Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um método para garantir a proteção dos dados contra falhas de comunicação, em redes de sensores inteligentes sem fios. A rede sem fios foi empregada nos ensaios de modelos físicos reduzidos em centrífuga para estudar o comportamento das âncoras \"tartaruga\", utilizadas nas linhas de ancoragem de sistemas oceânicos para produção de óleo e gás em águas profundas. O emprego da tecnologia de redes de sensores sem fios tem aumentado em muitas áreas da sociedade, principalmente na engenharia. Dessa forma, muitos problemas estão sendo enfrentados e estudados pelos pesquisadores. Sobretudo no que diz respeito à interferência ambiental, relação de potência e alcance, integridade da informação, miniaturização dos dispositivos, autonomia de energia, limitação de algoritmos e vida útil. A inserção da tecnologia de redes de sensores inteligentes sem fios nos ensaios de modelos físicos reduzidos em centrífuga, além de ser inédita no Brasil, permitirá avanços significativos na determinação de parâmetros que, atualmente, são de difícil obtenção com tecnologias convencionais como os sistemas de aquisição de dados e controle que utilizam cabos e fios. Muitas vezes depara-se com a inconveniência do peso dos cabos e dificuldades de instalação dos dispositivos nos modelos, pela sua pouca portabilidade. / This work present a method development to guarantee of the integrity data in the wireless smart sensor networks, employed in centrifuge physical modeling tests of anchors used as fixing devices of deep water production oil and gas systems. The use of wireless smart sensor networks technology has been increasing in many engineering areas. In spite of this evidence, lots of problems are being faced and studied by the researchers, environmental interference, power and reach relations, integrity of the information, miniaturization of the devices, energy autonomy, algorithms and useful life. The use of the wireless smart sensor networks technology in the reduced physical models test in centrifuge, by first time in Brazil, will allow significant advances in the parameters determination. The conventional instrumentation presents inconvenience of the weight cables and difficulties of the devices in the models by limited portability.

La diversité des régimes des instruments de la famille des flûtes a été mise en évidence à de nombreuses reprises : régimes statiques, périodiques, ou non périodiques. Cependant, de nombreux aspects de la dynamique de ces instruments demeurent mal compris. Pour les musiciens comme pour les facteurs d'instruments, les transitions entre régimes revêtent une importance particulière : d'une part elles correspondent à des changements de notes, et d'autre part la production d'un régime donné est conditionnée par les paramètres de facture (liés à la fabrication de l'instrument), et de contrôle (ajustés en permanence par l'instrumentiste). On s'attache dans ce document à caractériser les transitions entre régimes dans les flûtes, en lien avec des problématiques de facture et de jeu. Différentes approches sont mises en place. Des approches expérimentales d'une part, avec des mesures sur musicien et sur bouche artificielle. Par ailleurs, un modèle physique de l'instrument - un système dynamique à retard de type neutre - est étudié, par intégration temporelle d'une part, mais également par collocation orthogonale et continuation, donnant ainsi accès aux diagrammes de bifurcations.Croiser les résultats de ces différentes approches permet de mieux appréhender différents phénomènes : hystérésis associée aux changements de régime, ou mécanisme d'apparition des régimes non périodiques. L'influence de paramètres de facture et de contrôle est également étudiée : le rôle majeur de la géométrie interne du canal des flûtes à bec est mis en évidence, et l'influence de la dynamique de la pression dans la bouche du musicien sur les seuils de changement de régimes est caractérisée. / Various studies have highlighted the diversity of regimes in flute-like instruments : static, periodic or non periodic regimes. However, some aspects of their dynamics remain poorly understood. Both for flute players and makers, transitions between regimes are particularly important : on the one hand, they correspond to a change of the note played, and on the other hand, production of a given regime is determined by parameters related to making and to playing of the instrument. In this document, we are interested in caracteristics of regime change in flute-like instruments, in relation with making and playing issues.Different approches are considered. First, experimental methods, with measurement on both musician and an artificial mouth. On the other hand, a physical model of the instrument - a system of delay differential equations of neutral type - is studied, through time-domain integration, and using orthogonal collocation coupled to numerical continuation. This last approach provides access to bifurcation diagrams.Considering results of these different methods, it becomes possible to better understand different experimental phenomena, such as regime change and associated hysteresis, or production mechanisms of non periodic regimes. Influence of different parameters is further studied : the crucial importance of the channel geometry in recorders is highlighted, and the influence of the mouth pressure dynamics on regime change thresholds is analysed.

La maîtrise de la gestion thermique du moteur à combustion interne permet de répondre à des problématiques telles que la réduction de la consommation de carburant et des émissions de polluants. Cette gestion peut être réalisée par des systèmes mécatroniques, plus précisément grâce à une vanne électromécanique multivoie, appelée ACT valve (Active Cooling thermo-management valve), permettant de mettre en œuvre une stratégie de gestion thermique lors du contrôle des températures dans différentes branches du circuit de refroidissement du moteur thermique.L’objectif du travail est d’améliorer la robustesse du processus de conception de cette vanne en tenant compte des contraintes fonctionnelles multi-physiques telles que la déformation, l’usure, mais aussi de contraintes de fabrication et de tolérancement géométrique liées au processus d’injection des pièces thermoplastiques. Ces incertitudes doivent être prises en compte dès la phase de la conception pour assurer l'efficacité et la fiabilité de ces vannes jusqu'à la fin de leurs vies.Ces travaux de thèses proposent tout d’abord une nouvelle méthode de conception de ces vannes qui se base sur des modèles numériques multi-physiques permettant à tous les métiers d’avoir une base de données commune. Validés expérimentalement, Ces modèles ont permis de mettre en évidence la sensibilité de certains paramètres géométriques sur le couple développé par l’actionneur de la vanne et de s’assurer de la fiabilité du système par la prédiction de l’usure sur un des éléments clés de l’ACT valve.Bien que l’analyse de sensibilité nous ait permis de comprendre l’influence de certains paramètres sur le système, nous avons proposé une nouvelle technique d’identification des configurations optimales du design de cette vanne en utilisant une méthode d’optimisation méta-heuristique multi-objectifs. Les suggestions de conception offertes par cette méthode permettent de réduire le couple résistant sur l’actionneur de la vanne ainsi que l’encombrement global du système. / The thermal management of the internal combustion engine can solve issues related to fuel consumption reduction and pollutant emissions. This management can be applied using mechatronic systems, more precisely thanks to a multi-way electromechanical valve, called ACT valve (Active Cooling thermo-management valve), that presents a thermal management strategy when controlling temperatures in different branches of the engine cooling circuit.The aim of this work is to improve the robustness of the design process of this valve taking into account the multi-physical functional constraints such as deformation, wear, but also geometrical tolerances constraints related to the thermoplastic parts manufacturing process. These uncertainties must be taken into account in the first steps of the design phase to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of this valve over its lifetime.This work first proposes a new method of designing these valves, which is based on multi-physical modeling, allowing the product designers to have a common database. Experimentally validated, these models made it possible to highlight the sensitivity of certain geometrical parameters on the torque developed by the actuator of the valve and to make sure of the reliability of the system with wear prediction on one of the key elements of ACT valve.Although the sensitivity analysis allowed us to understand the influence of certain parameters on the system, we proposed a new technique for identifying optimal configuration configurations of this valve using a metaheuristic, multi-objective optimization method. The design suggestions offered by this method can reduce the resistive torque on the valve DC-actuator as well as the overall packaging.

According to the 2018 Ethernet Roadmap projections, the requirements for high speed links keep increasing every year, always keeping an eye on the energy per bit consumption of the communication system. The Ethernet requirements are estimated to reach 1Tbps by 2022-2025. Optical links are one of the most concrete solutions to satisfy bandwidth requirements at low energy consumption. An optical link is a communication system that consists of a single end-to-end optical circuit. In contrast with vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) technology, which is based on a direct laser modulation, silicon photonics technology (SPT) is based on indirect modulation. In order to perform the modulation, electro-optical modulators are needed in the optical link system for electrically modulating the optical power.This master thesis, developed at imec, will present the modeling of two different technologies of optical modulators: Silicon Ring Modulator and the Franz-Keldysh ElectroAbsorption Modulator. The work was initiated, since there were no available models of these devices in the actual framework for link analysis. First a preliminary study of the physical principles of the two devices was performed, in order to build the Matlab models. Then, these models were fitted with measurements, in order to adjust them to real-life behavior. After having obtained two working models of the two modulators, an alreadyexisting framework was used, to compare the energy consumption per bit in the optical link. However, the results obtained with the simulation didn’t highlight a technology to be preferred to the other. / Enligt prognoserna från Ethernet Roadmap 2018 fortsätter kraven på höghastighetslänkar att öka varje år och håller alltid ett öga på kommunikationssystemets energi konsumtion per bit. Ethernet-kraven beräknas nå 1Tbps 2022-2025.Optiska länkar är en av de mest konkreta lösningarna för att tillgodose bandbreddskrav vid låg energiförbrukning. En optisk länk är ett kommunikationssystem som utgör en punkt till punkt förbunden optisk krets. I motsats till teknik som utnyttjar den vertikala kavitetsytemitterande lasern (VCSEL), som bygger på en direkt lasermodulering, baseras kisel fotonikteknik (SPT) på indirekt modulering. För att utföra en modulering behövs elektrooptiska modulatorer i det optiska länksystemet för att elektriskt modulera den optiska effekten.Denna masteruppsats, utvecklad vid imec, kommer att presentera modelleringen av två olika teknologier av optiska modulatorer: Silicon Ring Modulatorn och Franz-Keldysh Electro Absorption Modulator. Arbetet, genomfördes eftersom det inte fanns några tillgängliga modeller av dessa enheter i själva ramverket för länkanalys. För det första genomfördes en preliminär studie av de två enheternas fysikaliska principer för att bygga Matlab-modellerna. Sedan jämfördes dessa modeller med mätningar för att anpassa dem till verkligt beteende. Efter att ha fått två arbetsmodeller av de två modulatorerna användes ett redan existerande ramverk för att jämföra energikonsumtionen per bit i den optiska länken. De resultat som erhölls med simuleringen indikerade emellertid inte någon teknik som skulle föredras framför den andra.

In dieser Arbeit wird anfangs dargestellt, wie kostenintensiv und problematisch die Kanalreinigung ausfällt. Durch die demographisch bedingt rückläufigen Schmutzwassermengen und gleichzeitig prognostizierten langen Trockenperioden in den Sommermonaten muss allerdings mit einer verstärkten Akkumulation von Ablagerungen in den Kanalsystemen gerechnet werden. Zudem erweist es sich in Voraussicht auf den Klimawandel als notwendig, den gesamten Kanalquerschnitt für Starkregenereignisse von Ablagerungen freizuhalten; ansonsten ist die häufigere Entlastung des Abwassernetzes in den Vorfluter nach Füllung der vorhandenen Regenrückhaltebecken vorprogrammiert. Die Kanalreinigung wird somit in den nächsten Jahren an Bedeutung gewinnen. Vor allem bei der Reinigung von Großprofilen ist jedoch der Stand der Technik noch nicht ausgereift und die jetzigen Reinigungsmethoden erweisen sich wegen des niedrigen Reinigungserfolges sowie der starken Umweltbelastung durch die genutzten Geräte als ungeeignet. Durch die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte und auf den Stand der Technik gebrachte Reinigungsmethode wird jedoch eine leistungsstarke Alternative geboten. In Zukunft wird es möglich sein, große Kanaldurchmesser fast vollkommen umweltneutral zu reinigen und nur mit Hilfe der Wasserkraft das gesammelte Sediment bis zum nachgeschalteten Sandfang zu mobilisieren. Mit den durchgeführten und hier dargestellten numerischen Versuchen wird in erster Linie eine geometrische Optimierung zur Erreichung der größten Mobilisierungskräfte im Hinblick auf einen ausgewählten Abschnitt der Dresdner Kanalisation vollzogen. In der nachfolgenden physikalischen Modellierung wird der Schwerpunkt auf die optimale Reinigungsgeschwindigkeit gelegt, um ein möglichst großes Volumen an Ablagerungen zu bewegen. Es muss allerdings präzisiert werden, dass während der Modellierung kein Grenzzustand erreicht werden konnte. Dieser wird schließlich durch die folgende analytische Beschreibung des Transportvorganges theoretisch bestimmt. Für das genutzte physikalische Modell wird analytisch ein Grenztransportkörper aus Modellsediment errechnet. Bei einer Übertragung auf den dazugehörigen vorhandenen Abschnitt im Dresdner Kanalnetz durch Ansetzen des Ähnlichkeitsgesetzes wird ein mobilisierbares Grenzvolumen überschlagen. Die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse der theoretischen Untersuchungen bzw. der physikalischen Modellierung wurden mit den Betreibern und den Herstellern des neuen Stauwagens diskutiert und hinsichtlich konstruktiver Schwerpunkte optimiert. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kostenoptimierung und der konstruktiven Realisierung wurde von der Firma 'WKS Technik GmbH' ein Forschungsmuster zur Untersuchung in einer Pilottestphase entwickelt und gebaut. In der nachfolgenden dargestellten Testphase wurde das Ergebnis als Pilotprojekt im Dresdner Kanalnetz in mehreren Testläufen erprobt und untersucht. Nach jedem Testlauf wurden die aufgetretenen Probleme analysiert und durch Umbauten oder Veränderungen behoben. Regelmäßige Reinigungsfahrten sollten wegen der geringeren Ablagerungsmengen ein gleichmäßiges Fahren gewährleisten bzw. die Ablagerungen vollständig mobilisieren und bis zum Sandfang transportieren, um sie dort zu entnehmen. Während der Testphase wurde eine viel höhere Sedimentmenge gesammelt und transportiert als die, welche sich aus der analytischen Berechnung ergab. Dies folgte aus dem beim Naturversuch zugelassenen höheren Aufstauniveau hinter dem Spülwagen, welches ausnahmsweise zugelassen wurde, um auf eine zwischenzeitliche Sedimentabsaugung zu verzichten. / The early pages of this research thesis demonstrate how costly and problematic sewer cleaning is. Due to changing demographics causing declining amounts of wastewater and, at the same time, to predicted long dry spells during the summer months, an increased accumulation of sediments in the sewer systems has to be expected. With respect to climate change it is necessary to keep the entire sewer cross section free of sediments in order to manage heavy rainfall events; otherwise a more frequent relief of the wastewater system into the receiving water is inevitable once the rain retention basins have been filled. Thus sewer cleaning will gain in importance within the next few years. Predominantly the cleaning of large-diameter profiles, however, has not reached a state-of-the-art technology, and the current cleaning methods prove themselves to be inapt due to their very limited success as well as to the environmental burden posed by the equipment they employ. The state-of-the-art cleaning method presented in this research paper constitutes a high-powered alternative. In the future, it will be possible to clean large sewer cross sections almost entirely in an environmentally neutral fashion and to mobilize the accumulated sediment all the way to the downstream sand trap by exclusively harnessing water power. The numerical experiments conducted for this paper primarily effected a geometric optimization to achieve the maximal mobilization forces in a selected section of Dresden's sewer system. In the subsequent physical modeling the emphasis is placed on the optimal cleaning speed in order to move a maximum volume of sediments. It has to be clarified, however, that no limit state could be reached during the modeling procedure. This limit state is determined theoretically only through the following analytical description of the transport process. For the physical model at hand, the maximum transportable sediment volume made of model sediment is calculated analytically. In an extrapolation for the associated existent section in the Dresden sewer system, a mobilizable limit volume is estimated applying the law of similarity. The results of the theoretical analysis and the physical modeling presented in this work were discussed with the operators and manufacturers of the new storage vehicle and were optimized with regard to constructional core aspects. In special consideration of the cost optimization and the constructional realization, the 'WKS Technik GmbH' company developed and constructed a research prototype for a survey in a pilot test phase. During the subsequent test phase, the result was tried out and examined as a pilot project in several trial runs in Dresden's sewer system. After each trial run, the problems which had occurred were analyzed and then eliminated through constructional modifications or other alterations. Regular cleaning runs were intended to guarantee a steady movement of the cleaning vehicle due to a reduced amount of sediments, or to completely mobilize the sediments and transport them to the sand trap in order to remove them there. The sediment volume actually gathered and transported during the test phase was significantly larger than the one derived from the analytical calculation. This increase results from greater storage depths behind the flush car, which were permitted as an exception for the field test in order to go without any interim sediment extractions. / La prima parte della presente tesi di dottorato mette in evidenza le problematicità legate alla pulizia dei canali delle acque reflue, sottolineando in particolare gli enormi costi generati dall 'alta frequenza di depositi e dalla grandezza delle reti di raccolta presenti sui territori. A causa della riduzione demografica e delle condizioni meteorologiche che si stanno alterando, per il prossimo futuro si prevedono lunghi periodi di siccità, interrotti da acquazzoni intensi e brevi. Questo porterà ad un accumulo di depositi nelle reti di raccolta delle acque miste soprattutto nei mesi estivi, che implicherà a sua volta la necessità di tenere le sezioni dei canali presenti libere da depositi per consentire un appropriato deflusso e ritenzione in presenza delle suddette intense precipitazioni. Se in questi casi la ritenzione della rete fognaria non sarebbe data, infatti, si andrebbe a scaricare acque sporche sempre in maggiore quantità e con maggiore frequenza nei corsi d 'acqua di superficie, inquinando in secondo luogo anche le falde acquifere. Da questo quadro, si evince come la pulizia delle canalizzazioni acquisterà in futuro sempre una maggiore importanza. Attualmente, per la pulizia di canali di grandi dimensioni (maggiori di 1000 mm) non esistono metodi efficaci ed ecologici per movimentare i depositi presenti. Il presente lavoro espone una soluzione competitiva ai suddetti problemi. Grazie al lavoro di ricerca e sviluppo svolto, infatti, è stato elaborato un metodo con cui sarà possibile in futuro pulire canali di grosse dimensioni pressoché senza l\'impiego di energia esterna, ma solamente grazie all 'utilizzo dell 'energia dell 'acqua reflua presente nei canali, mobilizzando i depositi fino al prossimo punto presente dove sarà possibile estrarre dalla rete fognaria il materiale raccolto. L 'analisi numerica eseguita e qui rappresentata porta innanzitutto ad un 'ottimizzazione geometrica ed idraulica che consente il raggiungimento delle maggiori forze di mobilizzazione possibili per un segmento scelto della rete fognaria della città di Dresda (Sassonia). Nelle prove in laboratorio correlate si è cercato di ottimizzare la velocità con la quale deve avvenire la pulizia del fondo del canale in modo da poter trasportare il più elevato volume di sedimenti possibile. Si precisa a questo riguardo che in laboratorio non è stato possibile raggiungere il limite volumetrico correlato al modello fisico utilizzato, perché i soli 24 m di lunghezza del banco di prova non hanno consentito il raggiungimento di tale stato limite. Questo limite è stato determinato successivamente attraverso un modello analitico sviluppato appositamente, il quale descrive la mobilizzazione dei sedimenti attraverso la tecnologia di pulizia utilizzata. Attraverso i fattori di conversione che regolano le leggi fisiche presenti tra modello di laboratorio e natura è stato possibile in seguito rapportare il limite volumetrico al segmento reale utilizzato per le prove numeriche. Usando i risultati ottenuti sia dalle analisi numeriche che dalle prove di laboratorio è stato sviluppato e poi realizzato un prototipo assieme al partner commerciale 'WKS Technik GmbH', prestando particolare attenzione all 'ottimizzazione costruttiva e dei costi di produzione. Questo prototipo è stato testato per diverse volte in un tratto di circa quattro chilometri della canalizzazione di Dresda. Dopo ogni corsa sono stati analizzati i punti deboli del metodo di pulizia nonché del prototipo stesso e si è provveduto ad eliminarli. Gli ultimi test hanno confermato il funzionamento di tale prototipo offrendo inoltre una buona validazione del modello analitico sviluppato in precedenza.

Ce mémoire présente une composition d’études et de travaux de recherche orientés autour de trois grandes thématiques : la synthèse, la reproduction et la perception des sons, en considérant à la fois les sons de nature musicale mais aussi environnementale. Il vise en outre un champ d’application, le design sonore, qui implique globalement la création intentionnelle de sons du quotidien. La structure du document est conçu selon un schéma relativement uniforme et comporte, pour chaque partie, une présentation générale de la thématique apportant des éléments théoriques et des données relatives à l’état de l’art, suivie de développements spécifiques permettant de converger vers les sujets d’étude propres à chaque thème – explicitement, formalisme modal dans la synthèse par modélisation physique, pour la partie "Synthèse" ; mesure et contrôle de la directivité des instruments de musique, pour la partie "Reproduction" ; timbre et identification des sources sonores, pour la partie "Perception"– puis d’une présentation détaillée des travaux personnels relatifs à chacun des sujets, le cas échéant, sous la forme d’un article publié. Ces divers éléments de connaissance et d’expérience propose donc une contribution personnelle et originale, volontairement inscrite dans un cadre de recherche élargi, pluridisciplinaire et appliqué. / This dissertation presents a composition of studies and research works articulated around three main topics : synthesis, reproduction and perception of sounds, considering both musical and environmental sounds. Moreover, it focuses on an application field, the sound design, that globally involves the conception of intentional everyday sounds. The document is based on a rather uniform structure and contains, for each part, a general presentation of the topic which brings theoretical elements together with an overview of the state-of-the-art, followed by more precise developments in order to focus on the specific matters related to each topic – in detail, modal formalism in sound synthesis by physical modeling, for the "Synthesis" section ; measurement and control of musical instruments directivity, for the "Reproduction" section ; timbre and sound sources identification, for the "Perception" section – and then followed by a detailed presentation of the personal works related to each matter, in some cases, in the form of published papers. Then, these several elements of knowledge and experience offer a personal and original contribution, deliberately put in a broad, multidisciplinary and applied framework.

Ce mémoire présente une composition d’études et de travaux de recherche orientés autour de trois grandes thématiques : la synthèse, la reproduction et la perception des sons, en considérant à la fois les sons de nature musicale mais aussi environnementale. Il vise en outre un champ d’application, le design sonore, qui implique globalement la création intentionnelle de sons du quotidien. La structure du document est conçu selon un schéma relativement uniforme et comporte, pour chaque partie, une présentation générale de la thématique apportant des éléments théoriques et des données relatives à l’état de l’art, suivie de développements spécifiques permettant de converger vers les sujets d’étude propres à chaque thème – explicitement, formalisme modal dans la synthèse par modélisation physique, pour la partie "Synthèse" ; mesure et contrôle de la directivité des instruments de musique, pour la partie "Reproduction" ; timbre et identification des sources sonores, pour la partie "Perception"– puis d’une présentation détaillée des travaux personnels relatifs à chacun des sujets, le cas échéant, sous la forme d’un article publié. Ces divers éléments de connaissance et d’expérience propose donc une contribution personnelle et originale, volontairement inscrite dans un cadre de recherche élargi, pluridisciplinaire et appliqué. / This dissertation presents a composition of studies and research works articulated around three main topics : synthesis, reproduction and perception of sounds, considering both musical and environmental sounds. Moreover, it focuses on an application field, the sound design, that globally involves the conception of intentional everyday sounds. The document is based on a rather uniform structure and contains, for each part, a general presentation of the topic which brings theoretical elements together with an overview of the state-of-the-art, followed by more precise developments in order to focus on the specific matters related to each topic – in detail, modal formalism in sound synthesis by physical modeling, for the "Synthesis" section ; measurement and control of musical instruments directivity, for the "Reproduction" section ; timbre and sound sources identification, for the "Perception" section – and then followed by a detailed presentation of the personal works related to each matter, in some cases, in the form of published papers. Then, these several elements of knowledge and experience offer a personal and original contribution, deliberately put in a broad, multidisciplinary and applied framework.

Ce mémoire présente une composition d’études et de travaux de recherche orientés autour de trois grandes thématiques : la synthèse, la reproduction et la perception des sons, en considérant à la fois les sons de nature musicale mais aussi environnementale. Il vise en outre un champ d’application, le design sonore, qui implique globalement la création intentionnelle de sons du quotidien. La structure du document est conçu selon un schéma relativement uniforme et comporte, pour chaque partie, une présentation générale de la thématique apportant des éléments théoriques et des données relatives à l’état de l’art, suivie de développements spécifiques permettant de converger vers les sujets d’étude propres à chaque thème – explicitement, formalisme modal dans la synthèse par modélisation physique, pour la partie "Synthèse" ; mesure et contrôle de la directivité des instruments de musique, pour la partie "Reproduction" ; timbre et identification des sources sonores, pour la partie "Perception"– puis d’une présentation détaillée des travaux personnels relatifs à chacun des sujets, le cas échéant, sous la forme d’un article publié. Ces divers éléments de connaissance et d’expérience propose donc une contribution personnelle et originale, volontairement inscrite dans un cadre de recherche élargi, pluridisciplinaire et appliqué. / This dissertation presents a composition of studies and research works articulated around three main topics : synthesis, reproduction and perception of sounds, considering both musical and environmental sounds. Moreover, it focuses on an application field, the sound design, that globally involves the conception of intentional everyday sounds. The document is based on a rather uniform structure and contains, for each part, a general presentation of the topic which brings theoretical elements together with an overview of the state-of-the-art, followed by more precise developments in order to focus on the specific matters related to each topic – in detail, modal formalism in sound synthesis by physical modeling, for the "Synthesis" section ; measurement and control of musical instruments directivity, for the "Reproduction" section ; timbre and sound sources identification, for the "Perception" section – and then followed by a detailed presentation of the personal works related to each matter, in some cases, in the form of published papers. Then, these several elements of knowledge and experience offer a personal and original contribution, deliberately put in a broad, multidisciplinary and applied framework.

In recent years, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) have attracted much attention due to their potential as a clean power source for many applications, including automotive, portable and stationary devices. This resulted in a tremendous technological progress, such as the development of new membranes and electro-catalysts or the improvement of electrode structures. However, in order to compete within the most attractive markets, the PEMFC technologies did not reach all the required characteristics yet, in particular in terms of cost and durability.Because of the strong coupling between different physicochemical phenomena, the interpretation of experimental observations is difficult, and analysis through modeling becomes crucial to elucidate the degradation and failure mechanisms, andto help improving both PEMFC electrochemical performance and durability.The development of a theoretical tool is essential for industrials and the scientific community to evaluate the PEMFC degradation and to predict itsperformance and durability in function of the materials properties and in a diversity of operating conditions. This manuscript summarizes my scientific research efforts in this exciting topic during the last 9 years in France, including my invention of the MEMEPhys multiscale simulation package,developed on the basis of my childhood passion for the New Technologies for Energyin Argentina. My perspectives of adapting this approach to other electrochemical systems such as water electrolyzers and batteries are also discussed.