O dióxido de titânio possui diversas aplicações tecnológicas, desde pigmento em tintas, até revestimentos funcionais. É um material resistente à degradação eletroquímica e fotoquímica. Com o aumento da produção industrial de corantes, há um aumento significativo da produção de rejeitos, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de degradação, a fim de reduzir a formação de efluentes. Dentre essas técnicas encontram-se os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), que se baseiam na formação de radicais hidroxila para a degradação dos compostos liberados nos efluentes. A fotocatálise heterogênea utiliza um material semicondutor ativado por radiação ultra-violeta a fim de produzir os radicais hidroxila. Apesar de existirem estudos relacionados à utilização do TiO2 como fotocatalisador, há poucos dados com relação à sua aplicação na forma de filme suportado. Este trabalho teve por objetivos crescer filmes de TiO2 sobre borossilicato, por meio da técnica de deposição química de organometálicos em fase vapor, nas temperaturas de 400 e 500ºC por até 60 minutos, bem como proceder à caracterização microestrutural, morfológica e fotocatalítica desses filmes. Anatase foi a fase identificada em todos os filmes. Os filmes crescidos a 400°C apresentaram estrutura densificada, enquanto que os filmes crescidos a 500°C apresentaram estrutura colunar bem definida. A fotodegradação foi avaliada por meio da degradação do corante alaranjado de metila nos valores de pH 2,00; 7,00 e 10,00. Os resultados de degradação do corante mostraram que a maior eficiência do processo de degradação ocorre em pH = 2. Nessa condição, os melhores resultados ocorrem com o filme crescido por 30 minutos a 400°C, que apresentou 65,3% de degradação. / Titanium dioxide has many technological applications, as pigment in paints, and functional coatings. It is resistant to electrochemical and photochemical degradation. The increase of the industrial production of dyes results in a significant increase in production of wastes, which requires the development of new degradation techniques to reduce the release of effluents. Among these techniques there is the advanced oxidation process (AOP), which is based on the formation of hydroxyl radicals to the degradation of the compounds in the effluent released. The heterogeneous photocatalysis uses a semiconductor material activated by UV radiation to yield hydroxyl radicals. Although there are studies regarding the use of TiO2 as photocatalyst, there are few data related to its application in the form of supported film. The aim of this study was to grow TiO2 films on borosilicate substrate at 400 and 500°C for up to 60 minutes by using metallorganic chemical vapor deposition technique and proceed to the microstructural, morphology and photocatalytic characterization of the films. Anatase phase was identified in all films. The films grown at 400°C presented a densified structure, while the films grown at 500°C showed well defined columnar structure. The photodegradation was assessed by degradation of methyl orange dye in pH 2.00; 7.00 and 10.00. The results of dye degradation showed that the highest efficiency occurred at pH 2. In this condition, the best results occurred for the film grown for 30 minutes at 400°C and presented a degradation of 65.3%.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao IZA NATALIA MORAES FERREIRA.pdf: 986525 bytes, checksum: 25ae0969a8c6f5a0458aadb1c5e26485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-15 / Pesticides that are used to combat pests in plantations operate in parallel on other species causing serious problems to be toxic and remain in the environment for a long time. This study aimed to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation of an organophosphorus pesticide by advanced oxidation processes, the insecticide methyl parathion were selected (PM), widely used in Brazilian crops, especially Maranhão. The POA consisti the application of immobilized TiO₂ as photocatalyst and UV radiation to accelerate the degradation of the pesticide. Effects of some parameters such as the illumination time and initial concentration of the compounds during photocatalytic degradation were studied. Was optimized a method for pesticide analysis by liquid chromatography and two advanced reviews (POA) for the destruction of this contaminant oxidation processes. The POA tested were: combination TiO₂/UV and TiO₂/H₂O₂/UV. The analytical method was suitable for evaluation of the POA, with limits of detection and quantification limits of 0,05 mg Lˉ¹ and 0,17 mg Lˉ¹, respectively, this method was then applied to monitoring the concentrations of the pesticide during application of POA procedures. Among the POAs, both cases showed good results in catalytic destruction of pesticide, where 100% of the pesticide was removed immediately first 30 min of exposure to UV radiation. The results showed that the efficiency of photodegradation of PM increases with increasing illumination time and photodegradation efficiency decreases with an increase in the initial concentration of PM. / Os pesticidas que são utilizados no combate às pragas em plantações atuam paralelamente sobre outras espécies causando sérios problemas por serem tóxicos e permanecerem no ambiente por um longo tempo. Este trabalho propôs avaliar a degradação fotocatalítica de um pesticida organofosforado por processos oxidativos avançados, tendo sido selecionado o inseticida paration metilico (PM), amplamente utilizado nas lavouras brasileiras, em especial maranhenses. O POA consisti na aplicação do TiO₂ imobilizado, como fotocatalisador, bem como a radiação UV para acelerar o processo de degradação do pesticida. Foram estudados efeitos de alguns parâmetros, tais como o tempo de iluminação e concentração inicial dos compostos durante a degradação fotocatalítica . Foi otimizado um método para análise do pesticida por cromatografia a líquido bem como avaliados dois processos oxidativos avançados (POA) para a destruição deste contaminante. Os POA testados foram os seguintes: combinação TiO₂/UV e TiO₂/H₂O₂/UV. O método analítico mostrou-se adequado para fins de avaliação do POA, com limites de limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,05 mg Lˉ¹ e 0,17 mg Lˉ¹, respectivamente, este método foi, então, aplicado para o monitoramento das concentrações do pesticida, durante a aplicação dos procedimentos POA. Entre os POAs, os dois casos apresentaram bons resultados na destruição catalítica do pesticida, onde 100% do pesticida foi removido logo nos primeiro 30 min de exposição à radiação UV. Os resultados mostraram que a eficiência de fotodegradação do PM aumenta com o aumento do tempo de iluminação e a eficiência de fotodegradação diminui com o aumento na concentração inicial do PM.

Le dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par plasma est appliqué pour préparer des couches minces amorphes de TiO2 à basse température. Un recuit à 300 °C pendant un temps minimum de 4,5 h permet de former la phase cristalline anatase. Les principales caractéristiques de ces couches minces comme leur structure cristalline, leur microstructure, leur largeur de bande interdite et leur hydrophilie de surface, sont déterminées. Leurs performances fonctionnelles comme photocatalyseurs sont d'abord examinées selon le test breveté par Pilkington, consistant à éliminer sous irradiation UV de l'acide stéarique préalablement adsorbé sur les couches de TiO2 ici déposées sur des plaquettes de silicium. Des membranes M100 (couche continue de TiO2) et M800 (couche de TiO2 couvrant les grains de support) sont préparées sur les couches de surface macroporeuses de supports poreux en alumine, de tailles moyennes de pores respectives, 100 nm et 800 nm. Ces membranes sont testées en condition "statique", avec la diffusion d'un soluté organique dilué dans l'eau. Pour le bleu de méthylène, on montre que la quantité de composé détruit par unité de surface de membrane et par unité de temps est égale à 2 × 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 pour la membrane M100 et 1 × 10-8 mol m-2 s- 1 pour la membrane M800. Ces membranes sont également testées dans des conditions "dynamiques", à savoir en procédé baromembranaire, avec deux configurations différentes (couche photocatalytique du côté de l'alimentation ou du côté du perméat) et trois composés organiques différents (bleu de méthylène, acide orange 7 et phénol). La modélisation du procédé (adsorption et réaction photocatalytique) est finalement réalisée à partir des données expérimentales disponibles. / Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is applied to prepare amorphous TiO2 thin films at low temperature. Post-annealing at 300 °C for minimal staying time 4.5 h is required to form crystalline anatase phase. Characteristics of the TiO2 thin films including crystalline structure, microstructure, band gap and surface hydrophilicity, are determined. Functional performance of these anatase thin films as photocatalysts is first examined with patented Pilkington assessment by removing, under UV irradiation, stearic acid initially adsorbed on TiO2 layers here deposited on silicon wafers. Membranes M100 (TiO2 continuous layer) and M800 (TiO2-skin on support grain) are prepared on the macroporous top layer of porous alumina supports with an average pore size of 100 nm and 800 nm, respectively. These membranes are tested in “static” condition under the effect of diffusion of an organic solute in water. For Methylene Blue it is shown that the quantity of destroyed compound per unit of membrane surface area and per unit of time is equal to 2×10−8 mol m-2 s-1 for M100 and 1×10−8 mol m-2 s-1 for M800. These membranes are also tested in “dynamic” conditions, i.e. pressure-driven membrane processes, with two different configurations (photocatalytic layer on the feed side or on the permeate side) and three different organics (Methylene Blue, Acid Orange 7 and phenol). Process modelling (adsorption and photocatalysis reaction) is finally carried out from the available experimental outputs.

Since many diseases in Kenya arise from low quality drinking water, new effective cleaning systems and techniques, which can be deployed without extensive infrastructure investments, are needed. Solar-powered titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis could be one promising candidate, which can meet these demands. In the present project photocatalytic water cleaning technologies were evaluate at the University of Eldoret in Kenya.A portable photocatalysis reactor, suitable for field work, which was developed by researchers at the Divison of Solid state physics, Dept. Engineering Sciences at Uppsala University, was used for performing water cleaning studies on-site and for educational purposes. Evaluation of photocatalytic performance was also evaluated in Petri dishes by degrading dye and bacteria from various water samples.Results showed clear photocatalytic activity in Petri dishes with certain dye concentration and bacteria abundance was lower after water treatment. The initial tests of the photocatalytic reactor were not satisfactory, but nevertheless indicated that dye degradation may be possible to monitor with additional improvements of the reactor. We see good potential, from a practical and long term sustainability perspective, to further develop photocatalysis competence at University of Eldoret. / Minor Field Study

La production à l'échelle industrielle et la diversité d'utilisation des nano-objets manufacturés, leurs agrégats et agglomérats (NOAA) et leur possible libération dans l'environnement aquatique naturel ont conduit à une préoccupation croissante parmi la communauté scientifique des sciences de l'environnement et des nanotechnologies. Parmi eux, les ciments photocalytiques sont basés sur la propriété photocatalytique de NOAA-TiO2 ajoutés dans la matrice du ciment. Lors de l'exposition au rayonnement UV, les NOAA-TiO2 provoquent l‘oxydation (i.e. dégradation) des composés adsorbés à la surface du ciment. Sa validation environnementale est requise, en termes d'impacts et risques associés à l'incorporation des NOAA-TiO2. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les mécanismes de relargage des NOAA-TiO2 incorporés dans le ciment autonettoyant durant le processus de vieillissement et d’identifier les paramètres qui pourraient le contrôler. Les éléments relargués (fractions particulaires et solubles) et leurs cinétiques ont été quantifiés par ICP-OES et caractérisés par MET. Nous avons ensuite analysé la phase solide (du cœur à la couche altérée) en utilisant plusieurs techniques aux rayons X, la DRX (diffraction des rayons X), μ-XRF (micro X-Ray spectroscopie) et une combinaison sans précédent de nano et micro X-ray tomographie pour effectuer une caractérisation complète de la matrice du ciment altéré comprenant la structure de pores. / The industrial scale production and wide variety of applications of manufactured nano-object, their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA) and their possible release into the natural aquatic environment have produced an increasing concern among the nanotechnology and environmental science community.Among them, the photocatalytic cements are based on the photocatalytic property of TiO2-NOAA added in the cement matrix. During continuous UV radiation exposure, TiO2-NOAA lead to the oxidation (i.e. degradation) of compounds adsorbed at the cement surface. Such NOAA application in building construction is promising as it exhibits improved properties but its environmental validation (in terms of impacts and risks associated with the incorporation of TiO2 NOAA) is also required.The aim of this study is to determine the mechanisms of TiO2-NOAA release from a self-cleaning cement during aging process and to identify cement parameters controlling it.. The elements released (particulate and soluble fractions) and their kinetic were quantified by ICP-OES and characterized with TEM. We analyzed the solid phase (core to altered layer) using several X-ray based techniques: XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), µ-XRF (micro X-Ray Spectroscopy) and an unprecedented combination of nano and micro X-ray computed tomography to perform a original and omplete altered cement matrix characterization including pore structure.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study was to enrich electrospun fibres with the active mineral phase TiO2 nanoparticles and then to evaluate how well the composite fibres performed in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB). Electrospun hydrophobic PAN polymer fibres were used as support structures for the TiO2 nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 enriched fibres for dye degradation was evaluated and the effect of external stressors on the fibres was assessed. A comparison was also made to determine whether the TiO2 - photocatalyst catalyst should be coated on top of, or loaded inside the electrospun PAN fibres

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22550号 / 人博第953号 / 新制||人||226(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||953(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 寿雄, 教授 内本 喜晴, 教授 田部 勢津久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Technologies based on alternative and sustainable energy sources present a vital solution in the present and for the future. These technologies are strongly driven by the increased global energy demand and need to reduce environmental issues created by fossil fuel. Solar energy is an abundant, clean and free-access resource, but it requires harvesting and storage for a sustainable future. Direct conversion and storage of solar energy using heterogeneous photocatalysts have been identified as parts of a promising paradigm for generating green fuels from sunlight and water. This thesis focused on developing semiconductor absorbers in a visible light region for photocatalytic hydrogen production reaction. In addition, theoretical studies are combined with experimental results for a deep understanding of the intrinsic optoelectronic properties of the obtained materials. The study presents a novel family of oxysulfide BiAgOS, produced by applying a full substitution strategy of Cu by Ag in BiCuOS. I was interested to address how the total substitution of Cu by Ag in a BiCuOS system affects its crystal structure, optical and electronic properties using experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations. Single-phase bismuth silver oxysulfide BiAgOS was prepared via a hydrothermal method. Rietveld refinement of the powder confirmed that BiAgOS is an isostructural BiCuOS. The diffraction peak positions of BiAgOS, relative to those of BiCuOS, were shifted toward lower angles, indicating an increase in the cell parameters. BiCuOS and BiAgOS were found to have indirect bandgaps of 1.1 and 1.5 eV, respectively. The difference in the bandgap results from the difference in the valence band compositions. The hybrid level of the S and Ag orbitals in BiAgOS is located at a more positive potential than that of S and Cu, leading to a widened bandgap. Both materials possess high dielectric constants and low electron and hole effective masses, making them interesting for photoconversion applications. BiAgOS has a potential for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction in the presence of sacrificial reagents; however, it is inactive toward water oxidation. BiCuOS and BiAgOS can be considered interesting starting compositions for the development of new semiconductors for PV or Z-scheme photocatalytic applications. The second study investigates the synthesis and characterization of NaBiS2, this contains Bi3+, which belongs to the p-block electronic configuration Bi3+ 6s26p0, and NaLaS2, which contains La3+ with electronic configuration 6s05d0. Solid-state reactions from oxide precursor starting materials were applied for synthesis the materials. The sulfurization process was conducted by pressurizing a saturated vapor of CS2. The obtained black material of NaBiS2 has an indirect transition with high absorption coefficients in the visible region of the spectrum and the absorption edge is determined at 1.21 eV. However, NaBiS2 did not show photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production. NaLaS2 is characterized by an indirect transition with a bandgap in the UV region at 3.15 eV and can drive the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction in Na2S/Na2SO3 solution. Utilizing the solid solution NaLa1-xBixS2 strategy, the absorption properties and band edge position for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction were optimized. The results indicated that the bismuth content is critical parameter for maintaining the photocatalytic activity. The incorporation of low Bi content up to 6% in NaLaS2 leads to extending the photon absorption from the UV to the visible region and enhancing the photocatalytic activity of hydrogen production. In contrast, all the solid solutions that have Bi content of more than 12% present absorption edges close to that of pure NaBiS2, and they are inactive for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Combining the experimental measurements with density functional theory calculations, such behavior can be explained by the degree of overlapping of Bi and La states on the conduction band minimum (CBM). Finally, self-assembly of Bi2S3 nanorods were grown on FG or FTO substrates. Bi2S3 thin films were prepared by sulfurization of Bi metal layer using the hydrothermal method. The results show that Bi2S3 has absorption up to 1.3 eV and has a moderate absorption coefficient in the visible region. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy in air results showed that the conduction band minimum of Bi2S3 is located slightly above the hydrogen redox potential. However, Pt/Bi2S3 did not evolve a detectable amount of hydrogen, suggesting the presence of surface states that can hinder the hydrogen reduction reaction.

This diploma thesis is focused on the study of the effect of ultraviolet radiation and titanium dioxide on the yeast Candida vini. Photocatalytic inactivation of this yeast was performed on various types of titanium dioxide films, which were immobilized on soda lime glasses. Acridine orange was used as a dye to distinguish live and dead yeast cells after certain irradiation time. Live and dead cells emit different light in colour after staining in acridine orange. Candida vini photocatalytic inactivation depends on the amount of titanium dioxide immobilized on glass as well as on the structure of its surface if the lamp intensity remains the same. Kinetics of this photocatalytic process was studied, too.

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics / Since the discovery of water photolysis on a TiO2 electrode by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, TiO2 has attracted extensive attention as an ideal photocatalytic material because of its excellent properties such as high activity, good stability, nontoxicity and low cost. Hence, it has been widely used in the fields of renewable energy and ecological environmental protection. However, as a wide band gap oxide semiconductor (Eg = 3.14 eV), brookite TiO2 can only show photocatalytic activity under UV light irradiation (λ < 387.5 nm) that accounts for only a small portion of solar energy (approximately 5 %), in contrast to visible light for a major part of solar energy (approximately 45 %). Therefore, effectively utilizing sunlight is the most challenging subject for the extensive application of TiO2 as a photocatalyst. Due to the unique d electronic configuration and spectral characteristics of transition metals, transition metal doping is one of the most effective approaches to extend the absorption edge of TiO2 to the visible light region. This method of doping either inserts a new band into the original band gap or modifies either the conduction band or valence band, improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 to some degree. In this work, the structural, electronic and optical properties of doped and undoped TiO2 (100), (110) and (210) surfaces were performed using first principle calculations based on DFT using a plane-wave pseudopotential method. The generalized gradient approximation was used in the scheme of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof to describe the exchangecorrelation functional as implemented in the Cambridge Sequential Total Energy Package code in the Materials Studio of BIOVIA. The metal dopants shift the absorption to longer wavelengths and improves optical absorbance in visible and near- IR region. The un-doped (210) surface showed some activity in the visible and near IR region. / NRF