ABSTRACT This study describes selected aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the G|ui language, a poorly documented endangered Khoe (Central Khoisan) language spoken in Botwana. It conducts instrumental phonetic investigations, namely analyses of palatograms, linguograms, aerodynamic recordings, sound spectrograms, spectra, waveforms, and pitch measurements, in order to provide an objective basis for the detailed description of phonetic features of consonants, vowels, and tones. The description includes phonetic and phonological topics, involving consonants, vowels, and tones, and in addition, it deals with relevant morphological phenomena, such as the compound verb, verbal reduplication and verbal suffixes. This research also explores some theoretical issues, such as the unitary nature of clicks and their accompaniments, the integration of the clicks and non-clicks within a single set of features, the correct interpretation of tonal structure. Two types of historical sound shifts are also dealt with: namely, palatalization which is involved in the nonclick consonant system, and the click replacement which is involved in the click consonant system. In addition to the phonetic and phonological topics, selected aspects of the sociolinguistic profile of this endangered language are also documented.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / The original purpose of the dissertation was to settle as closely as possible by philological means the question of date and place of the Macro Castle of Perseverance. However, in the initial stages of the study it was discovered that the play had undergone some redactions before it was written down in the Macro version. The purpose then became twofold: to separate the redactions from the original part of the play and study them for any light they might throw not only on The Castle of Perseverance but also on the evolution of the morality itself as a dramatic form; and to settle the problem of date and place of the redacted portions as well as of the original. The redacted parts of the play were separated from the original by means of such criteria as meter, alliteration, style, grammar, syntax, and dramatic effectiveness. The method for dating and locating the work consisted of a close linguistic analysis in an attempt to find phonological, morphological, and lexioal features which might be indicative of specific place and date. [TRUNCATED]

Orientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é a análise da atribuição do acento no galego-português, período trovadoresco, tomado a partir de sua realização nas cantigas religiosas remanescentes - as Cantigas de Santa Maria, de Afonso X. Desta forma, esta dissertação consiste no estudo de um aspecto da Fonologia do Português Medieval, na sua dimensão prosódica, a partir de uma comparação das características lingüísticas das cantigas medievais profanas (estudadas anteriormente por Massini-Cagliari, 1995, 1999) com as religiosas. A tese de Massini-Cagliari (1995) inaugura no Brasil a metodologia empregada na presente pesquisa. Tal metodologia centra-se na busca das características prosódicas de línguas mortas ou de períodos passados de línguas vivas na estrutura métrico-poética da poesia sobrevivente. Em parte, a proposta baseia-se em metodologias adotadas em trabalhos anteriores sobre outras línguas (sobretudo inglês) - especialmente Halle e Keyser (1971). Mas, na maior parte, baseia-se na observação da estrutura das cantigas medievais galegoportuguesas e de como a contagem das sílabas poéticas e a concatenação dos acentos (poéticos) deixa entrever as características da língua sobre as quais os versos são construídos. Assim, a partir do diálogo estabelecido com a tese de Massini-Cagliari (1995) - e sobretudo com a versão revista e publicada dessa tese (Massini-Cagliari, 1999) -, o objetivo foi observar se, no discurso religioso, muito mais rico em léxico do que as cantigas de amigo estudadas por Massini-Cagliari, podem ser encontrados padrões não mapeados por essa pesquisadora em sua análise. A análise feita no interior do quadro teórico inaugurado pelas teorias fonológicas nãolineares, especialmente pela Fonologia Métrica Paramétrica de Hayes (1995), mostrou que, nas cantigas religiosas, há padrões prosódicos, quanto ao acento...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation aims to analyse stress attribution in Medieval Portuguese. The corpus is composed by Alfonso X’s Cantigas de Santa Maria. In this way, it studies one aspect of Medieval Portuguese Phonology, on its prosodic dimension, establishing a comparison of the linguistic characteristics in religious and secular medieval cantigas (studied previously by Massini-Cagliari, 1995, 1999). Massini-Cagliari (1995) thesis inaugurates in Brazil the methodology used in the present research. Such methodology is based on the search of prosodic characteristics of dead languages or past periods of alive languages in the metrical poetic structure of the surviving poetry. The proposal is partly based on methodologies adopted in previous works about other languages (mainly English) - especially Halle and Keyser (1971). But for the most part it is based on medieval cantigas structure observation and on the abstraction of Galician- Portuguese linguistic characteristics from scansion of poetic syllables and concatenation of poetic prominences. This dissertation establishes a dialogue with Massini-Cagliari (1995, 1999), objecting to verify whether it is possible to find in the religious discourse of Cantigas de Santa Maria (lexically richer than the secular cantigas de amigo) prosodic patterns that could not be found previously in Massini-Cagliari approach. The data are analysed from Non-Linear Phonology theoretical approach, especially Parametrical Metrical Phonology - Hayes (1995). The results show that there are, in Alfonso X’s Cantigas de Santa Maria, prosodic stress patterns that could not be found in cantigas de amigo, such as non-adverbial oxytones ended by light syllables and paroxytones ended by closed syllables (mainly by nasal consonants). Concerning these exceptional patterns, this dissertation proposes that, in the case of paroxytones ended by closed syllables, the final nasal is extrametrical, because there is in fact variation between the forms. / Mestre

Orientador(a): Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Resumo: O objetivo da presente tese é estudar as fricativas (sibilantes e chiantes) nas cantigas trovadorescas, a partir das relações existentes entre letras e sons e as possíveis grafias nas cantigas religiosas e profanas. O corpus é composto por 50 Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), das 420 cantigas marianas em louvor à Virgem Maria, compiladas em galego-português por Afonso X, e por 150 cantigas profanas, sendo 50 cantigas de amigo, 50 cantigas de amor e 50 cantigas de escárnio e maldizer. A metodologia utilizada baseia-se na análise das rimas e das variações gráficas presentes nas cantigas trovadorescas, o que nos possibilitou um estudo inédito sobre a realização fônica das fricativas (sibilantes e chiantes) de uma época da língua em que não há mais falantes vivos. Além disso, fez parte dos procedimentos metodológicos de nossa pesquisa a consulta a glossários, rimários e dicionários do português medieval, material que nos auxiliou no mapeamento das rimas nas cantigas medievais. A análise do sistema consonantal do Português Arcaico (PA), para estabelecer se havia ou não oposição entre os sons representados pelos grafemas focalizados, foi embasada no modelo estruturalista de Pike (1971 [1947]) e em obras que retomam o modelo de Pike, como Cagliari (2002), Souza e Santos (2012), Ferreira Netto (2011), Pickering (2010). Através da análise dos dados, verificamos que as consoantes fricativas na posição de onset silábico nas cantigas religiosas e profanas se comportam de maneira um pouco di... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to study (sibilant and nonsibilant) fricatives on medieval cantigas as from the existing relation among graphemes and represented sounds and possible spelling in religious and secular songs. The corpus is composed by 50 Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM in Portuguese acronyms), extracted from 420 Marian songs to worship the Virgin Mary, compiled in Galician-Portuguese by Afonso X, and 150 secular songs, composed by 50 cantigas de amigo (= friend songs), 50 cantigas de amor (= love songs) and 50 cantigas de escárnio e maldizer (= satirical songs). The methodology is based on the analysis of rhymes and spelling variations presented on medieval songs, in order to study the phonetic realization of fricatives from a language time with no more living speakers. In addition, our research consultation on glossaries, rhyming dictionaries and dictionaries of medieval Portuguese was part of the methodological procedure. The analysis of the consonantal system of archaic Portuguese (PA in Portuguese acronyms) to establish whether there was or not opposition among sounds represented by the focused graphemes was based on the structuralist model of Pike (1971 [1947]) and on contributions which resume Pike's model, as Cagliari (2002), Sousa and Santos (2012), Ferreira Netto (2011), Pickering (2010). Through data analysis, we verified that fricative consonants on onset syllabic position present a little different behavior in religious and secular cantigas. Sounds repr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The thesis is an attempt to apply procedures of descriptive linguistic analysis to a body of material phonetically transcribed by Leo J. Frachtenberg in the Mary's River dialect of the central Kalapuyan language. In 1913-14 Frachtenberg collected thirteen volumes of myth texts in Mary's River, twelve from William Hartless and one from Grace Wheeler; in addition, there were notes to the texts, three volumes of grammatical notes, and some ethnographic material. The phonetic transcription was carried out in the pre- phonemic tradition of recording everything the speaker said as accurately as possible. There was no attempt to elicit forms in a manner which would establish which sounds were "the same" to the speaker, resulting in a considerable proliferation of variations of forms. The main methodological problem, therefore, has been to sort out phonetic variation and phonemic contrast. This task was more difficult because no complete morphemic analysis exists as yet, so that morphophonemic alternations created additional complications. My method consisted first of tallying the forms that occurred, to establish those variants found most frequently (modal forms). The modal forms were examined to discover patterns of contrast and complementary distribution; those variants of forms which were not modally distributed, and single examples, were then compared to help confirm or modify the emerging phonemic patterns. I arrived at a system of 21 consonants, six vowels, four diphthongs, and phonemic stress. This includes two obstruent series, glottalized and unglottalized, five fricatives, three resonants; and two glides. The vowels are high to mid front, low center, and high to mid back, with length distinctive. One pair of diphthongs is also distinguished by length; the others involve non-phonemic length. Consonant clusters are limited to two members initially and finally. A number of uncertainties remain. These include the behavior of glottal stops and aspiration in final and medial position, the variation in vowel length, the distribution of velars, the distribution of diphthongs, and the relationships between /w/ and / u / , /y/ and /i/, and /f/ and /w/. These may be clarified when the morphemic analysis is complete. The phonemic system appears to resemble most closely that of the neighboring Molala, although the lexicon and grammar show only slight similarities; the related Takelma also seems quite similar phonologically. Since phonological features can be borrowed by one language from another, and in the Northwest frequently have been, further examination of such resemblances may shed light on former historical contacts between Kalapuyan speakers and other groups.

This dissertation investigates the processing of speech variability, allophonic and indexical variation in Japanese. A series of speech perception experiments were conducted with reduced and fully voiced vowels in Japanese as a test case. Reduced vowels should be difficult for listeners to hear because they are acoustically less salient than fully voiced vowels, due to the lack of relevant physiological properties. On the other hand, reduced vowels between voiceless consonants represent more common phonological patterns than fully voiced vowels. Furthermore, previous studies found that Japanese listeners were capable of hearing completely deleted vowels. Listeners intuitively maintain CV syllables in perception, hearing a vowel after each consonant in order to avoid obstruent clusters (a violation of Japanese phonotactics).It was found that listeners made good use of acoustic, phonological, and phonotactic knowledge of their native language for processing allophonic variants. In word recognition, listeners performed better when reduced vowels were in the environment where vowel reduction was expected. The phonological appropriateness of an allophone was judged in relation to adjacent consonants on both sides, and the facilitatory effect of appropriateness of reduced vowels surpassed the inhibitory effect of their acoustic weakness. However, in terms of sound detection, listeners found reduced and fully voiced vowels equally easy to hear in an environment where vowel reduction was expected. Although reduced vowels were phonologically appropriate between voiceless consonants, the phonological appropriateness merely balanced out acoustic weakness; it was not strong enough to surpass it. In addition, the phonological appropriateness of an allophone was judged based only on the preceding consonant, which suggests that listeners processed sounds linearly. Furthermore, the study found that phonological appropriateness of the allophone was affected by dialectal differences and speech rates. Listeners' preference for a certain allophone was influenced by the phonology of a listeners' native dialect and expectation was skewed by fast speech rates.This study suggests that current speech perception models need modification to account for the processing of speech variability taking language-specific phonological knowledge into consideration. The study demonstrated that it is important to investigate at which stage phonological inference takes place during processing.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1956.

No description available.

No description available.