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本論文報導了幾個系列的新型鋅酞菁配合物以及氟硼二吡咯染料的合成與表徵。 這些精心設計的化合物可作為高效的和選擇性的光敏劑應用於靶向性光動力療法和細菌的光動力失活。 / 第一章概述了光動力療法，包括歷史發展、光物理和生物機制及其臨床應用現狀。 重點介紹了用於靶向性光動力療法的第三代光敏劑，其中包括基於靶向性配體、納米載體的光敏劑以及可激活的光敏劑。 另外，本章還簡單介紹了用於抗菌光動力療法的光敏劑。 / 第二章報導了一種新型的由細胞核定位的短肽共軛修飾的鋅酞菁配合物的合成與表徵。 此短肽分子的氨基酸序列為：Gly-Gly-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val。 我們研究了該化合物的光物理性質、聚集行為以及離體光動力活性，同時與其非肽共軛修飾的化合物進行了詳細的比較。 利用HT29人結腸腺癌細胞，研究發現此多肽共軛修飾的酞菁展示了較高的細胞吸收、更高的細胞內活性氧的產生效率和光毒性。 同時活體實驗證明此化合物增加了酞菁在裸鼠腫瘤的停留時間。 這些結果在本章中均進行了詳細的報導。 / 第三章敘述了另一種多肽共軛修飾的鋅酞菁化合物的製備和光物理性質。 這個多肽包含了一個環狀的氨基酸序列，即 Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys，此多肽被認為能以腫瘤相關的血管新生時的高表達的跨膜受體（如 α[subscript v]β₃ 整合素）為靶向。 利用 α[subscript v]β₃ 整合素高表達的 U87-MG 人惡性膠質瘤細胞，我們研究了這個化合物的細胞吸收、細胞內活性氧的產生、離體光動力活性以及亞細胞定位。 同時，用 α[subscript v]β₃ 整合素低表達的 MCF-7 人乳腺癌細胞作為對照。 / 通常，腫瘤細胞外的pH值比正常細胞組織的低，因此，我們合成一個由酸敏感的縮醛鍵連接的酞菁二聚體。 此二聚體會發生自身淬滅且對pH有響應。 通過電子吸收和熒光光譜， 我們詳細地研究了這個化合物在不同酸性條件下的光物理性質和斷開動力學。 由於酞菁環具有強的二聚化趨勢，這個二聚體能自身淬滅，因而呈現“失活狀態。 通過降低檸檬酸緩衝液的pH值，這個化合物的乙縮醛鍵能優先斷開，並且斷開的速率隨pH值的降低而增加。 兩個酞菁環的分開增強了熒光強度和單態氧的產生。 這個二聚光敏劑還能在 HT29 細胞內被激活，從而產生較強的細胞內熒光。 相比之下，由乙二醇鏈連接的類似物基本上沒有熒光發射。 同時，這個可斷開的二聚物對HT29細胞光毒性也比不可斷開的類似物高（半致死量：IC₅₀ = 0.35 vs. 0.59 μM）。 第四章對這些結果進行了詳細的報導。 / 在第五章中，我們報導了兩種以腫瘤靶向配體葉酸共軛修飾的二（苯乙烯基）－氟硼二吡咯衍生物的合成、光譜表徵以及光物理性質。 在這兩個化合物中，葉酸和二（苯乙烯基）－氟硼二吡咯是通過不同長度的乙二醇鏈連接的。 我們研究了這兩個化合物的鏈長對KB人鼻咽癌細胞和MCF-7細胞的吸收和離體光動力活性的影響。 前者能高表達葉酸受體，而後者作為低葉酸受體表達的一個對照。 與MCF-7細胞相比，兩個化合物都展示了對KB細胞較高的吸收和光毒性（半致死量：IC₅₀ = 0.062 vs. 2.56 μM 和0.177 vs. 0.995 μM）。 此外，具有較長鏈的化合物優先定位在溶酶體中，而較短鏈的那個化合物則較多停留在細胞的內質網。 / 第六章重點開發了一系列多胺以及不同長度的聚賴氨酸（包括2、4、8個賴氨酸）共軛修飾的鋅酞菁配合物，并用於抗菌光動力療法。 我們報導了它們的合成、光物理性質以及對甲氧西林青霉素敏感的格蘭陽性金黄色釀膿葡萄球菌和格蘭陰性綠膿桿菌的光動力抗菌活性。 其中，三-N-甲基化的酞菁顯示了特別高的效果，在濃度為16 nM時，能降低大於5 log10 的金黄色釀膿葡萄球菌。 / 第七章闡述了前面幾章的實驗部份。 論文的最後附上所有新化合物的核磁共振氫譜和碳譜。 / This thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of several series of novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines and boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs), which are carefully designed as efficient and selective photosensitizers for targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. / Chapter 1 presents an overview of PDT, including its historical development, photophysial and biological mechanisms, and current research directions. Emphasis is placed on the third-generation photosensitizers for targeted PDT, including targeting ligand-based photosensitizers, nanoparticle-based photosensitizers, and activatable photosensitizers. A brief review of photosensitizers that can be used for antimicrobial PDT is also given. / Chapter 2 reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel zinc(II) phthalocyanine conjugated with a short peptide with a nuclear localization sequence, namely Gly-Gly-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val. The photophysical properties, aggregation behavior, and in vitro photodynamic activity of this compound have been investigated and compared with its non-peptide-conjugated analogue. It has been found that the peptide-conjugated phthalocyanine shows an enhanced cellular uptake, higher efficiency in generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), higher photocytotoxicity against HT29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and enhanced tumor-retention property in tumor-bearing nude mice. The results are reported in detail in this chapter. / Chapter 3 describes the preparation and photophysical properties of another analogue conjugated with a peptide containing the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys sequence, which is known to target the upregulated transmembrane protein receptors such as α[subscript v]β₃ integrin during angiogenesis. The cellular uptake, intracellular ROS generation, in vitro photodynamic activity, and subcellular localization of this conjugate have been investigated against U87-MG human glioblastoma cells, which have a high expression of α[subscript v]β₃ integrin. MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, which have a low expression of α[subscript v]β₃ integrin, have been used as a negative control. / On the base that the extracellular pH in tumors is generally lower than that in normal tissues, we have developed a pH-responsive self-quenched phthalocyanine dimer connected with an acid-sensitive ketal linker. The basic photophysical properties of this compound and its cleavage kinetics upon exposure to different acidic conditions have been extensively studied by electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Owing to the strong dimerization tendency of the phthalocyanine ring, this dimer is self-quenched and in the "OFF" state. By lowering the pH (< 6.5) in citrate buffer solutions, the linker is preferentially cleaved, and the rate of cleavage increases as the pH decreases. The separation of the phthalocyanine moieties leads to enhancement in fluorescence intensity and singlet oxygen production. This dimeric photosensitizer can also be activated inside HT29 cells causing strong intracellular fluorescence. By contrast, the fluorescence is hardly observed for the non-cleavable ethylene glycol-linked analogue. The photocytotoxicity of the cleavable dimer is also higher than that of the non-cleavable counterpart (IC₅₀ = 0.35 vs. 0.59 μM). The results are reported in detail in Chapter 4. / In Chapter 5, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of two distyryl BODIPY derivatives conjugated with a folic acid as a tumor-targeting ligand via an ethylene glycol spacer with different chain length. The effects of the chain length on the cellular uptake and in vitro photodynamic activities of these compounds have been examined against KB human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma cells and MCF-7 cells. The former are known to have a high expression of folate receptors, while the latter have been used as a negative control. Both compounds show enhanced cellular uptake and higher photocytotoxicity toward KB cells when compared with MCF-7 cells (IC₅₀ = 0.062 vs. 2.56 μM and 0.177 vs. 0.995 μM). The conjugate with a longer spacer shows preferential localization in the lysosomes, while the analogue with a shorter linker accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells. / Chapter 6 focuses on the development of a series of zinc(II) phthalocyanines substituted with a polyamine moiety or a polylysine chain containing 2, 4, or 8 lysine units for antimicrobial PDT. Their synthesis, photophysical properties, and photodynamic antimicrobial activities against Gram (+) methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (-) Pseudomonas aeruginosa are reported. The tri-N-methylated phthalocyanine is particularly potent showing a more than 5 log₁₀ reduction of the Staphylococcus aureus at 16 nM. / Chapter 7 gives the experimental details for the work described in the preceding chapters. ¹H and ¹³C{¹H} NMR of all the new compounds are given in the Appendix. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ke, Meirong. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-176). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.v / Acknowledgment --- p.viii / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xvi / List of Schemes --- p.xxiv / List of Tables --- p.xxv / Abbreviations --- p.xxvi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Introduction of Photodynamic Therapy --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Photophysical Mechanisms --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Biological Mechanisms --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Clinical Status of Photodynamic Therapy --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Overview of Photosensitizers --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Targeted Photodynamic Therapy --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Targeting Ligand-Based Photosensitizers --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.1.1 --- Synthetic Peptides --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.1.2 --- Proteins --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1.3 --- Aptamers --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.1.4 --- Folic acid --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.1.5 --- Other Biological Ligands --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Nanoparticle-Based Photosensitizers --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Biodegradable Nanoparticle-Based Photosensitizers --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Non-Biodegradable Nanoparticle-Based Photosensitizers --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Activatable Photosensitizers --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.3.1 --- Environment-Activated Photosensitizers --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.3.2 --- Enzyme-Activated Photosensitizers --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.3.3 --- Nucleic Acid-Activated Photosensitizers --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6 --- Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- General Introduction --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- A Phthalocyanine-Peptide Conjugate with High in vitro Photodynamic Activity and Enhanced in vivo Tumor-Retention Property --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Molecular Design and Synthesis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electronic Absorption and Photophysical Properties --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- In Vitro Photodynamic Activities --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- In Vivo Studies --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Synthesis, Characterization, and Photodynamic Activity of a cylic RGD-Conjugated Phthalocyanine --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Molecular Design and Synthesis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Electronic Absorption and Photophysical Properties --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- In Vitro Photodynamic Activities --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Conclusion --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- A pH-Responsive Fluorescent Probe and Photosensitizer Based on the Dimerization Property of Phthalocyanines --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Synthesis and Characterization --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Electronic Absorption and Photophysical Properties --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- In Vitro Studies --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Synthesis, Characterization, and Photodynamic Activities of BODIPY-Folate Conjugates --- p.86 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Synthesis and Characterization --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Electronic Absorption and Photophysical Properties --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- In Vitro Studies --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Activities of Cationic Phthalocyanines --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Synthesis and Characterization --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Electronic Absorption and Photophysical Properties --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- In Vitro Photodynamic Antimicrobial Activities --- p.112 / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Experimental Section --- p.115 / Chapter 7.1 --- General --- p.115 / Chapter 7.2 --- Synthesis --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Synthesis for Chapter 2 --- p.119 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Synthesis for Chapter 3 --- p.125 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Synthesis for Chapter 4 --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Synthesis for Chapter 5 --- p.132 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Synthesis for Chapter 6 --- p.138 / Chapter 7.3 --- pH-Response Properties of 4.6 and 4.7 in Citrate Buffer Solutions --- p.143 / Chapter 7.4 --- In Vitro Studies --- p.144 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Cell Lines and Culture Conditions --- p.144 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Photocytotoxicity Assay --- p.145 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Photodynamic Antimicrobial Inactivatoin Studies --- p.147 / Chapter 7.4.4 --- Intracellular ROS Measurements --- p.148 / Chapter 7.4.5 --- Cellular Uptake (Determined by Extraction Method) --- p.149 / Chapter 7.4.6 --- Cellular Uptake (Determined by Confocal Microscopy) --- p.150 / Chapter 7.4.7 --- Cellular Uptake (Determined by Flow Cytometry) --- p.152 / Chapter 7.4.8 --- Fluorescence Microscopic Studies --- p.153 / Chapter 7.4.9 --- Subcellular Localization Studies --- p.153 / Chapter 7.4.10 --- pH-Dependent Intracellular Fluorescence Studies --- p.155 / Chapter 7.5 --- In Vivo Imaging and Ex Vivo Organ Biodistribution --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion and Outlook --- p.157 / References --- p.159 / Chapter Appendix --- NMR Spectra of New Compounds --- p.177

Leung, Ching Hei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-110). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / 摘要（Abstract in Chinese) --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.vii / List of Figures and Tables --- p.ix / Table of Content --- p.xi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- History and development of photodynamic therapy --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Basic principle of photodynamic therapy: the beauty of the treatment --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Photosensitizers: From discovery, synthesis to modifications" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Enhancement of selective retention of PS in cancerous tissue --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Development of silicon (IV) phthalocyanine derivatives --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Death mechanisms in photodynamic therapy --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Synthesis of BAM-SiPc --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of BAM-SiPc solution for photodynamic treatment --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Cell line and culture conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Animal tumor model --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5 --- PDT laser source --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- In vitro photodynamic activity assay --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Preparation of cells for photodynamic treatment / Chapter 2.6.2 --- In vitro photodynamic treatment / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Cell viability assay / Chapter 2.7 --- "Determination of reactive oxygen species production by 2',7'- dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay" --- p.28 / Chapter 2.8 --- Analysis of cell cycle arrest --- p.28 / Chapter 2.9 --- Biodistribution of BAM-SiPc --- p.29 / Chapter 2.10 --- In vivo photodynamic treatment --- p.30 / Chapter 2.11 --- Assay for plasma enzyme activities --- p.30 / Chapter 2.12 --- Determination of cellular uptake of BAM-SiPc --- p.31 / Chapter 2.13 --- Metabolism of BAM-SiPc --- p.31 / Chapter 2.14 --- Histochemical staining --- p.32 / Chapter 2.14.1 --- Preparation of paraffin-embedded tissue section / Chapter 2.14.2 --- Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) staining / Chapter 2.14.3 --- Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay / Chapter 2.15 --- Conjugation of BAM-SiPc with LDL --- p.34 / Chapter 2.15.1 --- Analysis of the phototoxicity and cellular uptake of BAM- SiPc in the presence of LDL / Chapter 2.15.2 --- Gel filtration analysis of the mixture of LDL and BAM- SiPc / Chapter 2.16 --- Statistical analysis --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- In vitro photodynamic activity assays --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Tissue distribution of BAM-SiPc in HepG2- bearing nude mice --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Anti-tumor activities of in vivo PDT with BAM-SiPc --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- In vivo effect of PDT treatment with BAM-SiPc on HepG2 and HT29 tumor growth / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Dosage effect on anti-tumor activities by BAM-SiPc mediated PDT / Chapter 3.4 --- Analysis of intrinsic toxicity induced by BAM-SiPc mediated PDT --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- H & E staining of liver sections of nude mice after in vivo PDT / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Plasma enzyme activity assays of PDT treated mice / Chapter 3.5 --- BAM-SiPc metabolism in in vitro culture cells and liver homogenate --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Cellular uptake of BAM-SiPc / Chapter 3.5.2 --- BAM-SiPc metabolism in cultured normal liver cells and cancer cells / Chapter 3.5.3 --- BAM-SiPc metabolism by mice liver homogenate / Chapter 3.6 --- Death mechanism induced by BAM-SiPc mediated PDT --- p.62 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Events related to cell death induced by in vitro BAM-SiPc mediated PDT / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Death mechanism exerted by in vivo BAM-SiPc mediated PDT / Chapter 3.7 --- Effect on phototoxicity of BAM-SiPc in the presence of LDL --- p.70 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Effect on phototoxicity of BAM-SiPc after mixing BAM- SiPc with LDL / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Gel filtration for analysis of the LDL-BAM-SiPc mixture / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Anti-cancer effect of BAM-SiPc on different cancer cell lines --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2 --- Tissue distribution of BAM-SiPc in HepG2 bearing nude mice --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- In vivo effect of BAM-SiPc mediated PDT on HepG2 and HT29 tumor growth --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4 --- Analysis of the safety of using BAM-SiPc as a potential agent in PDT --- p.83 / Chapter 4.5 --- Metabolism of BAM-SiPc --- p.84 / Chapter 4.6 --- Mechanism of the apoptosis triggered by BAM-SiPc mediated PDT --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7 --- Death mechanism induced by in vivo PDT with BAM-SiPc --- p.93 / Chapter 4.8 --- Phototoxicity of BAM-SiPc in the presence of LDL --- p.94 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Conclusion and Future perspective / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future perspective --- p.98 / References

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment modality for some human diseases, including cancer. To destroy the targeted cells or tissues, PDT relies on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from a series of photochemical reactions by the light-activated photosensitizers administered to the patients. Many dyes could be modified to become photosensitizers. The BODIPY-based fluorophores could be converted into potent photosensitizers with highly efficient singlet oxygen generation as well as considerable brightness of fluorescence. Some of them exhibit potent in vitro PDT effects. However, carriers are often required for an effective delivery of the BODIPY-based dyes in biological system. / Silica nanoparticles are ceramic-based materials prepared by condensation of silanes along the surfactant-based templating agents. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and organically modified silica nanoparticles (OMSNs) represent two major types of silica nanocarriers used for loading of photosensitizers in PDT. Typical MSNs have a diameter of 100-500 nm and a highly ordered hexagonal porous structure for loading of guest molecules. The OMSNs are smaller in size (diameter ~20 nm). Both MSNs and OMSNs are known to be chemically inert and biocompatible. Therefore, they were selected as the carriers for BODIPY-based photosensitizers in the present study. / A BODIPY-based photosensitizer with an absorption maximum at the red region (~660 nm) was modified to carry a carboxyl group at the meso-position. This photosensitizer was conjugated to an amine-functionalized MSN of diameter 80-120 nm by a post-synthesis grafting approach. This strategy allowed the entrapment of delicate dyes by the MSN under mild reaction conditions. The resulting composites with different photosensitizer loading were all spherical and with diameter from 80-120 nm. Dispersing the composites in H₂O, the fluorescence emission was moderately quenched due to dye aggregation. However, compared with the surfactant solubilized free dye, the MSN conjugated BODIPY produced singlet oxygen more efficiently. The dye loading per the unit mass of MSN did not impose any significant effect on the photophysical properties of the composites. The in vitro PDT effects of the BODIPY-based dye entrapped in the MSN were evaluated by using the human adenocarcinoma cells HT-29. The dyes loaded in the MSNs were more cytotoxic than the free dye, but slightly less cytotoxic when compared with the surfactant-formulated dye. The rate of intracellular ROS production of the MSN entrapped dye was much higher than that of the free dye with or without surfactant, which was consistent with the results obtained in the studies of the photophysical properties. The dye in MSN was more efficient as an inducer of apoptosis than the dye in surfactant, as shown by the annexin V/PI staining. Subcellular localization studies using confocal microscopy revealed that the dye in MSN was mainly found in endoplasmic reticulum and lysosome of the cells. / This amine-functionalized MSN platform was further modified on the surface. On a batch of amine-bearing MSN (~200 nm in diameter) loaded with the BODIPY-based photosensitizer, a layer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was grafted. The PEG layer was comprised of short PEG chains (~15 repeating units) with a methyl end and another long PEG chains (~44 repeating units) with an azide end. The alkyne-modified tLyP-1 peptide targets the cancer cell and blood vessel surface marker, neuropilin, was conjugated to the MSN via azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition (click reaction). Unlike many other reported designs of photosensitizer-MSN composites utilizing only amine functionalization, this approach prevented the competition for conjugation site between the photosensitizer and the targeting ligand. The use of click reaction allowed a greater feasibility in targeting ligand design. In H₂O, the surface decorated composites could still generate singlet oxygen as effectively as the bare composite. The in vitro PDT effects toward human prostate adenocarcinoma cells PC-3 with a high level of neuropilin expression of the composites were evaluated. The peptide-bearing MSN had a faster initial uptake in cells, which could be moderately suppressed by the addition of free peptide. The peptide-linked MSN had a higher photocytotoxicity toward the PC-3 cells when compared with the MSN without the peptide due to the enhanced cellular uptake. Both composites were confined to the lysosome of the cells, which might be the consequence of lacking surface positive charge to help endosomal escape. Therefore, further optimization of the composite by adjusting the PEG loading, chain length and the amount of targeting ligand loading should be made. / OMSNs are homogenous spherical particles with a smaller size (~20 nm). The capability of OMSNs to be multi-functional dye nanocarriers was also explored. Besides a BODIPY-based photosensitizer, a phthalocyanine-based photosensitizer and an aza-BODIPY-based imaging dye were also chosen for OMSN entrapment. It was found that only those surfactant-soluble dyes could be successfully entrapped in the OMSNs. Dyes in OMSNs remained non-aggregated, thus emitting a bright fluorescence. The photosensitizers generated singlet oxygen with the same efficiency as the surfactant-formulated free dyes. The potency of the OMSN-entrapped photosensitizers toward the HeLa derived KB cells was similar to that of the surfactant-solubilized free dyes. OMSNs are hence alternative carrier to the surfactant-based emulsifiers for in vitro photosensitizer delivery. To decorate the surface of OMSN, folate was conjugated to the composite by one-pot approach. However, the resulting composite failed to exhibit any tumor targeting effect toward KB cells having a high level of folate receptor expression. Besides, in order to prevent premature dye leakage in culture media as a result of the interaction with serum proteins, an attempt was also made to prepare OMSNs with a covalently linked BODIPY-based dye. However, the conjugated dye was aggregated, which diminished the singlet oxygen generation and quenched the fluorescence of the composites, although the surface of this composite was successfully decorated with PEG or the azide-bearing silane. / In conclusion, the BODIPY-based photosensitizers could be entrapped in MSNs and OMSNs could be successfully delivered into cancer cells in vitro. The PDT effects induced by these composites were often comparable to those caused by the the surfactant-solubilized dyes. Although surface decorations could be made for the particles, further fine adjustment on the surface properties of the composites is needed to improve the specificity and potency of the composites in the future. / 光動力治療(PDT)可用作治療一些人類疾病如癌症。這種低創傷度治療模式的主要原理是先把光敏劑注入病人體內，然後以光照射患處，激活當中的光敏劑。經過一系列的光化學反應後，病患組織附近的氧分子會被光敏劑轉化成為活性氧物種，從而破壞病變的組織或細胞。在眾多可改造成光敏劑的染色劑中，氟硼二吡咯(BODIPY)熒光團可以轉成兼具高活性氧轉化率及強熒光的光敏劑。研究顯示，部份BODIPY衍生的光敏劑在細胞實驗中有強大的PDT效果。可是，這些光敏劑往往需要由載體輔助才可以送達目標組織或細胞。 / 二氧化矽納米粒子是由硅烷在介面活性劑模板上聚合而成的陶瓷基類納米粒子，其中介孔二氧化矽納米粒子(MSN)和有機改造二氧化矽納米粒子(OMSN)為兩種最常用的光敏劑載體。MSN的直徑通常介乎100至500納米，並有高度整齊排列的六角介孔以供承載客分子。OMSN則比較細小，直徑約20納米。MSN和OMSN皆為化學惰性以及生物相容的物料，所以在本研究中它們被選為BODIPY類光敏劑的載體。 / 在一個BODIPY光敏劑（它的吸收峰位於紅光，波長約660納米範圍內）上，羧基被加到中央位置上。這個帶羧基的光敏劑可以嫁接到己成形的帶胺功能團MSN上。由於後合成嫁接法可以於溫和的條件下進行，相信其亦可應用其他脆弱的染色劑及帶胺MSN的連結上。即使有不同光敏劑載入量，同一系列的合成物的直徑皆是80至120納米。當這些合成物分散在水中，MSN內光敏劑會因聚合作用，其熒光強度會明顯減弱。可是，比起沒有載體或以介面活性劑配方的光敏劑，包裹於MSN內的光敏劑能更有效的產生活性氧。在光物理的測試中，光敏劑的承載量對MSN化合物的光物理性質俱沒有明顯的影響。 / 對人工培植的人類大腸腺癌細胞HT-29而言，承載於MSN內的光敏劑的比沒有載體的具光毒性。可是對比起以介面活性劑配方的BODIPY，承載於MSN內的光敏劑還是光毒性稍弱。另外，承載於MSN內的光敏劑在細胞內產生活性氧的效率，遠高於介面活性劑配方內、或沒有載體的光敏劑，這項發現跟光物理的檢測結果類近。另外，annexin v/PI染色實驗結果顯示，MSN承載的光敏劑能更有效的引發細胞淍亡。共焦顯微鏡進行的細胞內定位法顯示，MSN承載的光敏劑主要分佈在內質網和溶酶體之中。 / 這類帶胺官能團的MSN的粒子表面可作進一步修飾。本研究嘗試用聚乙二醇層修飾一種直徑約200納米、以及載有BODIPY光敏劑的MSN。該聚乙二醇層由帶甲基端的短鏈(約15個重複單位)和帶疊氮端的長鏈(約44個重複單位)PEG組成。然後，以疊氮──炔烴Huisgen環加成法（點擊反應）將帶炔烴的tLyP-1短肽連接到PEG上。該tLYP-1短肽對在一些癌細胞和癌組織血管上常見的neuropilin有高度結合親和力，故可作靶向分子使用。另外，本研究裏採用的嫁接方法跟現時常用於只有胺官能團的MSN處理法不同：光敏劑和靶向份子是分別連接於MSN的胺和疊氮官能團上，故能避免光敏劑與靶向分子競爭。同時因為使用簡易的點擊化學反應，靶向分子的設計可以有更多選擇。 / 在水中，有和沒有表面修飾的MSN同樣有效地產生活性氧。對人工培植、並在細胞表面高度表達neuropilin的人類前列腺癌細胞PC-3而言，帶tLyP-1的MSN合成物有更高光毒性，其中的原因包括帶tLyP-1的MSN有更快的攝入初速。另外，自由的tLyP-1短肽可稍為抑制這種MSN合成物的細胞吸收，亦可見tLyP-1足以影響MSN的細胞攝入。可是，不論有沒有帶短肽，兩種以PEG修飾的MSN皆是因為沒有表面電荷而無法逃離細胞的溶酶體，以致其PDT效果改善幅度有限。所以在往後的研究，PEG的覆蓋量、長度和靶向分子的接連率需作進一步探討。 / OMSN是直徑約20納米均勻的圓形粒子。本研究亦會探討如何可以用OMSN作為多功能的染色劑載體。除了BODIPY光敏劑之外，另一個鋅酞菁和一個氮雜氟硼二吡咯的熒光顯影劑亦包裹在OMSN中。結果顯示，只有可以用介面活性劑溶解的染色劑才可以成功包進OMSN之內。OMSN內的染色劑基本上沒有聚合現象，故能發出強熒光，而包覆在光敏劑之內的光敏劑轉化氧作活性氧的效率跟介面活性劑配方的光敏劑一樣。 / 不論是鋅酞菁或BODIPY，包裹在OMSN內的光敏劑對在人工培植、及源自HeLa的KB癌細胞的PDT效果跟介面活性劑配方的光敏劑相若。因此，OMSN可替代活性介面劑作為光敏劑的載體。本研究亦嘗試在OMSN的表面上以葉酸作修飾。可是，即使用了表面上有大量的葉酸受體的KB細胞，葉酸修飾過的OMSN並沒有靶向性。另外，為了解決OMSN內吸附的染色劑會因粒子與血清蛋白的互動而漏出粒子外的問題，本研究亦嘗試將OMSN與BODIPY衍生的光敏劑以共價鍵連結。同時其表面亦以帶疊氮聚乙二醇層作修飾。可是，BODIPY光敏劑在以這些OMSN合成物內有嚴重的聚合現象，以致於活性氧產生和熒光亮度大幅度減弱。 / 總括來說，本研究內設計的BODIPY衍生的光敏劑皆可以用MSN或OMSN來承載，並成功送達至人工培植的癌細胞內。這些化合物的PDT效果往往媲美那些以介面活性劑配方的同類光敏劑。雖然證明了這些粒子表面可以予以修飾，其表面修飾層仍需要進一步的改善，以增強它們的靶向專一度和PDT功效。 / Yeung, Sin Lui. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-159). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 24, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

This work reports on the synthesis, characterization and the physicochemical properties of novel unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanines: namely tris{11,19, 27-(1,2- diethylaminoethylthiol)-2-(captopril) phthalocyanine Zn ((ZnMCapPc (1.5)), hexakis{8,11,16,19,42,27-(octylthio)-1-(4-phenoxycarboxy) phthalocyanine} Zn (ZnMPCPc(1.7)) and Tris {11, 19, 27-(1,2-diethylaminoethylthiol)-1,2(caffeic acid) phthalocyanine} Zn ((ZnMCafPc (1.3)). Symmetrically substituted counterparts (tetrakis(diethylamino)zinc phthalocyaninato (3.8), octakis(octylthio)zinc phthalocyaninato (3.9) and tetrakis (carboxyphenoxy)zinc phthalocyaninato (3.10) complexes) were also synthesized for comparison of the photophysicochemical properties and to investigate the effect of the substituents on the low symmetry Pcs. The complexes were successfully characterized by IR, NMR, mass spectral and elemental analyses. All the complexes showed the ability to produce singlet oxygen, while the highest triplet quantum yields were obtained for 1.7, 1.5 and 3.9 (0.80, 0.65 and 0.62 respectively and the lowest were obtained for 1.3 and 3.10 (0.57 and 0.47 respectively). High triplet lifetimes (109-286 μs) were also obtained for all complexes, with 1.7 being the highest (286 μs) which also corresponds to its triplet and singlet quantum yields (0.80 and 0.77 respectively). The photosensitizing properties of low symmetry derivatives, ZnMCapPc and ZnMCafPc were investigated by conjugating glutathione (GSH) capped silver nanoparticles (AgNP). The formation of the amide bond was confirmed by IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies. The photophysicochemical behaviour of the novel phthalocyanine-GSH-AgNP conjugates and the simple mixture of the Ag NPs with low the symmetry phthalocyanines were investigated. It was observed that upon conjugation of the phthalocyanines to the GSH-AgNPs, a blue shift in the Q band was induced. The triplet lifetimes and quantum yields improved upon conjugation as compared to the phthalocyanines (Pc) alone. Complex 1.5 triplet lifetimes increased from 109 to 148 and triplet quantum yield from 0.65 to 0.86 upon conjugation. Fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields decreased for the conjugates compared to the phthalocyanines alone, due to the quenching caused by the Ag NPs. The antimicrobial activity of the zinc phthalocyanines (complexes 1.3 and 1.5) and their conjugates against Escherichia coli was investigated. Only 1.3 and 1.5 complexes were investigated because of the availability of the sample. In general phthalocyanines showed increase in antibacterial activity with the increase in phthalocyanines concentration in the presence and absence of light. The Pc complexes and their Ag NP conjugates showed an increase in antibacterial activity, due to the synergistic effect afforded by Ag NP and Pcs. Improved antibacterial properties were obtained upon irradiation. 1.5-AgNPs had the highest antibacterial activity compared to 1.3-AgNPs conjugate; these results are in agreement with the photophysical behaviour. This work demonstrates improved photophysicochemical properties of low symm

In the current work, the photophysics and photochemistry of the phototoxic red fluorescent protein (RFP) KillerRed was investigated. KillerRed's phototoxicity makes it useful for studying oxidative stress on cell physiology and for cell killing in photodynamic therapy. Spectroscopic probes were used to show that the phototoxicity of KillerRed stems primarily from a type I photosensitization mechanism producing radicals. The production of radicals was supported by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, where a long-lived radical was observed in KillerRed and two other RFPs (mRFP and DsRed) following excitation. Transient absorption spectroscopy, various other spectroscopic techniques, and the published crystal structure of KillerRed indicate that the long-filled water channel is likely responsible for the increased phototoxicity of KillerRed. In the blue fluorescent protein (BFP) mKalama1, some of the same techniques were applied to understand the photophysics and photochemistry on the timescale ranging from femtoseconds to seconds. Transient absorption spectroscopy and previously published results demonstrate that two-photon excitation of mKalama1 likely results in the formation of a radical cation and solvated electrons. This may explain the blinking behavior which has been observed on the single molecule level for many fluorescent proteins, the identity of which has remained elusive. It was also shown that the chromophore, while neutral in the ground state, does not exhibit excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) during its nanosecond excited-state lifetime; however, the chromophore undergoes a deprotonation in the ground state after electronic relaxation. This work plays a key role in our understanding of fluorescent proteins and will help pave the way to developing new ones. The research on the BFPs was extended to improve them for cellular imaging. This was accomplished by identification of dark states in the BFPs which are longer in wavelength than the collected fluorescence. Using dual lasers, it was shown that these dark states could be optically depleted, thereby increasing the overall fluorescence without enhancing the background fluorescence. Rational site-directed mutagenesis was carried out on the BFPs and the mutants were screened for fluorescence enhancement. These proteins were then analyzed using transient absorption spectroscopy to elucidate the identity of the dark state(s) used for fluorescence enhancement.

Entre os métodos de prevenção da cárie dentária, os controles mecânico e químico do biofilme dentário são de grande relevância neste processo. O controle mecânico é eficaz desde que executado diariamente e sistematicamente envolver todas as superfícies dentárias expostas ao meio bucal. Ele pode ser realizado pelo odontólogo por meio da profilaxia profissional e pelo próprio paciente pela escovação dentária. O controle químico do biofilme dentário deve ser empregado de forma suplementar, quando o controle mecânico não puder ser realizado diariamente ou se for realizado de forma inadequada acarretando o risco do acúmulo do biofilme dentário e como consequência, a ocorrência de lesões de cárie dentária e/ou da doença periodontal. O ideal seria associar ambos os métodos, para que um compense a deficiência do outro. É nesta direção que inúmeros estudos são feitos nos últimos anos. Para o controle químico, são relatadas na literatura inúmeras substâncias antimicrobianas. Dentre os agentes químicos recomendados, a clorexidina (CLX) tem se mostrado eficiente para esta finalidade, porém, sua aplicação apresenta limitações como: manchamento de áreas desmineralizadas dos dentes e perda do paladar, condições estas que limitam seu uso por tempo prolongado. Sendo assim, a busca de alternativas para o controle microbiano do biofilme dentário é de grande relevância para se somar aos esforços ora empreendidos neste sentido. Nas últimas décadas o emprego da luz associada a corantes surgiu como um tratamento alternativo ao uso de agentes antimicrobianos tradicionais. Este tratamento é chamado terapia fotodinâmica (TFD), sendo recentemente também chamado de Terapia Fotodinâmica Antimicrobiana (TFDA). Na TFDA, a luz interage com o corante que está associado ao microorganismo, sendo capaz de inibir sua proliferação ou eliminá-lo completamente. Poucos são os estudos que avaliam a ação antimicrobiana da TFD sobre biofilmes cariogênicos. A comprovação da eficácia dessa terapia sobre o biofilme dentário humano poderá ter um impacto positivo para a Odontologia, favorecendo a implantação de novos protocolos de controle químico do mesmo. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar comparativamente o efeito da clorexidina e da TFDA (com dois tipos de fotossensibilizadores: Azul de Toluidina O (TBO) e Clorofila Líquida (CL)) sobre biofilmes dentários humanos formados in situ. Voluntários utilizaram um dispositivo intrapalatino contendo espécimes de esmalte dental, sobre os quais biofilme dentário foi formado. Após 48 horas, diferentes terapias foram aplicadas sobre o biofilme: (1) água destilada: controle negativo; (2)CLX; (3) irradiação por laser; (4) TBO; (5) TBO +laser; (6) CL; (7) CL + laser. O biofilme então foi coletado e solubilizado. Em seguida, amostras foram semeadas em placas de Petri com diferentes meios de cultura, para contagem do número de microrganismos totais, estreptococos totais, Streptococcos mutans, Lactobacilos e Candida albicans. Amostras também foram coradas com Laranja de Acridina e visualizadas em microscopia de fluorescência, para análise da viabilidade das células presentes. Os resultados dos plaqueamentos apenas nos deram informações sobre os microrganismos totais e estreptococos totais, mostrando que a única redução significante dos microorganismos em relação ao grupo (1) ocorreu no grupo tratado por CLX (2). As outras terapias mostraram uma sensível redução. A viabilidade por microscopia por fluorescência se mostrou semelhante em todos os grupos. A clorexidina, portanto, comprovou seu efeito antimicrobiano, porém mais estudos precisam ser realizados para verificar o real papel da TFD sobre biofilme dentário humano. / The mechanical and chemical controls of dental plaque are important methods of caries prevention. The mechanical control is efficient if its run properly and daily. It can be made by a dentist (professional cleaning) or by patients themselves (toothbrushing). The chemical control should be used additionally, when the mechanical control cant be performed properly, them the biofilm can accumulate and in consequence, there are risks of dental caries or periodontal disease. For chemical control, many antimicrobial substances are related in literature. Several studies have shown that chlorexidine (CLX) is an effective antimicrobial substance against dental plaque. However, it presents some limitations like: tooth staining, loss of taste, conditions that limit its use by prolonged periods. Therefore, the search by new alternatives in microbial control of plaque is very important for improvement the treatment. In last decades, the use of light for activation of a photosensitizer appears like an alternative treatment with antimicrobial function. This treatment is called Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), recently Photochemotherapy (PACT). In PACT, the light activates a photosensitizer that is bond in microorganism and it can kill it or inhibit its growing. If this treatment is effective on human dental plaque, it will have positive impact for Dentistry and new protocols of chemical control will be developed. The present study aim was analyze the chlorexidine effect and the PDT effect (using Toluidine blue (TBO) and Liquid Chlorophyll (LC) like photosensitizer) in human natural dental plaque formed in situ. Volunteers wore a palatal appliance containing bovine enamel blocks, where the biofilm was formed. After 48 hours, different therapies were performed on plaque: (1) distilled water: negative control; (2) CLX; (3) Laser irradiation; (4) TBO; (5) TBO + Laser; (6) CL; (7) CL + Laser. The plaque samples were collected and dispersed. Next, serial dilutions were prepared and seeded onto different culture broth for the determination of the number of colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of total microorganisms, total Streptococcus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans. Samples were stained with acridine orange to analyze cells viability. The results can reveal only information about total microorganism and total Streptococcus. When the groups (2-7) were compared with the group (1), significant microbial reduction was observed only in group treated with CLX (3). The other therapies showed only a discrete reduction in relation of group (1). The cell viability showed similar results in all groups. Therefore, the CLX proved its antimicrobial effect. More studies are necessary for exact evaluation of effect of TFD on dental plaque human.

O tratamento convencional para lesões de cáries dentinárias tem sido baseado na remoção mecânica da dentina desmineralizada, utilizando instrumentos cortantes manuais ou rotatórios. Como uma alternativa à remoção dos microrganismos responsáveis pela lesão com o desgaste da estrutura dental, a proposta deste estudo é eliminá-los por meio da fotossensibilização promovida pela irradiação da lesão com um laser de baixa potência, associado a um corante específico. Se as bactérias presentes na lesão cariosa puderem ser eliminadas, o tecido desmineralizado poderia ser preservado, evitando-se a ocorrência de exposição pulpar, principalmente no caso de lesões profundas. A terapia envolve a utilização de um agente fotossensibilizante que, ao ser ativado por uma fonte de luz visível comprimento de onda compatível com o corante, induz a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio, como o oxigênio singleto e radicais livres, responsáveis pela morte celular. Com o objetivo de avaliar a efetividade da terapia fotodinâmica in vivo, lesões de cárie profundas em molares permanentes (n=26) foram tratadas com corante azul de metileno 0,01% e irradiadas com laser diodo em baixa intensidade (= 660 nm) por 90 segundos. Amostras de dentina cariada da parede pulpar das lesões foram coletadas com micropunch e mantidas no meio de transporte VMGA III para a análise microbiológica. Após o processamento, as amostras foram semeadas nos meios, Ágar Mitis Salivarius Bacitracina, Ágar Rogosa e Ágar sangue, para as contagens de estreptocoos do grupo mutans, Lactobacillus spp. e total de bactérias viáveis, respectivamente. Passado o período de incubação, foi realizada a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias das amostras coleadas para cada grupo, antes e após a terapia, e a porcentagem de redução microbiana em cada grupo de bactérias estudadas foi calculada. O testes de Wilcoxon demonstrou haver redução estatisticamente significante (p<0,0001) tanto para estreptococos do grupo mutans (78.07%), como para Lactobacillus spp. (78.0%) e para o total de bactérias viáveis (76.03%). De acordo com o teste de Mann-Whitney, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para as porcentagens de redução entre os três grupos (p>0,05). A terapia fotodinâmica pode ser considerada uma técnica efetiva para a eliminação das bactérias presentes na dentina de lesões de cárie profundas, assegurando a preservação de estrutura dental durante o tratamento. / The traditional treatment of dentinal caries lesions has been based on the mechanical removal of all demineralized dentine, using hand or rotatory instruments. As an alternative to removal of the cariogenic organisms by drilling, the purpose of this study was to eliminate them through photosensitization promoted by irradiation with a low power laser associated with a specific dye. If bacteria in carious lesion could be eliminated, demineralized tissue could be retained and pulpal exposure could be avoided, particularly in case of deep carious lesions. Photodynamic therapy involves the use of photoactive dye that is activated by irradiation with light of an adequate wavelength causing the generation of cytotoxic species, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. In order to evaluate in vivo the effectiveness of the therapy, remaining carious dentine of deep cavitated lesions on permanent molars (n=26) were treated with 0.01% methylene blue dye and irradiated with a low power diode laser (= 660 nm) for 90 seconds. Samples of dentine from pulpal wall were collected with a micropunch immediately before and after the therapy and kept in VGMA III transport medium for microbiological analysis. Samples were then cultured in Brucella blood agar, Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar and Rogosa agar plates to determine the total viable, S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. counts, respectively. After incubation, the number of colony-forming units was counted and the percentage of microbial reduction was calculated for each group of bacteria studied. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests showed that there was a statistically significant reduction (p<0,0001) of the dentin microflora after photodynamic therapy for the total of viable bacteria (76.03%), S. mutans (78.07%) and Lactobacillus spp. (78.0%) and that there was no statistic differences for its efficiency between groups (p>0,05). Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy can be considered an effective technique to kill bacteria present in dentine from deep carious lesions.

O tratamento da doença periodontal consiste na remoção mecânica do biofilme, sendo que terapias complementares como a terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) podem melhorar os resultados obtidos. Este trabalho avaliou in vitro o efeito dos corantes azul de toluidina e azul de metileno com distintos parâmetros de laser (70; 100mW) e LED em Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) em suspensão. O primeiro experimento avaliou efeito bactericida de diferentes concentrações dos dois corantes sozinhos (0,05; 0,1; 0,5, 1,0; 2,0; 5,0; 10 mg/ml). O segundo foi dividido nos seguintes grupos: controles positivo e negativo (gentamicina), grupos somente com luz aplicada, grupos com três concentrações (0,05; 0,1; 10 mg/ml) de corante sozinhos ou associados ao laser de baixa intensidade (660 nm; 2,91 e 4,16 W/cm2; 70 e 100mW; 45 J/cm2; 0,024 cm2; 12 e 18s) e LED (627 ± 10 nm; 150mW/cm2; 10,5 mW; 20 J/cm2; 0,07cm2; 123s). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA complementado por Tukey (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os corantes na concentração de 10 mg/ml sozinhos ou associados com laser (ambas as potências) ou LED causaram 100 % de morte bacteriana semelhante ao controle negativo (p>0,05). Com isso, pode-se concluir que aPDT pode eliminar o A.a. de forma dependente da concentração do corante. / The main treatment of periodontal disease is the mechanical removal of biofilm. Adjuvant therapies as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may offer better results. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of toluidine and methylene blue dyes, associated to red laser (70; 100mW) and LED on elimination of a suspension of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a). A first test evaluated the bactericidal effect of various concentrations of both dyes (0.05; 0.1; 0.5, 1.0; 2.0; 5.0, 10 mg/ml) in absence of light. In the second test, the experimental groups consisted of positive and negative (gentamicin) controls, groups with three concentrations (0.05; 0.1,10 mg/ml) of dyes alone of associated to low level laser (660 nm; 2.91 and 4.16 W/cm2; 70 and 100mW; 45 J/cm2; 0.024 cm2; 12 and 18s) and LED (627 ± 10 nm; 150mW/cm2; 10.5 mW; 20 J/cm2; 0.07cm2; 123s). Data were analyzed by ANOVA complemented by Tukeys test (p<0.05). The results showed that both dyes, with 10 mg/ml, alone or associated to laser and LED caused 100% of death as the negative control (p>0.05). It can be concluded that aPDT is capable of eliminate A.a depending of the dye concentration.

Orientador: Livia Nordi Dovigo / Resumo: Na saliva humana é possível identificar a presença de diversas espécies constituintes do microbioma oral. De forma geral, as bactérias presentes na saliva em estado planctônico podem ou não ser agentes causais diretos das doenças, sendo o desequilíbrio microbiano apontado como principal fator a permitir que bactérias mais virulentas se tornem dominantes e desencadeiem patologias. Com o intuito preventivo ou de tratamento diversas formas de tentar conter ou eliminar os microrganismos têm surgido. Uma nova técnica que vem sendo investigada é a Inativação Fotodinâmica (do inglês Photodynamic Inactivation, PDI), cujo mecanismo de ação envolve a utilização de um fotossensibilizador (FS), sua iluminação com uma fonte de luz de comprimento de onda compatível com o espectro de absorção do FS e a presença de oxigênio. A Curcumina (CUR) vem sendo apontada como potencial FS e diversos estudos vêm propondo alternativas farmacológicas para sua veiculação. O objetivo geral desse estudo foi investigar o efeito antimicrobiano da PDI utilizando a CUR em um sistema precursor de cristal líquido (CL) sobre amostras de saliva humana. Tratou-se de estudo experimental laboratorial no qual diferentes indivíduos forneceram amostras de saliva não estimulada, sendo então as amostras de saliva distribuídas aleatoriamente em diferentes grupos. Como variáveis de desfecho tem-se o número de unidades formadoras de colônia por mililitro (UFC/mL), avaliadas em quatro diferentes meios de cultura para identific... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: It is possible to identify the presence of several constituent species of the oral microbiome in human saliva. Generally, bacteria present in saliva in planktonic state could be responsible agents of the diseases, and the microbial imbalance is indicated as the main factor to allow more virulent bacteria to become dominant and to trigger pathologies. In order to prevent or treat, many ways of trying to contain or eliminate microorganisms have arisen. A new technique that has been investigated is the Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI), whose mechanism of action involves the use of a photosensitizer (FS), its illumination with a light source of wavelength compatible with the spectrum of absorption of FS and the presence of oxygen. Curcumin (CUR) has been identified as a potential FS and several studies have proposed pharmacological alternatives for its use. The general objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of PDI using CUR in a liquid crystal precursor (CL) system on samples of human saliva. This was an experimental laboratory study in which different individuals provided samples of nonstimulated saliva, and the saliva samples were randomly distributed in different groups. As outcome variables, the number of colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) evaluated in four different culture media for presumptive identification of selected species was used. As independent variables are the treatment (i PDI: Photodynamic Inactivation; ii CUR: curcumin only; iii Control: only the vehicle of the formulations) and formulation (i.CL: liquid crystal precursor system; ii DMSO: 10% DMSO). The crossing of these variables gave rise to six experimental groups. After the treatments, quantification of viable cells in each sample by sowing in four culture media: Mitis Salivarius for presumptive identification of mutans...(Complete abstract electronic access below) / Mestre