19世紀英美傳教士為佈教需要，在粤東潮汕地區留下了許多記錄當地方言的材料。這些材料採用字母記音，著重記錄當時當地口語情況，彌補了傳統韻書只記音類不標實際發音的缺陷，是考察19世紀音系、研究語音歷時演變的重要資源。本文旨在考察11本粤東潮汕地區傳教士語料，構建19世紀潮汕地區方言音系的同時，運用歷時比較的方法，分析一百多年來方言語音演變現象，探索其中的機制和規律，並以歷時音變研究成果為基礎，考察與傳教士語料年代相近的方言韻書及與其相關的研究。 / 本文首先通過考察傳教士語料的編寫說明、音值符號和記音地點，用窮盡式語料檢索方法，描寫、比較各語料音系，構建19世紀潮汕地區方言音系，確定19世紀傳教士語料音系，是以潮州府城（今天潮州市區）方言為主，夾雜汕頭、澄海音系特點的事實。之後，論文通過考察潮州方言輔音韻尾在一百多年來的演變，明確了輔音韻尾演變的兩種類型，並為這種演變找到起始音類，同時為聲化韻ŋ找到了演變路徑。研究又以文白異讀現象及其歷時演變為考察對象，總結了文白異讀的演變趨勢和規律，並釐清了同一音值不同層次分屬、「去鼻化音變」作用下的層次性差異、遇攝字ou韻母存古屬性、潮州方言陽聲韻攝vN類韻母白讀層特徵、陽聲韻鼻化元音來自鼻音尾等問題，並藉-m/-p韻尾演變模式，豐富、拓展了「鼻音、塞音韻尾演變階段」理論。最後，藉上述研究成果，我們檢驗以往學者對《韓江聞見錄》、《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》和《擊木知音》的研究情況，梳理了這些材料的音類分合和歸屬特徵。 / 採用歷時比較、邏輯推理與文獻互證相結合的研究方法，並藉科學的量化統計模式，我們從多角度考量傳教士語料，對一百多年來潮州方言語音演變現象作有效的探索和考究。 / In the 19th Century, in order to assist the missionary work, many Anglo-American Christian missionaries published dialect records of Chaoshan area. These records are Romanized dialect records reflecting colloquial pronunciations of Chaoshan dialects in the 19th Century, which were neglected by the traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries. They are very important resources for studying the diachronic change of language. This dissertation attempts to construct the phonological systems of Chaoshan dialects, analyze the patterns and rules of the diachronic change phenomena, and evaluate the research results of traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries by investigating 11 kinds of dialect records published by missionaries.. / By comparing the differences of symbols in these dialect records, this dissertation constructs the phonological system of Chaoshan Dialects of the 19th Century and ascertains that it is a phonological system based on Chaozhou City dialect and mixed with some features of Shantou, Chenghai Dialects. And then the dissertation analyzes 2 patterns of coda change of Chaozhou Dialect, finding out the change trigger and the evolutionary process from “ŋ to “ŋ. Literary pronunciations and colloquial pronunciations (文白異讀) are also different between now and the 19th Century. The dissertation proposes the trends and patterns of these pronunciations, discusses the topics of “same sound, different stratums, “denasalization, and “the origin of ‘ou’, ’vN’, and ‘v’, and then examines the theory of coda changes with the “-m/-p evolution pattern. Based on the study, the dissertation evaluates the validity of the research of 4 documents of traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries. / This dissertation synthesizes methods of diachronic comparison, logical judgment and textual studies, and scientific quantitative statistics. In so doing, it explores the dialect records in various aspects and summarizes patterns and rules of the phonological diachronic change of Chaozhou Dialect from Mid-19th to Early 21st Century. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 徐宇航. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 305-322) / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Xu Yuhang. / 論文提要 --- p.I / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 潮汕地區方言研究綜述 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 潮汕地區傳教士語料研究概況 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- 其他地區傳教士語料研究概況 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- 本文的研究材料、內容、方法與目的 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- 研究材料與內容 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 研究方法 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- 研究意義 --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- 研究目的 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- 總結 --- p.15 / Chapter 第二章 --- 傳教士語料概況 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- 語料及語料作者的簡介 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- 語料與語言點的對應關係 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 語料編寫者對語料代表音系的介紹 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 現代潮州、汕頭方言的語音差異 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 潮州、汕頭地名的演變關係 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- 傳教士集中討論的語言學問題 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 傳教士談廣東的方言及潮汕地區方言的內部差異 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 潮汕地區方言在境外的使用情況 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 傳教士談習得潮汕地區方言的方法 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- 潮汕地區方言之有音無字現象 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- 潮汕地區方言的異讀現象 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- 傳教士談潮汕地區方言詞彙的分類 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- 總結 --- p.44 / Chapter 第三章 --- 傳教士語料的符號與音系 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- 語料對潮汕地區方言音值與符號的討論 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dean1841的音值說明 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Giles1877的音值說明 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Fielde1878的音值說明 --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Fielde1883的音值說明 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Duffus1883的音值說明 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Ashmore1884的音值說明 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Lim1886的音值說明 --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Gibson1886的音值說明 --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Steele1924的音值說明 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- 語料的符號與音系 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dean1841的音系 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Giles1877的音系 --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fielde1878的音系 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fielde1883的音系 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Duffus1883的音系 --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Ashmore1884的音系 --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Lim1886的音系 --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Gibson1886的音系 --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Matthew 1889、Genesis 1896的音系 --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Steele 1924的音系 --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3 --- 19世紀潮汕地區方言音系的構建 --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 聲母的符號與音值 --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 韻母的符號與音值 --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 聲調的符號與調值 --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 潮汕地區方言音系的構建 --- p.126 / Chapter 3.4 --- 總結 --- p.128 / Chapter 第四章 --- 潮州方言輔音韻尾演變類型分析 --- p.130 / Chapter 4.1 --- 潮州方言輔音韻尾研究概況 --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2 --- 輔音韻尾類型A的演變特點 --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 山、臻攝字的-n-ŋ/-t-k演變 --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 非山、臻攝字的-n-ŋ/-t-k演變 --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3 --- 類型B的演變特點 --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 19世紀uan/uat類韻母與今天潮州方言uaŋ/uak類韻母的關係 --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- uan/uat類韻母的演變次序與模式 --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4 --- 類型C的演變特點 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- ŋ類韻母在19世紀和今天的分佈 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- ŋ類韻母的來源與演變 --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 19世紀語料ŋ類讀音記錄的異同 --- p.153 / Chapter 4.5 --- 潮州方言一百多年來輔音韻尾演變類型的關係 --- p.155 / Chapter 4.6 --- 總結 --- p.157 / Chapter 第五章 --- 潮州方言文白異讀現象及其演變分析 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.1 --- 潮州（潮汕）方言異讀現象的研究概況 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2. --- 概念的釐清與研究方法的確定 --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 概念的釐清 --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 研究方式的確定 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 文白異讀判斷原則的確定 --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3 --- 潮州方言聲調的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 全清、次清聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 次濁聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.168 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 全濁聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.171 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 潮州方言聲調文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4 --- 潮州方言聲母的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 全清聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.180 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 次清聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.180 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 全濁聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.181 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 次濁聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.182 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 潮州方言聲母文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5 --- 潮州方言韻母的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 各攝韻母的異讀特點及其演變 --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 潮州方言韻母文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.247 / Chapter 5.6 --- 潮州方言一百多年來異讀現象的演變趨勢與規律 --- p.248 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- 演變趨勢分析 --- p.248 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- 演變規律分析 --- p.250 / Chapter 5.7 --- 對Gibson 1886「正音」、「白音」之詮釋 --- p.251 / Chapter 5.8 --- 總結 --- p.254 / Chapter 第六章 --- 潮州方言非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象的思考 --- p.255 / Chapter 6.1 --- 「鼻化元音」現象研究概述 --- p.255 / Chapter 6.2 --- 傳教士語料中的非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象 --- p.256 / Chapter 6.3 --- 解釋非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象的三種觀點 --- p.257 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 「音變條件」說 --- p.258 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 「擴散演變」說 --- p.259 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- 「小稱作用」說 --- p.260 / Chapter 6.4 --- 總結 --- p.261 / Chapter 第七章 --- 與傳教士語料年代相近的方言韻書及其研究情況考察 --- p.262 / Chapter 7.1 --- 方言韻書及其研究概況 --- p.263 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- 潮汕地區方言韻書及相關資料 --- p.264 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- 韻書、方言材料的研究現狀 --- p.265 / Chapter 7.2 --- 《韓江聞見錄》語音記錄之討論 --- p.266 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- 李新魁據《韓江聞見錄》總結的清代潮州方言特點 --- p.267 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- 李新魁「二百年前潮州音特點」與傳教士語料研究結果之比較 --- p.268 / Chapter 7.3 --- 《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》音系討論 --- p.269 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- 《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》的音系 --- p.270 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- 兩本韻書音系的討論 --- p.271 / Chapter 7.4 --- 《擊木知音》音系討論 --- p.272 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- 三種《擊木知音》聲母、聲調構擬的比較 --- p.273 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- 三種《擊木知音》韻母構擬的比較 --- p.274 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- 《擊木知音》音系歸屬的討論 --- p.275 / Chapter 7.5 --- 總結 --- p.276 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結語 --- p.277 / Chapter 8.1 --- 內容與貢獻 --- p.278 / Chapter 8.2 --- 展望與期待 --- p.279 / 參考文獻 --- p.305

No description available.

Thesis (M.A. ( Translation and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The aim of this dissertation is to examine the impact of phonetics and phonology on the Xitsonga orthography. It looks at the history of Xitsonga orthography and the developments from the missionaries’ era in the 1800s until 2013. The study also examines the contribution made by the Tsonga Language Board, the Tsonga Language Committee and Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) in the development of Xitsonga orthography. In addition, the study focuses on the Xitsonga speech sound types and the way they are spelled by the speakers. On the other hand, there are speakers who adhere to the standard orthography whereas on the other hand there are speakers who prefer to use speech sounds according to their respective dialects. The challenges which Xitsonga speakers face on a daily basis have been outlined and what can be done to resolve them. It is suggested that more Xitsonga dictionaries should be written and published and PanSALB should ensure that booklets that deal with Xitsonga spelling rules must be distributed as widely as possible

Thesis (MA)--University of South Africa, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on nasal strengthening and nasal assimilation processes in Tshivenda. Two phonological models are applied in order to present credible descriptions and explanations of these phenomena. After having described the core components of, respectively, the classical Transformational Generative (TG) model of Chomsky & Halle (1968), and the more contemporary feature Geometry (FG) model, analyses of the phenomena are presented. It appears as if the TG model can handle the idiosyncrasies of the language more elegantly, with a sustained high level of credibility. The FG model is unable to render the same results. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op nasaalversterking en nasaalassimilasie in Tshivenda. Twee fonologiese modelle word aangewend om hierdie verskynsels te beskryf en te verklaar. Die klassieke versie van liniêre fonologie, die sogenaamde SPE model van Chomsky en Halle (1968) is eerste aan die orde gestel. Daar is gevind dat dit tot In groot mate daarin slaag om die onderskeie prosesse te verklaar. Nadat die kernkomponente van die sogenaamde FG model verduidelik is, is hierdie modelook toegepas. Verskeie gebreke in die toepassing van hierdie model het na vore gekom. Ten slotte word bevind dat die klassieke TG model die verskynsels meer omvattend kan hanteer as die FG model.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Language and Literature / Master / Master of Arts

<p>This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.  </p>

Purpose: This study examined the effectiveness of two differing interventions to improve the consonant cluster production in six children aged 4-5 years with concomitant speech sound disorder and expressive language difficulty. Method: Participants were selected for the study based on a high incidence of consonant clusters errors in their speech production. All participants had at least 75% of their cluster production attempts in error in their initial speech sample. The participants were randomly assigned to receive 24 hours of either a phonological awareness intervention with integrated speech targets (Gillon & Moriarty, 2005), or a morphosyntax intervention which alternated therapy sessions for language and speech targets (Haskill, Tyler, & Tolbert, 2001) Each intervention was administered in two blocks of 6 weeks separated by a 6-week therapy break. Hour-long small group intervention sessions were attended twice weekly by all participants. Consonant cluster productions were assessed using speech probes and standardised speech assessments. These were administered pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at follow-up 3 months post-intervention. These measures were compared to identify any improvement in (a) word-initial cluster accuracy as a result of /s/ clusters being targeted in the phonological awareness intervention;(b) word-final cluster accuracy as a result of word-final morphemes being targeted in the morphosyntax intervention; and (c) cluster element accuracy as a result of improved production of the phonemes as singletons. Results: The data supported the hypotheses that targeting word-initial clusters in the phonological awareness intervention would lead to improvements in accuracy for target /s/ clusters, non-target /s/ clusters and singleton fricatives. Improvements in production of /s/ clusters, singleton fricatives, and untreated consonant + liquid clusters were significant for all participants in this intervention type. The improvement for word initial /s/ clusters was greater than for the treatment group who received morphosyntax intervention. The data was less convincing for the hypothesis that word-final cluster production would improve following intervention for word-final morphemes in the morphosyntax intervention. Although there was improvement in word-final production for two of the participants in this group, there were similar or greater improvements seen for the children who received phonological awareness intervention in which word-final clusters were not targeted. The data supported the final hypothesis that improved production of singletons following speech intervention for these phonemes would result in improved accuracy for the phonemes when attempted in the context of clusters. All participants had improved accuracy of cluster elements that had been singleton targets during intervention. Conclusion: The data showed that the Phonological Awareness intervention led to significant improvement in production of the target /s/ clusters, and generalised to increased accuracy for production of singleton fricatives, non-target /s/ clusters, and untreated consonant + liquid clusters. The Morphosyntax intervention resulted in less consistent improvement in production for target word-final clusters. In this programme, word-final clusters were implicitly treated through language intervention for word-final morphemes. The data indicates that improvement in consonant cluster production is facilitated when using explicit teaching methods to introduce and practice consonant clusters during intervention with children with speech sound disorder.

In this dissertation I examine partial vowel assimilations, where more than one but less than all vowel features pattern together in a phonological rule. The result of this dissertation research is the 'Height Node Geometry'. The particular innovation this geometry makes is to group the height features ( (high) and (low)) under a separate Height Node, as opposed to having the height features report to the Dorsal Node or the Place Node. Motivation for the Height Node Geometry comes from analyses of several phonological processes. First, removing the height features from under the Dorsal Node and the Place Node facilitates a more natural explanation for reduplication in the Petit Diboum dialect of Fe?fe?-Bamileke. Second, placing the height features above the Place Node but still directly or indirectly under the Supralaryngeal Node provides an account for Tunica partial translaryngeal harmony. Finally, vowel harmony in Ewe involves spreading of (+high) and (+low) in the same environment, arguing for a simpler rule of node spread; hence, I propose that the height features stem from a separate Height Node, instead of directly to the Supralaryngeal Node.

This dissertation proposes a formal model of phonological performance, Double Lookup, that also has empirical consequences for theories of phonological competence. The most significant of these is the Productivity Hypothesis, the claim that the ordering of rules derives from their relative productivity. According to Double Lookup, the use of phonological knowledge during speech production occurs in two steps. First, forms are retrieved from memory; second, phonological rules are retrieved from memory and applied, if appropriate, to the retrieved forms. Phonological patterns may be applied during speech in this way or be prepatterned (stored as patterns across lexical items in memory). The productivity of a rule is defined to be the likelihood of its being retrieved and applied during speech production. In general, less productive rules are more likely to be prepatterned than more productive rules. The Productivity Hypothesis then follows: Because prepatterned forms are retrieved before rules are retrieved and applied, less productive rules will be ordered before more productive rules. Double Lookup and the Productivity Hypothesis are tested in several ways. First it is shown that the ordering of partially productive rules in English, as determined using standard linguistic methods, corresponds with their ranking in productivity, as determined through experiments described in the literature and through original surveys of speech errors. The application of fully productive rules in English is also shown to be consistent with the Productivity Hypothesis; fully productive rules do not apply in a linear sequence, but rather interact in accordance with universal principles. All apparent counterexamples actually involve less than fully productive rules. Next it is shown that the phenomenon referred to in the literature as cyclicity is correctly predicted to arise under certain well-defined circumstances, as when a rule is both prepatterned and very productive. In addition, it is shown that there are large categories of examples that cannot be handled by the notion of cyclicity at all, but find a simple account within Double Lookup. Finally, evidence for the model is summarized by comparing it with other models of rule ordering which face conceptual and empirical problems Double Lookup avoids.

In the first part of this study, autosegmental phonology is applied to Copala Trique, an Otomanguean language spoken in Oaxaca, Mexico. This language has five contrastive tone levels, for which three features are proposed: {HIGH}, {CENTRAL}, and {EXTREME}. Tone occurs distinctively, however, only on the word-final syllable and, in some words, also on a nonfinal syllable that has a lexically linked tone pattern. The predictable tone on the remaining syllables is supplied by an epenthesis rule. The postvocalic laryngeals and h interact closely with tone, and they are analyzed as part of the tonal tier, rather than as part of the segmental tier. A third postvocalic laryngeal, , is also posited; this is an abstract segment that imposes ballistic features on the vowel with which it is associated. In the second part of the study, the above phonological analysis is applied to the description of three morphological phenomena that involve tone and laryngeals. The first is a set of three tone-laryngeal replacements. These replacements constitute an intermediate level of abstraction between the morphosyntactic category that they realize, such as potential aspect or denominal adjective, and individual morphological rules. The second phenomenon is tone sandhi, in which the tone of a word is raised in a complex, but completely predictable, way immediately preceding certain pronouns. The third phenomenon is clitic pronouns, which pattern syntactically as heads of noun phrases, but are invariably realized as a change in the tone-laryngeal representation of the preceding word. Because both sandhi rules and clitic pronoun attachment apply postlexically, yet require access to morphological information, these two phenomena constitute significant counterexamples to the current theoretical claim that all rules that require morphological information apply in the lexicon. A brief concluding chapter evaluates the analysis, summarizes the theoretical implications of the findings, and suggests areas for future research.