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The purpose of this study was twofold: 1. To determine the validity of the 9 minute and 12 minute timed runs and the 1600 metre distance run as predictors of peak oxygen uptake and therefore as measures of cardiorespiratory fitness in girls 8 to 11 years of age. 2. To determine the reliability of the 9 minute and 12 minute timed runs and the 1600 metre distance run as measures of cardiorespiratory endurance. Hypotheses were formulated from these two major purposes as well as from additonal problems which included: (i) studying the relationship between the timed/distance runs and peak oxygen uptake as the distance and time components of the runs increased, (ii) determining the intercorrelatons between two different timed or distance runs with respect to the distance and the length of time spent running. Sixty female subjects from Crofton House School and St. Patrick's Elementary School, Vancouver, B.C., were tested on the three timed/distance runs, the 9 minute, 12 minute and,1600 metre runs and a peak oxygen uptake treadmill test. Anthropometric measures (height, weight and percent body fat) were also taken. Prior to the timed/distance run testing all of the subjects were taught the concept of paced running and had four practise runs to practise this concept. Twenty of the subjects completed all the testing. The validities of the 9 minute, the 12 minute and the 1600 metre runs as predictors of peak oxygen uptake and the interrelationships between all the variables were determined by developing a correlation matrix. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted to select the independent variables (age, height, weight, percent body fat, 9 minute timed run, 12 minute timed run and the 1600 metre distance run) that best predicted the dependent variable, peak oxygen uptake. The reliabilities of the 9 minute, the 12 minute and the 1600 metre runs were determined by developing test-retest reliability correlation coefficients. The results indicated that all three timed/distance runs were significantly correlated with peak oxygen uptake. The 9 minute timed run exhibited the highest correlation with peak oxygen uptake followed by the 1600 metre distance run and the 12 minute timed run. Both the 1600 metre distance run and the 12 minute timed run showed significant test-retest reliability correlations, therefore were reliable predictors of peak oxygen uptake in girls 8 to 11 years-of age. The intercorrelations between the timed and distance runs showed the 9 minute timed run and the 1600 metre distance run having the highest degree of relationship followed by the 1600 metre distance run and the 12 minute timed run and finally the 9 minute and 12 minute timed runs. In conclusion both the 1600 metre distance run and the 12 minute timed run were considered to be reliable field tests and predicted peak oxygen uptake in girls 8 to 11 years of age. The 1600 metre distance run exhibited higher validity and reliability correlations and therefore would be the preferred field test of cardiorespiratory fitness in girls 8 to 11 years of age. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

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Chik, Tsz Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-86). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / TABLE OF CONTENTS / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ABSTRACT (Chinese version) --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background of Study --- p.1 / Purpose and Significance --- p.3 / Delimitations --- p.3 / Limitations --- p.3 / Operational Definitions --- p.3 / Health-related physical fitness --- p.3 / Cardiorespiratory fitness --- p.4 / Body composition --- p.4 / Muscular strength --- p.4 / Muscular endurance --- p.4 / Flexibility --- p.4 / Self-reported questionnaire --- p.4 / Hypotheses --- p.4 / Chapter II --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.6 / Physical Fitness: Definition and its Association with Health and Mortality --- p.8 / Brief review on physical fitness and health --- p.10 / Physical Fitness Evaluation Programs --- p.12 / Existing Laboratory and Field Tests for Health-related Physical Fitness --- p.18 / Laboratory methods --- p.18 / Field tests --- p.21 / Problems associated with laboratory and field tests --- p.25 / Non-exercise prediction models --- p.28 / Self-reported Questionnaire --- p.30 / Perceived Physical Fitness Scale --- p.30 / NASA/JSC Physical Activity Scale (PA-R) --- p.30 / Multidimensional Physical Self-Concept --- p.31 / Validity and reliability of the self-reported fitness questionnaires --- p.31 / Merits and limitations of self-reported questionnaires --- p.33 / Setting of a Questionnaire --- p.35 / Summary --- p.35 / Chapter III --- METHODOLOGY --- p.37 / Development of questionnaire --- p.37 / Item construction --- p.37 / Content validity --- p.38 / Pilot test --- p.38 / Validity and reliability --- p.39 / Criterion measures --- p.40 / Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Descriptive statistics --- p.43 / Reliability --- p.43 / Criterion-related validity --- p.44 / Chapter IV --- RESULTS --- p.45 / Descriptive Statistics --- p.45 / Criterion-related validity --- p.48 / Reliability --- p.49 / Test-retest reliability --- p.49 / Internal consistency --- p.50 / Questionnaire revision --- p.51 / Chapter V --- DISCUSSION --- p.57 / Reliability --- p.57 / Test-retest reliability --- p.57 / Internal consistency --- p.60 / Validity --- p.62 / Limitations --- p.68 / Recommendations for further study --- p.69 / Conclusions --- p.69 / REFERENCES --- p.71 / APPENDIX / Chapter A --- Self-reported Physical Fitness Questionnaire for content validity --- p.87 / Chapter B --- Self-reported Physical Fitness Questionnaire for criterion validity (Chinese version) --- p.108 / Chapter C --- Self-reported Physical Fitness Questionnaire for criterion validity (English version) --- p.113 / Chapter D --- Health History Questionnaire --- p.119 / Chapter E --- PAR-Q --- p.121 / Chapter F --- Informed consent --- p.123 / Chapter G --- "Revised Self-reported Physical Fitness, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency (women)" --- p.124 / Chapter H --- "Revised Self-reported Physical Fitness, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency (men)" --- p.126

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has made the promotion of regular physical activity a national health objective, and experts believe that physical education can play a significant role in the promotion of physical activity. Feasible measurement tools to assess physical activity behavior, by physical educators, are lacking. One validated instrument is the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT; McKenzie, Sallis & Nader, 1991). SOFIT's physical activity data are collected using momentary time sampling (MTS) with a 20-second interval length and provide estimates of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA). Whether variations in interval lengths would adversely affect the accuracy of the MVPA data has not been investigated. From a clinical perspective, if physical education teachers are to utilize MTS procedures for on-going assessment they will require longer time intervals to collect accurate MVPA data. Therefore, this project sought to determine the accuracy of MVPA levels collected through varying observation tactics (i.e., 20s, 60s, 90s, 120s, 180s, and random) relative to those collected through duration recording (DR). Video records of 30 randomly selected elementary school physical education classes were utilized for this study. Utilizing modified physical activity codes from SOFIT, the researchers collected MTS data regarding students' MVPA at varying interval lengths (i.e., 20s, 60, 90s, 120s, 180s, and random). Three statistical techniques, Pearson-product moment (PPM) correlation coefficients, Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA), and Average Error (AE), were utilized to demonstrate concurrent validity of the varying interval lengths. Results demonstrated moderate-low to high correlations between the 20s, 60s, 90s, and random interval lengths and the DR tactic during the total class. The RM ANOVA indicated similarity between all the varying interval lengths and the DR tactic for total class observation. The MTS procedure that created the least amount of AE across classes was the 20s variable followed by the 60s, random, and 90s variables. These findings build empirical evidence for the use of a 60s, random, and 90s MTS procedure for the purpose of MVPA assessment by physical educators. / Graduation date: 2004

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