTS, 44,75 μg mL-1 para quelante, 5,35 μg mL-1 para FRAP e 0,81 μg mL-1 para o ORAC. Para o teste de potencial antimicrobiano utilizou-se o método de microdiluição em caldo dos inóculos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Bacillus subtilis. A fase hexânica foi a mais promissora contra B. subtilis (MIC50 de 8,87 μg mL-1) com o sugiol e a horminona apresentando MIC50 de 190,92 e 81,97 μM respectivamente. Os ensaios para a avaliação do potencial anti-HIV-1 foram realizados por meio de método colorimétrico com o uso do Kit Elisa RT (Roche), sendo a fase hidrometanólica a mais promissora, MIC50 de 230 μg mL-1 / Hyptis Jacq. belongs to Lamiaceae, subtribe Hyptidinae, occurring in the semiarid tropical regions of America and Africa. Comprising 144 species, this genus has herbs or shrubs with squared stems and epipetals stamens. Hyptis is heavily fragrant and used in popular medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, cramps, pains, skins diseases, malaria and mosquito repellent. The aims of this research was evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-HIV potential of different extracts and phases produced with leaves and stems of H. lacustris, and performe their phytochemical screening. Fragments of stems and leaves were dried and powdered; the powder was macerated in ethanol 70% for seven days in room temperature. The ethanol extract was freeze-dried and part of it was partitioned with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Phases were chemical characterized by the use of gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained fractions were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of 1H, 13C and DEPT 135, and were identified three isolated abietane diterpenes: sugiol, horminone and 7-O-acetylhorminone. The abietane diterpenoids components of two fractions were identified by NMR and GC-MS techniques: one fraction as a mixture of fatty acids and 6,7-dehydroferruginol; and the other a mixture of fatty acids and two abietane diterpenoids (8β-hydroxy-9(11),13-abietadien-12-one and ferruginol). The antioxidant potential was evaluated using the following methods: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, iron reducing ability, iron chelating activity and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity). The ethyl acetate phase was the most promising in all assays, EC50 of 16.73 μg mL-1 for DPPH, 5.18 μg mL-1 for ABTS, 44.75 μg mL-1 for iron chelating, 5.35 μg mL-1 for iron reducing and 0.81 μg mL-1 for ORAC. For the antimicrobial assay was used the broth microdilution method with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The hexane phase was the most promising against B. subtilis (MIC50 8.87 μg mL-1). Sugiol and horminone also had activity against B. subtillis, MIC50 190.92 and 81.97 ?M, respectively. A colorimetric assay kit produced by Roche was used to evaluate the anti-HIV potential, being the hydromethanolic phase the most promising among all phases, presenting MIC50 of 230 μg mL-1

Phenolic substances were detected in the celery (Apium graveolens) in three species. Monitoring the phenolics were accomplished in the raw state of the plant, in the plant that was cooked, in the stock and in the dried state. In this master´s thesis are summarized results that were measured, methodology relating to the measurement as well as a description of cultivation of those plants. From the results arise that the smallest amount of phenolic substances has an extract from cooked celery. The biggest amount of phenolic substances is in the raw celery´s stalk as well as in the dried celery. In the celery were identified another three phenolics - Apigenin, Kaempferol, and Lureolin.

Propõe-se um conjunto de parâmetros e respectivos métodos para análise de amostras de própolis bruta e tinturas de própolis, com vistas ao seu controle químico. Para amostras de própolis bruta, propõe-se a determinação dos teores de fenóis totais, flavonóides, ácidos fenólicos, ceras, cinzas, substâncias voláteis e resíduo seco. Para a análise de tinturas, propõe-se a determinação dos quatro primeiros ítens acima, acrescidos do teor de álcool etílico e densidade. A adequação dos métodos apresentados para a determinação de fenóis totais, flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos foi avaliada através de sua aplicação a uma mistura contendo quantidades conhecidas de flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos. O percentual das diferenças entre os teores reais e os teores medidos na mistura padrão situaram-se sempre abaixo de 10,0%. O emprego do conjunto de análises propostas é exemplificado, através da determinação dos parâmetros em amostras de própolis bruta, coletadas em distintas localidades do Brasil, e em amostras de tinturas etanólicas e hidroalcoólicas de própolis. Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata, o que permitiu verificar que os métodos propostos apresentam boa reprodutibilidade. As amostras de própolis analisadas apresentam teores de fenóis totais cerca de 30% inferiores à média dos resultados relatados para amostras de origem européia. Os teores de flavonóides encontrados são muito pequenos, se comparados com os valores geralmente reportados para amostras de própolis de regiões temperadas. / A number of parameters and respective methods of analysis for chemical control of samples and tinctures of propolis is presented. It is suggested the determination of the contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids, waxes, ashes, volatile substances and dry residue for chemical control of samples of crude propolis. For propolis tinctures, in addition to the first four parameters it is proposed the determination of the density and the content of ethyl alcohol. The validity of the proposed methods for quantification of total phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids was evaluated by means of analysis of a mixture containing known quantities of several flavonoids and phenolic acids. The percentages of the differences between the actual contents and the measured quantities in the standard mixture remained always below 10,0%. The utility of the proposed methods is shown by the determination of the proposed parameters in samples of crude propolis collected in distinct localities of Brasil, and also in samples of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic tinctures of propolis. Because all assays were conducted as triplicates it was possible to demonstrate that all methods present good reproducibility. The samples of crude propolis assayed showed contents of total phenolics 30% below the average of the values reported for samples of propolis from Europe. The contents of flavonoids are also relatively small when compred with the contents generally reported for samples of propolis from temperate regions.

The work has been inquired into the problem of content determination of phenolic substances in medicinal plants traditionally used in Czech Republic. Phenolic substances belong to a group of natural compounds, which are purely plant origin. Flavonoids are a part of this extensive group of compounds. As for flavonoids, most attention is paid to quercetin and rutin. It is caused by their easy availability and very significant biological activity. These compounds embody a lot of positive biological effects. They have expressive antioxidant properties, inhibit lipid peroxidation, scavenge free oxygen radicals and bond into the chelates they inactivate some prooxidant metal ions. The latest researches have shown that thanks to their properties natural flavonoids can occurence of chronical diseases, such as arterosklerosis, cardiovascular or tumor disorder. Flavonoids are exploited both in traditional and modern medicine. Same other studies have evidenced that valuable sources of these biologically effective substances are traditionally used medicinal plants. Content of phenolic substances was determined by method of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) in collection of 8 medicinal plants usually used in Czech Republic. For analysis was used freeze-dried and dried plant material. In freeze-dried material was found the highest content of total quercetin in Filipendula ulmaria L. (14200 mg/kg of dry weight) and in Betula pendula Roth. (11800 mg/kg of dry weight). The highest content of rutin contained Sambucus nigra L. (17700 mg/kg of dry weight). Similar values was measured in dried plant material. The content of total quercetin and rutin during drying was unchanged.

Propõe-se um conjunto de parâmetros e respectivos métodos para análise de amostras de própolis bruta e tinturas de própolis, com vistas ao seu controle químico. Para amostras de própolis bruta, propõe-se a determinação dos teores de fenóis totais, flavonóides, ácidos fenólicos, ceras, cinzas, substâncias voláteis e resíduo seco. Para a análise de tinturas, propõe-se a determinação dos quatro primeiros ítens acima, acrescidos do teor de álcool etílico e densidade. A adequação dos métodos apresentados para a determinação de fenóis totais, flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos foi avaliada através de sua aplicação a uma mistura contendo quantidades conhecidas de flavonóides e ácidos fenólicos. O percentual das diferenças entre os teores reais e os teores medidos na mistura padrão situaram-se sempre abaixo de 10,0%. O emprego do conjunto de análises propostas é exemplificado, através da determinação dos parâmetros em amostras de própolis bruta, coletadas em distintas localidades do Brasil, e em amostras de tinturas etanólicas e hidroalcoólicas de própolis. Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata, o que permitiu verificar que os métodos propostos apresentam boa reprodutibilidade. As amostras de própolis analisadas apresentam teores de fenóis totais cerca de 30% inferiores à média dos resultados relatados para amostras de origem européia. Os teores de flavonóides encontrados são muito pequenos, se comparados com os valores geralmente reportados para amostras de própolis de regiões temperadas. / A number of parameters and respective methods of analysis for chemical control of samples and tinctures of propolis is presented. It is suggested the determination of the contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids, waxes, ashes, volatile substances and dry residue for chemical control of samples of crude propolis. For propolis tinctures, in addition to the first four parameters it is proposed the determination of the density and the content of ethyl alcohol. The validity of the proposed methods for quantification of total phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids was evaluated by means of analysis of a mixture containing known quantities of several flavonoids and phenolic acids. The percentages of the differences between the actual contents and the measured quantities in the standard mixture remained always below 10,0%. The utility of the proposed methods is shown by the determination of the proposed parameters in samples of crude propolis collected in distinct localities of Brasil, and also in samples of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic tinctures of propolis. Because all assays were conducted as triplicates it was possible to demonstrate that all methods present good reproducibility. The samples of crude propolis assayed showed contents of total phenolics 30% below the average of the values reported for samples of propolis from Europe. The contents of flavonoids are also relatively small when compred with the contents generally reported for samples of propolis from temperate regions.

This Diploma thesis talks about the production of concentrates and lyophilisate from the extract of elderberry moldlings (elderberry, Sambuvus nigra L.) and by determination by chosen chemical characteristics of these products. The theoretical part includes the botanical characteristics of the plant species Sambucus nigra L. Next is the part that is dedicated to biologicaly active substances found in elderberry and it‘s possible usage in the food industry. Next is the part where the extraction, purification and indentification of anthocyanic dyes are described. In the next part is the analyrical method HPLC described, including the description of instrumentation. The last part talks about the description of the used methods: methods for the concentration of the extract, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, determination of phenolic compounds, determination of dry matter, determination of active acidity and the overall titrating acidity. The experimental part contained the optimalization of the process of producing the extract from elderberry moldings. The extract obtained was then concentrated for preservation and characterization purposes based on selected chemical properties. The total content of anthocyanin dyes was chosen as a quality parameter. The most suitable process for the preparation of the extract was chosen to be the ratio of moldings and solvent 1:2, 4 (m/V). The most suitable solvent was chosen to be a mixture of water and ethanol in a ratio of 1:1 (V/V). According to the needs of the submitter, an extract with the use of water as the extraction agent is also provided. The prepared extract was then concentrated on a vacuum evaporator or lyophilized for storage purposes. The dye degradation while using the evaporator was the lowest in a 40 ° C water bath. The final products were characterized by the determination of soluble solids, pH, titration acidity, total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanin dyes. The anthocyanin pigments contained identified by liquid chromatography are: cyanidine-3-sambubioside, cyanidine-3-glucoside, cyanidine-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, and cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside The total content of anthocyanins in the concentrate was determined to be equivalent to cyanidine-3-glucoside at 2.8 gl-1 and in the lyophilisate 2.5 gl-1.