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Typescript. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii, 1986. / Bibliography: leaves 164-175. / Microfilm. / ix, 175 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-36). / ix, 36 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

The aim of this study was to identify indictors of performance in surfing. Therefore the objectives of the study were to determine the following: {u100085} Anthropometric measures such as: height, weight, body proportions; {u100085} Flexibility measures such as: back extension, hip flexion, ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion; {u100085} Core stability; {u100085} Dynamic balance; {u100085} Explosive leg power; {u100085} Which of the physical characteristics measured discriminate between elite and non-elite surfers. To achieve the aim and objectives of this study, the literature pertaining to excellence in surfing, and the theory surrounding talent identification and the many factors that can contribute to success in sport, were reviewed. Potential criteria important for performance in surfing were identified and appropriate tests to assess these criteria were selected. An ex post facto quasi experimental design was used to assess which of the identified criteria best discriminated between elite and non-elite surfboard riders. The test battery included a personal information questionnaire and the assessment of: anthropometric variables, flexibility, core stability, dynamic balance and explosive leg power. These abovementioned physical characteristics were identified from the literature as the factors most important to success in surfing. Fifty five (55) surfers were assessed of which 28 were elite surfers and 27 were non-elite surfers. The results obtained from the evaluation of the samples were compared in terms of their descriptive statistics and the differences tested for statistical and practical significance. The variables of height, age started surfing, core stability, dynamic balance, number of days surfed per week and number of hours surfed per day were found to most discriminate between the elite and non-elite participants. Finally, a stepwise discriminant analysis was used to determine classification functions that could be used for future prediction purposes. The variables included in the discriminant analyses included height, age started surfing, number of years surfing, core stability and dynamic balance. To verify the prediction model a jack-knife procedure was performed. The results from the jack-knife procedure indicated that 85.5 perecent of the entire sample was correctly classified while 92.9 percent of the elite sample and 77.8 percent of the non-elite sample were correctly classified. Thus, the discriminant functions obtained can be used for predictive purposes.

The purpose of this study was to determine the interrelationships between oxygen intake capacity, strength, body composition and physical working capacity, as measured by the Sjostrand PWC₁₇₀ test. The subsidiary problems were: 1. to determine what statistical procedure, i.e., zero order correlations, first order partial correlations, twenty-second order partial correlations or stepwise multiple regression analysis, gave the greatest insight into the physiological relationships between the variables selected for this study, 2. to determine the form in which the variables investigated have the most meaning biologically, i.e., as raw scores, as scores divided by body weight, or as scores divided by fat free weight, and 3. to determine the accuracy of calculating PWC₁₇₀ by graphical estimation of the best fitting straight line as compared with the computer calculated values obtained by the least squares regression method. Fifty-four subjects from the School of Physical Education and Recreation at the University of British Columbia participated in this study. The Sjostrand PWC₁₇₀ test was conducted to estimate physical working capacity, and an "all out" ride on the bicycle ergometer was administered to determine maximum oxygen intake values. Body density was determined by the hydrostatic weighing technique, and body fat was calculated by the formula derived by Keys and Brozek. A comprehensive strength test was also conducted on all the subjects. The statistical analysis of the data were obtained through the Computing Center at the University of British Columbia (Program - Triangular Regression Package). A zero order correlation analysis was conducted to assess the accuracy of the graphic method in the calculation of PWC₁₇₀ scores. A zero order correlation analysis was also conducted to investigate the interrelationships between all the variables when no variables were held constant. Two first order correlation analysis were conducted to investigate the interrelationships between all the variables when body size was held constant, i.e., body weight and fat free weight, respectively. A twenty-second order correlation matrix was obtained to investigate the interrelationship between two variables when all others were held constant. Three stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted to determine the interrelationships between each of the dependent variables (PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min; PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min per kg body weight; PWC₁₇₀ kpm per mln per kg fat free weight) with two or more of the independent variables. Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that the conventional graphic technique appeared to be an accurate method to estimate the best fitting straight line in the calculation of the PWC₁₇₀ scores. The results obtained in this study appeared to support the use of performance scores divided by fat free weight as the most biologically meaningful way to express performance capacity data. This appeared to be the preferred method for comparisons of individuals' "true" abilities or capacities without regard to differences in body size or body fat. Consequently, the procedure appeared to be very appropriate for use in normative tables. The first order partial correlations of non-ratio variables with fat free weight held constant appeared to be the best statistical procedure in providing Insight into physiological relationships between oxygen intake capacity, strength and physical working capacity (PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min). The zero order correlation analysis, first order partial correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis showed the following apparent relationships to exist between the variables explored in this study: i) Fat free weight appeared to be the common factor in the relationships between many of the variables in this study, ii) Oxygen intake in liters per min was significantly related to physical working capacity (PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min) in zero order and first order correlation analysis (significant at the 0.01 level of confidence). In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, oxygen intake in liters per minute did not contribute to the prediction of PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min, but it would have been the best single predictor in the absence of fat free weight. Oxygen intake in ml per min per kg body weight was the best predictor of PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min per kg body weight. It was also the best predictor of PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min per kg fat free weight, but this appeared to be due to the smaller dispersions of oxygen intake in ml per min per kg fat free weight. iii) Strength of the right leg extensor muscles correlated significantly with PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min in zero order and first order correlation analysis (significant at the 0.05 level of confidence). This variable made a small contribution to the prediction of physical working capacity in all three stepwise multiple regression analysis, iv) Body density correlated significantly with PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min per kg body weight in zero order correlation analysis and with FWC₁₇₀ kpm per min when body weight was statistically held constant (significant at the 0.01 level of confidence). It contributed to the prediction of FWC₁₇₀ kpm per min per kg body weight only slightly less than oxygen intake ml per min per kg body weight. Thus, it appeared that in this study, leaner subjects appeared to attain higher PWC₁₇₀ kpm per min per kg body weight scores. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

A thesis submitted in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy in community psychology at the University of Zululand, 2005. / Behaviour problems in class rooms are an old story that has and will continue to bother teachers for many years. In some cases children and adolescents with severe behaviour disorders are admitted in schools of industry. Schools of industry offer different support programmes but none of these look at physical exercise as a strategy to enhance psychological well being. This research was aimed at exploring the impact of physical exercise on the psychological well being of adolescents with behaviour disorders. Sixty adolescents from two schools of industry were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Both groups were pre and post tested on behaviour, feelings about the self, physical self perception and wellness scales. A physical exercise programme was administered to an experimental group. Quantitative results reveal that adolescents who were exposed to the physical exercise programme showed general improvements in behaviour, feelings about the self, physical self-perception and wellness. Qualitative results indicated a decrease in smoking habits, absenteeism, aggression and cases of absconding. In the light of the above findings it can be deduced that physical exercise brought about enhanced self-esteem, self confidence, healthy interactions and social harmony among the adolescents. These attributes contribute positively to the psychological well being of an individual. This research does provide for the relative influence of physical exercise on the psychological well being of adolescents with behaviour disorders.

Because of its practicality, many exercise physiologists use the cycle ergometer to test cardiovascular endurance; yet due to physical injury or handicap, there is a great segment of our population that cannot easily manage an upright seated position. The recumbent position helps to stabilize the upper body, and therefore may help those whose repertoire of postural control is compromised. At present, the majority of studies dealing with upright and recumbent positions for graded exercise testing show the upright position to yield higher HR and VO2 readings. In order to determine the difference between the upright and recumbent cycle ergometer using the Y-Way Protocol, 41 healthy subjects (24 females, 17 males) performed GXT's in each position until HR reached 90% age-predicted max. Subjects were broken into two groups, with one group performing the recumbent test first and the other group performing the upright portion of testing first. Predicted . . and actual VO2 measurements were recorded for each subject, and maximum VO2 predicted. A 2x2x2 ANOVA was applied to the data to determine interaction and effects among position (upright vs. recumbent), protocol (YMCA and actual VO2), and gender. No differences in VO2 max between the upright and recumbent position were observed in either gender or protocol. It was determined that the recumbent position is a valid testing position in the estimation of VO2 max using workload adjustments determined by the Y -Way protocol.

There have bean many arguments, pro and con, about which boys make the best athletes. One very well known college coach, so the legend goes, would do his recruiting of football players in the following manner. He would drive around the country and every time he saw a prospective football player plowing a field he would stop and ask directions to the next town. If the boy just told him how to get there he would depart, but if the boy picked up the plow and pointed in the direction he should go he would immediately ask him to come to his school to play football for him. Stories of this type have brought to the investigator's mind a problem which it is felt could be developed and to which definite conclusions could be attached. Statement of problem. It was the purpose of this study to ascertain which group -- rural or urban -- produces the better athlete.

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