Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (US); 20 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LA-14197-T" A. Ayala. 12/20/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

PVD hard ceramic coatings grown via the combined cathodic arc/unbalance magnetron deposition process were studied using Raman microscopy. Characteristic spectra from binary, multicomponent, multilayered and superlattice coatings were acquired to gain knowledge of the solid-state physics associated with Raman scattering from polycrystalline PVD coatings and to compile a comprehensive spectral database. Defect-induced first order scattering mechanisms were observed which gave rise to two pronounced groups of bands related to the acoustical (150-300cm[-1]) and optical (400-750cm[-1]) parts of the phonon spectrum. Evidence was gathered to support the theory that the optic modes were mainly due to the vibrations of the lighter elements and the acoustic modes due to the vibrations of the heavier elements within the lattice. A study into the deformation and disordering on the Raman spectral bands of PVD coatings was performed. TiAIN and TiZrN coatings were intentionally damaged via scratching methods. These scratches were then analysed by Raman mapping, both across and along, and a detailed spectral interpretation performed. Band broadening occurred which was related to "phonon relaxation mechanisms" as a direct result of the breaking up of coating grains resulting in a larger proportion of grain boundaries per-unit-volume. A direct correlation of the amount of damage with band width was observed. Band shifts were also found to occur which were due to the stresses caused by the scratching process. These shifts were found to be the largest at the edges of scratches. The Raman mapping of "droplets", a defect inherent to PVD deposition processes, found that higher compressive stresses and large amounts of disorder occurred for coating growth onto droplets. Strategies designed to evaluate the ability of Raman microscopy to monitor the extent of real wear on cutting tools were evaluated. The removal of a coating layer and subsequent detection of a base layer proved successful. This was then expanded to real wear situations in which tools were monitored after 3,6,12,64,120 and 130 minutes-in-cut. A PCA chemometrics model able to distinguish between component layers and oxides was developed. Raman microscopy was found to provide structural and compositional information on oxide scales formed on the surfaces of heat-treated coatings. Wear debris, generated as a consequence of sliding wear tests on various coatings, was also found to be primarily oxide products. The comparison of the oxide types within the debris to those formed on the surface of the same coating statically oxidised, facilitated a contact temperature during sliding to be estimated. Raman microscopy, owing to the piezo-spectroscopic effect, is sensitive to stress levels. The application of Raman microscopy for the determination of residual compressive stresses within PVD coatings was evaluated. TiAlN/VN superlattice coatings with engineered stresses ranging -3 to -11.3 GPa were deposited onto SS and HSS substrates. Subsequent Raman measurements found a correlation coefficient of 0.996 between Raman band position and stress (determined via XRD methods). In addition, there was also a similar correlation coefficient observed between hardness and Raman shift (cm-1). The application of mechanical stresses on a TiAlCrN coating via a stress rig was investigated and tensile and compressive shifts were observed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Biomateriais metálicos devem apresentar uma combinação de propriedades como resistência à corrosão, biocompatibilidade e resistência mecânica. Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos, especialmente do tipo AISI 316L, aliam estas propriedades com a possibilidade de fabricação a um baixo custo. No entanto, são susceptíveis à corrosão nos fluidos fisiológicos e seus produtos de corrosão podem causar reações alérgicas ou infecciosas nos tecidos vizinhos ao implante. No presente trabalho, a aplicação de revestimentos obtidos por processos de deposição física de vapor (PVD) sobre um aço inoxidável austenítico do tipo AISI 316L foi realizada a fim de aumentar sua resistência à corrosão e biocompatibilidade. Os filmes depositados foram de nitreto de titânio (TiN), carbonitreto de titânio (TiCN) e de carbono tipo diamante (DLC). Estes materiais têm alta dureza e resistência ao desgaste, além de biocompatibilidade intrínseca, características altamente desejáveis para aplicações biomédicas. A caracterização do comportamento eletroquímico do aço com os três tipos de revestimentos mostrou que a presença de defeitos na superfície das camadas depositadas exerce uma influência negativa sobre a resistência à corrosão do substrato. A presença dos defeitos foi evidenciada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi proposto um mecanismo, com base nos dados obtidos por espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, para explicar a evolução do comportamento eletroquímico do aço com os diferentes revestimentos ao longo do tempo de imersão. Foram também empregados dois tratamentos de passivação da superfície do aço em soluções de ácido sulfúrico e ácido nítrico, a fim de aumentar a resistência à corrosão do substrato. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos utilizados não foram eficientes para melhorar esta característica, mas podem ser modificados visando um desempenho superior. As propriedades eletrônicas dos filmes passivos formados, tanto sobre o aço sem tratamento de passivação como sobre o aço passivado, foram estudadas utilizando a abordagem de Mott-Schottky. Os filmes apresentaram um caráter duplex, mostrando comportamento de um semicondutor altamente dopado acima e abaixo do potencial de banda plana. A concentração de dopantes no filme passivo foi associada à resistência à corrosão do material. Os três revestimentos PVD investigados apresentaram comportamento não citotóxico. Considerando a diminuição do coeficiente de atrito do aço 316L, os revestimentos de TiCN e o DLC foram os mais eficientes. Estas características, aliadas ao fator custo, sugerem que a aplicação comercial destes materiais sobre implantes ortopédicos pode ser viável. No entanto, a resistência à corrosão, conforme a avaliação realizada no presente estudo, não foi adequada quando comparada ao desempenho do aço sem nenhum tipo de revestimento. Ao final do texto, são apresentadas algumas sugestões a fim de conseguir um desempenho superior para a capacidade protetora dos revestimentos PVD. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

No description available.

No description available.

Für viele Anwendungen in der Grundlagenforschung, Medizin und industriellen Entwicklung sind Beschleuniger der entscheidende Antrieb. Vor allem Elektronenbeschleuniger sind als Synchrotronquellen unter den brillantesten Quellen für Strahlung im Infrarot- bis Röntgenbereich und damit unerlässlich für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen und analytischen Methoden. Photoinjektoren stellen als Elektronenquellen für Beschleuniger eine wichtige Komponente für die Entwicklung von Lichtquellen wie Freie-Elektronen-Laser, sowie für neue Beschleunigerkonzepte wie Linearbeschleuniger mit Energierückgewinnung dar. Die Photokathode und der Anregungslaser definieren dabei mit der Quantenausbeute (QE) und der intrinsischen Emittanz zentrale Kenngrößen des Photoinjektors. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung von Alkali-Antimonid Photokathoden für die Anwendung in einem Photoinjektor mit supraleitendem Hochfrequenz-Resonator. Alkali Antimonide zeigen generell eine hohe QE und Cäsium Kalium Antimonid (Cs-K-Sb) im speziellen verspricht eine geringe intrinsische Emittanz aufgrund der Ionisierungsenergie, die nur knapp unter der Photonenenergie der grünen Anregungslaser liegt. Mit der Inbetriebnahme eines Präparations- und Analysesystems konnte die Abscheidung dünner Schichten von Cs-K-Sb sowie die Messung der QE und chemischen Zusammensetzung erzielt werden. Dabei wurde mit der Ko-evaporation der Alkalimetalle eine neue Wachstumsmethode etabliert und hinsichtlich der Prozessstabilität und Qualität der erzeugten Proben mit der sequenziellen Methode verglichen. Schließlich beschreiben die Inbetriebnahme eines Prototyps des Photoinjektors und erste erfolgreiche Kathodentransfers im Vakuum einen wichtigen Schritt hin zum Betrieb eines Beschleunigers mit einer Cs-K-Sb Photokathode im supraleitenden Hochfrequenz-Injektor. Diese Kombination erlaubt die Erzeugung eines Elektronenstrahls mit niedriger Emittanz und hohem mittleren Strom. / For many disciplines in basic and applied research, medicine and industrial development accelerators are an important driving force. Especially electron accelerators as synchrotron sources are among the brightest sources of radiation from the infrared to the X-ray regime and thus fundamental to a broad range of analytical techniques. Photoinjectors as electron sources for accelerator applications are a key component for the development of light sources such as free electron lasers as well as new accelerator concepts like energy-recovery linacs. The photocathode and drive laser define the quantum efficiency (QE) and intrinsic emittance of the photoemission process and thus central figures of merit of the photoinjector. This work focuses on the development of alkali antimonide photocathodes for the application in a superconducting radio frequency photoinjector. Alkali antimonides generally exhibit a high QE and cesium potassium antimonide (Cs-K-Sb) specifically is expected to release electrons with a low intrinsic emittance as the photoemission threshold is close to the photon energy of common, green, drive laser wavelengths. A preparation and analysis system has been commissioned for the deposition of Cs-K-Sb thin film photocathodes and their analysis regarding QE and chemical composition. A new deposition technique, the alkali metal co-deposition, was established and compared to the sequential deposition in terms of process reliability and quality of the produced samples. The work concludes with a report of the commissioning of a prototype of the photoinjector and successful cathode transfers in ultra-high vacuum, which represents an important technological advancement towards the operation of an accelerator with the combination of Cs-K-Sb photocathodes and an SRF injector. This combination makes the generation of an electron beam with low emittance and high average current possible.

No description available.

To design high pressure fuel system components that resist wear and scuffing failure when operated in low viscosity fuels, a comprehensive study on the tribological performance of various existing coating materials is necessary. This thesis aims to provide the relative performance of a variety of coating materials across different fuel environments by testing them in conditions that model those experienced in fuel pumps. The relative performance of these coatings are then indexed across a variety of material properties, including hardness, elastic modulus, wettability, and the interaction between the surface and the various types of fuel molecules.

Several sputtering depositions were done by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering epitaxy (MSE) techniquefor the goal of improving the growth rate and crystalline quality of GaN thin film on Al2O3 substrate. Thegrowth rate was higher when substrate-to-target distance D = 7 cm compared with D = 9.3 cm with eitherfloating or positive bias on the substrate side. The crystalline quality was improved by raising up the growthtemperature from 700◦C to 900◦C, but the quality was declined from 900◦C to 1000◦C due to strong desorption.Gas composition in the metal mode gives better quality due to its sufficient Ga condition with less N2. Positivesubstrate bias boosted the plasma potential and therefore created higher actual sputtering power comparedwith the condition at floating substrate potential. In general, applying a higher power can elevate the growthrate and film quality. However, there has not been an evident difference of both growth rate and film qualitywhen the actual sputtering power is close for floating substrate potential and positive substrate bias.