This study investigates innovative sound sequences in Japanese. A relatively large number of phonological changes have occurred in the short period of time since WWII, mainly due to an influx of loanwords from English. However, innovative sound sequences have not been accepted in Japanese uniformly. This fact raises two questions. Why are some innovative sound sequences fully accepted in Japanese while others are still foreignisms? Why are certain sound sequences acceptable in one situation, but not so in others?Previous studies on innovative sound sequences in modern standard Japanese have tried to solve these problems by establishing innovative lexical strata, such as "Assimilated Foreign" and "Unassimilated Foreign." However, this study found that the distribution of innovative sound sequences is much more complex than previously believed. Furthermore, in many cases, the acceptance of innovative sound sequences is word-by-word or speaker-by-speaker. This suggests that the cause of the distribution of innovative sound sequences in Japanese is better described as an intricate interaction among various extra-grammatical factors, such as processes of borrowing, speakers' socioeconomic status, influence of English education, acoustic and articulatory phonetics, the writing system, and historical linguistic factors.

<p>This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.  </p>

<p>This essay investigates how certain word-final Swedish rimes are integrated phonologically into Turkish by means of suffixation. Specific Swedish rimes have been selected for their unusual characteristics from the perspective of Turkish phonology such as vowel and consonant quantity as well as coda phonotactics. The data have been collected in an experiment, which involved the oral translation of a Swedish text including potential borrowings such as proper names and place names. The participants were advanced bilingual speakers of the standard varieties of Turkish and Swedish living in Stockholm. Two phonological properties of Turkish are relevant for this essay. Firstly, every word-final rime must have a vocalic, palatal and labial classification in order to be licensed for suffixation. Secondly, Turkish has a large and diverse periphery in its phonological lexicon due to faithful or partially faithful adaptation of a plethora of historical loanwords. The focus of the investigation is if the new borrowings are integrated into the core or into the periphery of the Turkish phonological lexicon or alternatively how faithful their integration is to the Swedish originals. In terms of resolving j-final coda cluster problems, the popular strategies are found to be palatalization, deletion and metathesis. The main body of data displays low faithfulness to the Swedish originals as well as an underutilization of the Turkish periphery. The participants are found to use the periphery of their phonological lexicon to a high degree for established words in Turkish but only to a limited extent when adapting new borrowings from Swedish into Turkish. This finding is explained by the fact that the structural and sociolinguistic conditions are not conducive to periphery maintenance in the present context in contrast to the historical context during the inflow of Arabic and Persian loanwords.</p>

Japanese contains many words borrowed from English, which differ from the source word both phonologically and/or semantically. This study examined how short classroom interventions can facilitate recognizing (i) the spoken forms of these words in English, and (ii) semantic differences between loanwords and their English counterparts. Thirty participants were divided into 3 groups: an English-only treatment group, a Japanese English treatment group, and a control group. Each group completed a pretest requiring them to (i) identify loan words pronounced in English, and (ii) provide the meanings of these words. Thereafter the first group was given the correct English pronunciation and meanings of these words without reference to their Japanese counterparts. The second group was explicitly taught the difference between the English and Japanese versions. To assess the efficacy of the 2 treatments, the groups were given a posttest. Results confirmed that the contrastive method is the most effective.

Japanese contains many words borrowed from English, which differ from the source word both phonologically and/or semantically. This study examined how short classroom interventions can facilitate recognizing (i) the spoken forms of these words in English, and (ii) semantic differences between loanwords and their English counterparts. Thirty participants were divided into 3 groups: an English-only treatment group, a Japanese English treatment group, and a control group. Each group completed a pretest requiring them to (i) identify loan words pronounced in English, and (ii) provide the meanings of these words. Thereafter the first group was given the correct English pronunciation and meanings of these words without reference to their Japanese counterparts. The second group was explicitly taught the difference between the English and Japanese versions. To assess the efficacy of the 2 treatments, the groups were given a posttest. Results confirmed that the contrastive method is the most effective.

There has been an increase in interest among researchers in the study of loanword phonology, but only limited studies have been carried out on the phonology of English loanwords in Arabic. Thus, there is a need for more linguistic studies to shed light on the borrowing of English loanwords into Arabic. A significant issue that has been the subject of an ongoing debate is whether adaptation processes are part of perception or production. This study investigated the phonology of English loanwords in Arabic. In the process, it discussed the phonetic and phonemic approaches that have been controversial in loanword adaptation. The study questioned whether the absence of phonemes in the Arabic phonemic inventory equivalent to certain English target phonemes affected EFL and ESL learners' pronunciation of English loanwords differently. It also examined whether they substituted phonemes, and if so, whether the two groups of speakers used the same phonemes for substitution or used different ones. A list of 29 loanwords was compiled and used to examine the productions of 15 EFL learners from Salman University and 15 ESL learners from the Center for English as a Second Language in Southern Illinois University. Examining the effects of the Arabic Ll on the production of loanwords via transfer, approximation, the Markedness Differential Hypothesis, and Optimality Theory showed that these English loanwords had undergone certain phonological modifications. Both EFL and ESL learners reflected native Arabic phonological processes, while only ESL learners reflected universal patterns, such as VOT approximation, that followed neither the phonological system of Arabic nor that of English. Consequently, the findings of the study contribute to a better understanding of how both phonology and phonetics are related to English loanwords in Arabic. Further research is suggested to investigate different aspects of loanword phonology, such as the effects of orthography.

The study analyses the influence of the English language over Lithuanian and Russian lexis and explores the main tendencies. The aim of the research is to describe English borrowings in Lithuanian and Russian mass media in the last two decades. The objectives of my analysis are: to describe main factors (linguistic and extra linguistic) which influence the influx of the English borrowings; to reveal usage tendencies of the loanwords in the Russian and Lithuanian languages, and present examples of modern borrowings; to classify English borrowings semantically and structurally. The research methods used in this study are: descriptive method and content analysis. The results of the research have shown that both languages experience the influence of the English language while borrowing lexical units of different significance as a result of industrial and technological changes, new technological developments, changing attitudes, cultural transmission and other social determinants. Due to the fact, words borrowed from English represent nearly all semantic areas. Moreover, in Russian and Lithuanian languages, loanwords are subjected to various exposures to adapt them to the possibilities of a language system and the needs of those who use these languages: they acquire suffixes and/or endings of Lithuanian and Russian; they become a basis for further word-construction. In relation to this it can be stated that at the expense of borrowings, and on their basis, in the result of... [to full text] / Tyrinėjant medžiagą ir analizuojant pavyzdžius buvo įrodyta, jog abi kalbos patiria Anglų kalbos įtaką skolinant leksinius unitus. Be to, Anglų kalbos skoliniai plačiai naudojami Lietuvių ir Rusų kalbos žiniasklaidoje. Pastebėtas naujų reikšmių vystymasis dėl Anglų kalbos įtakos ir vartotojų poreikius. Tai pat tas faktas, kad skoliniai ne iš karto įtraukiami į literatūrinę kalbą yra akcentuojamas, nors jie plačiai naudojami šnekamojoje kalboje. Semantišku požiūrių naujausius Rusų ir Lietuvių kalbos skolinius galima padalinti į keletą semantinių grupių, kuriuos visiškai atspindi tas sferas, kuriuose yra didelis žmonių susidomėjimas, ir tas sferas kuriuose vyksta visuomeniniai pakeitimai. Didžiąją dalis skoliniu Rusų ir Lietuvių kalbose priklauso ekonomikai (deliveris, брокер), technikai (failas, роуминг), muzikai (singlas, римейк), kosmetikai (tattoo, типсы), paslaugoms (single room, шоппинг), kompiuteriui (hakeris, кликнуть) ir politikai (impičmentas, спикер). Be to, galima rasti nemažai skolinių susijusiu su drabužiais (bodis, сникерсы), valgiu (miusliai, спреды), teatrais (kastingas, блокбастер), žmonėmis (breikeris, киллер) ir sportu (geimas, шейкдаун). Kai kurie skoliniai Lietuvių kalboje priklauso kultūrai (pubas) ir statybai (deckas), tuo metu kai Rusu kalboje dalis skoliniu susijusi su antgamtiniais dalykais (суперме). Abi kalbos pasirenka tos skolinius nes Anglų kalbos įtaka labai didelė, ir visos svarbiausios kasdieninio gyvenimo srytis pripildyti neologizmais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Si opera una ricognizione delle parole di origine italiane nel lituano moderno con una loro analisi sia dal punto di fonetico-morfologico, sia da quello dell'uso. / Apželgiami italų kilmės žodžiai lietuvių kalboje, jų fonetinės ir morfologinės adaptacijos ypatybės bei vartosena. / An account of Italian origin words in Lithuanian, as well as an analysis of their phonetical, morphological adaptation in regard of their usage.

Khitan Language, as being used as an official language in Liao Dynasty during 10th to 12th century in Northern China contains some features of influence of Chinese Language. By studying the Sino-Khitan transcription, features of Sino-Khitan phonology can be found. These features include: Voiced initial consonants had been devoiced into voiceless aspirated for ping tone, voiceless unaspirated for non-ping tone; Chinese labial-dental initials had been differentiated from Chinese bilabial initials; Alveolar affricates does not exist in Khitan language but were borrowed from Chinese. Unaspirated [ts] was represented by new-invented YZ graph, while aspirated [tsʰ] was merged into [s] and represented by the same YZ graph as [s]; Nasal initial [ŋ] and finals with nasal coda [-ŋ] in Khitan language are borrowed from Chinese; Chinese final [ɨ] is a not a native sound in Khitan language and new YZ graph was specificly invented for this acquired sound. It is mostly used to transliterate zi-si (资思)rhyme of Middle Chinese. By comparing Sino-Khitan phonological features with that of Northern Mandarin, it is to be found that the two system share many phonological characteristics. However, Tangut language, which was used in northwestern China and its geographic area is currently belong to Northern Mandarin speaking area, has many different features in some essential perspectives. The relation between the Sino-Khitan and Chinese language is very close which suggests that the development of Khitan language may be one of the important steps of Northern Mandarin development.

<p>U radu se razmatra status aktuelnih pozajmljenica u<br />srpskom jeziku iz perspektive leksikologije i<br />leksikografije. Za potrebe ovog razmatranja prikupljen je<br />korpus od 1000 pozajmljenica ekscerpiranih iz<br />relevantnih &scaron;tampanih medija. Prvi dio rada, nakon<br />osnovnih, uvodnih napomena o predmetu i cilju<br />istraživanja, bavi se teorijskim postavkama koje se ticu<br />pozajmljenica u leksikolo&scaron;koj i leksikografskoj literaturi.<br />U narednom segmentu rada obja&scaron;njava se metodologija<br />primijenjena u radu, te se opisuju izvori za ekscerpciju<br />leksike. Zatim slijedi analiticki dio u kome se analizira<br />ekscerpirana leksika na fonolo&scaron;kom, morfolo&scaron;kom,<br />tvorbenom, leksikolo&scaron;kom, semantickom i pravopisnom<br />nivou. Time se pokazuje adaptiranost pozajmljenica na<br />razlicitim jezickim nivoima, i odnos savremene srpske<br />leksikografije prema ovom znacajnom segmentu aktuelne<br />leksike srpskog jezika. Posebni dijelovi rada izdvojeni su<br />za osvrt na problem vi&scaron;eclanih leksema, i zatim za<br />strukturu rjecnika. Razmatranje se zavr&scaron;ava zakljucnim<br />napomenama, u kojima se daje pregled cjelokupnog rada,<br />i skrece se pažnja na otvorena pitanja. Najobimniji dio<br />rada je rjecnik aktuelnih pozajmljenica u srpskom jeziku.<br />U ovom istraživanju se pokazalo da relevantna<br />leksikolo&scaron;ka i leksikografska literatura, kao ni<br />leksikografska praksa ne obuhvataju u dovoljnoj mjeri<br />vrlo slojevit i kompleksan nanos strane leksike u<br />savremenom srpskom jeziku.</p> / <p>The thesis discusses the position of the current<br />loanwords in the Serbian language from the lexicological<br />and lexicographical point of view. The corpus of 1,000<br />loanwords excerpted from the relevant press has been<br />collected for this study. After some basic and introductory<br />comments on the subject and the goal of the research, the<br />first part of the thesis deals with theoretical statements<br />concerning loanwords in lexicological and<br />lexicographical literature. The following segment of the<br />study explains the methodology applied in practice and<br />describes the sources of the excerpted lexis. The next is<br />the analytical part where the excerpted lexis is analysed<br />on the levels of phonology, morphology, word formation,<br />lexicology, semantics and ortography. It is used to show<br />the adaptibility of loanwords to different linguistic levels<br />and approach of the contemporary Serbian lexicography<br />towards this significant segment of the current lexis in the<br />Serbian language. Some specific parts of the thesis have<br />been selected as the review of the issue of composite<br />lexemes, as well as the structure of the lexicon. The study<br />is ended with the concluding notes where the overview of<br />the complete thesis is given and the attention is drawn to<br />the open questions. The most extensive part is the lexicon<br />of the current loanwords in the Serbian language. This<br />research has shown that relevant lexicological and<br />lexicographical practice do not adequately comprise quite<br />layered and complex accumulation of foreign lexis in the<br />contemporary Serbian language.</p>