This investigation examined the ability of the self-reported Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) and the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS) to predict an individual’s performance on a timed walking assessment. Twenty subjects 65 years of age and older (73.5 ± 4.8) volunteered for the study. There were 13 women and nine men. Subjects participated in an individual interview in which the VSAQ and the YPAS were administered. The subjects then participated in a timed 25 meter walking test (16.5 ± 2.5). The 25 meter walking test was given twice and the times for each individual was averaged. Descriptive analysis of the YPAS demonstrated that the predominant reported level of energy expenditure was used for work activities (50% ± 18.4). The least amount of calories for the entire group was expended in caretaking with a mean percentage of 3.3% (± 6.1). Exercise was the second highest calorie expending category with 21.9% (± 14.0) of total calories. However, recreational activities were a close third with a mean of 17% (± 19.0). Yard work represented 7.8% (± 7.8) of total calories. The mean score for the VSAQ was 7.4 (± 3.4). The regression analysis demonstrated that age, gender, and VSAQ score were significant predictors of physical performance on the walking test (p<0.05) (Time= -1.78 +0.274 Age +2.22 Gender - 0.366 VSAQ). The r-squared value for this was 62.5%. Performance time was significantly predicted by adding the selected values from the YPAS (exercise and work) and the value from the VSAQ (Time= 18.5 - 0.566 VSAQ +0.0568 %Exer + 0.0350 %Work). The r-squared value for this was 52.6%. There was also a significant correlation (p<0.05) between age, time, and performance (r²=0.5). Therefore, the VSAQ appears to be an alternative assessment tool for physical activity in this selected elderly population. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6251.pdf: 2137348 bytes, checksum: c2a00dd9baf672490949a036d79336a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Literature reports that genetic polymorphisms may determine important modulations on athletes phenotypes, such as height, cardiovascular adaptations, use of energy substrates as well as electrolyte and hormonal balance. It is possible that individuals who express the alpha actinin 3 gene (ACTN3; ancestral homozygous RR or heterozygous RX) may offer advantages in movements that require strength and fast twitch compared with individuals with XX genotype. ACTN3 is a sarcomeric Z line component, which is important for the actin filaments anchorage and myofibrillar arrangement maintenance. Regarding AMP deaminase (AMPD1) polymorphism, it has been reported that athletes with the mutant allele (allele T) may present disadvantages in intense and repetitive physical activities, since the enzyme encoded by this gene is responsible for the ATP resynthesis after intense muscle contractions. Polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE; deletion allele D) and angiotensinogen (AGT; mutated allele T) may favor athletes in activities requiring strength, due to the fact of higher Angiotensin (Ang) II circulating levels. The present study investigated whether polymorphisms in ACTN3, AMPD1, ACE and AGT genes, alone or in combination, may influence the hemodynamic and cardiac parameters as well as soccer players performance during physical tests such as jump, speed and endurance. Saliva from 220 young professional soccer players (14-20 years) from São Paulo Futebol Clube (Brazil) was collected. Then, total DNA was extracted from saliva and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping of athletes. To provide more reliability to the study, athletes were also separated according to their age. Before this separation, the athletes with the mutation in the ACTN3 gene jumped lower heights in Squat Jump test (SJ) (RR/RX = 33.64 ± 5.31 vs XX = 30.81 ± 4.51 cm, p = 0.007), as well as in the Under (U)-15 (RR/RX = 34.88 ± 5.39 vs XX = 30.59 ± 4.07 cm, p = 0.04) and U- 17 (RR/RX = 35.82 ± 4.35 vs XX = 30.24 ± 5.16 cm, p = 0.01) categories. In the Counter Movement Jump test (CMJ), RR/RX jumped 37.26 ± 5.72 cm and XX 34.12 ± 4.84 cm (p = 0.005). In the U-17 category, RR/RX jumped 38.56 ± 5.69 cm and XX 32.90 ± 6.06 cm (p = 0.02). In the Counter Movement Jump with arms (CMJb) test, with all athletes, RR/RX jumped 43.85 ± 6.38 cm and XX 40.61 ± 5.06 cm (p = 0.009). The speed test (30 m) showed in the U-17 category that RR/RX were faster than the XX athletes (RR/RX = 4.13 ± 0.13 vs XX = 4.27 ± 0 17 s, p = 0.04). Regarding AMPD1 gene, no significant difference was found in the jumps and endurance tests, but in the speed test (10 m), CC athletes were faster than those with CT/TT genotypes (CC = 1.53 ± 0.19 vs CT/TT = 1.62 ± 0.16 s, p = 0.04). Athletes with DD genotype (ACE) jumped significantly higher in CMJb test compared with ID/II (DD = 44.37 ± 6.22 vs ID/II = 42.35 ± 6.23 cm, p = 0.02). In the U-17 category, DD athletes jumped higher in SJ (DD = 38.04 ± 5.00 vs ID/II = 33.16 ± 4.11 cm, p = 0.01), CMJ (DD = 41.03 ± 5.64 vs ID/II = 35.76 ± 4.26 cm, p = 0.01) and CMJb (DD = 48.62 ± 5.98 vs ID/II = 42.42 ± 4.81 cm, p = 0.007). In the endurance test, athletes from U-16 category with genotypes ID/II, traveled greater distances compared with DD (ID/II = 1.467 ± 63.70 vs DD =1.244 ± 64.25 m, p = 0.04). The DD genotype also favored athletes in speed test (30 m), either for players from U-14 category (DD = 4.29 ± 0.19 vs ID/II = 4.40 ± 0.16 s, p = 0.02) or for the U- 17 category (DD = 4.07 ± 0.15 vs ID/II = 4.20 ± 0.13 s, p = 0.04). AGT gene polymorphism did not influence the performance in the tests, but athletes with the mutant genotype (TT) showed greater left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy (114.6 ± 105.2 g/m2 for TT, 92.16 ± 18.88 g/m2 for MT and 94.78 ± 21.08 g/m2 for MM, p = 0.04) without any change in cardiac and other hemodynamic parameters. Greater LV hypertrophy (DD = 96.95 ± 19.96, ID = 90.14 ± 21.58 and II = 91.67 ± 21.09 g/m2, p = 0.04) and higher ejection fraction (DD = 71.73 ± 7.71, ID = 69.48 ± 6.51 and II = 68.59 ± 5.72 %, p = 0.02) were also found in the athletes with the DD genotype. The analysis of genes combination on athletic performance, when characteristics of strength and muscle fast twitch in the ranking by score were taken into account, showed that athletes with the highest scores (5-8) jumped higher than those with lower scores (1-4) in SJ test (score 5 to 8 = 33.80 ± 5.16 vs score 1 to 4 = 31.60 ± 5.22 cm, p = 0.01) and CMJ test (score 5 to 8 = 43.90 ± 6.85 vs score 1 to 4 = 41.87 ± 5.98 cm, p = 0.04). The present results suggest that RR/RX (ACTN3), DD (ACE) and CC (AMPD1) genotypes may benefit soccer players in activities requiring strength and fast twitch. In addition, ID/II genotypes seem to provide more resistance to athletes in endurance activity. In the future, the organization, standardization and ethical responsibility will be required in the management of these genetic markers for use in athletes training process. / Há relatos na literatura de que os polimorfismos genéticos podem determinar importantes modulações nos fenótipos dos atletas, como por exemplo, estatura, adaptações cardiovasculares, utilização dos substratos energéticos bem como balanço eletrolítico e hormonal. É possível que indivíduos que expressem o gene alfa actinina 3 (ACTN3; genótipos RR para homozigotos ancestrais ou RX para heterozigotos) possam apresentar vantagens em movimentos que exijam força e rápida contração muscular quando comparados aos indivíduos com genótipo XX. Isto pelo fato de a ACTN3 ser um componente da linha Z sarcomérica, o qual é importante para o ancoramento dos miofilamentos de actina e manutenção do arranjo miofibrilar. Com relação ao polimorfismo no gene AMP deaminase (AMPD1), tem sido relatado que os atletas que apresentam o alelo mutado (alelo T) possam apresentar desvantagens em atividades físicas intensas e repetitivas, uma vez que a enzima codificada por este gene é responsável pela ressíntese de ATP muscular após intensas contrações. Os polimorfismos nos genes da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA; alelo de deleção D) e angiotensinogênio (AGT; alelo T mutado) podem favorecer os atletas em atividades que requeiram força, isto por conta dos maiores níveis circulantes de Angiotensina (Ang) II. Este estudo investigou se os polimorfismos nos genes ACTN3, AMPD1, ECA e AGT, combinados ou não, podem influenciar nos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, cardíacos e no desempenho de jogadores de futebol em testes físico-motores tais como saltos, velocidade e endurance. Foi coletada a saliva de 220 jogadores jovens (14 a 20 anos) das categorias de base profissional do São Paulo Futebol Clube, Brasil. Em seguida, o DNA total foi extraído a partir da saliva e ensaios de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foram utilizados para a genotipagem dos atletas. Para conferir mais fidedignidade ao estudo, os atletas foram também separados de acordo com a idade. Antes desta separação, os atletas com a mutação no gene ACTN3 saltaram menos no teste Squat Jump (SJ) (RR/RX = 33,64 ± 5,31 vs XX = 30,81 ± 4,51 cm, p = 0,007), assim como nas categorias Sub-15 (RR/RX = 34,88 ± 5,39 vs XX = 30,59 ± 4,07 cm, p = 0,04) e Sub-17 (RR/RX = 35,82 ± 4,35 vs XX = 30,24 ± 5,16 cm, p = 0,01). No teste Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) os RR/RX saltaram 37,26 ± 5,72 cm e os XX 34,12 ± 4,84 cm (p = 0,005). Na categoria Sub-17, detectou-se que os RR/RX saltaram 38,56 ± 5,69 cm e os XX 32,90 ± 6,06 cm (p = 0,02). No teste Counter Movement Jump com os braços (CMJb), com todos os atletas, os RR/RX saltaram 43,85 ± 6,38 cm e os XX 40,61 ± 5,06 cm (p = 0,009). O teste de velocidade de deslocamento (30 m) revelou, na categoria Sub-17, que os RR/RX foram mais velozes que os atletas XX (RR/RX = 4,13 ± 0,13 vs XX = 4,27 ± 0,17 s, p = 0,04). Com relação ao gene AMPD1, nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada nos testes de saltos e endurance, porém no teste de velocidade de deslocamento (10 m), os atletas CC foram mais velozes comparados àqueles com genótipos CT/TT (CC = 1,53 ± 0,19 vs CT/TT = 1,62 ± 0,16 s, p = 0,04). Atletas com o genótipo DD (ECA) saltaram significativamente mais alto no teste CMJb comparados aos ID/II (DD = 44,37 ± 6,22 vs ID/II 42,35 ± 6,23 cm, p = 0,02). Na categoria Sub-17, os atletas DD saltaram mais nos testes SJ (DD = 38,04 ± 5,00 vs ID/II = 33,16 ± 4,11 cm, p = 0,01), CMJ (DD = 41,03 ± 5,64 vs ID/II = 35,76 ± 4,26 cm, p = 0,01) e CMJb (DD = 48,62 ± 5,98 vs ID/II = 42,42 ± 4,81 cm, p = 0,007). No teste de endurance, atletas da categoria Sub-16 com os genótipos ID/II, percorreram maiores distâncias comparados aos DD (ID/II = 1.467 ± 63,70 vs DD = 1.244 ± 64,25 m, p = 0,04). O genótipo DD do gene da ECA também favoreceu os atletas no teste de velocidade (30 m), pois jogadores da categoria Sub-14 com o referido genótipo foram mais velozes comparados aos ID/II (DD = 4,29 ± 0,19 vs ID/II = 4,40 ± 0,16 s, p = 0,02). O mesmo pôde ser visto para a categoria Sub-17 (DD = 4,07 ± 0,15 vs ID/II = 4,20 ± 0,13 s, p = 0,04). O polimorfismo no gene AGT parece não influenciar o desempenho nos testes propostos, porém atletas com o genótipo mutado (TT) apresentaram maior hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo (VE; 114,6 ± 105,2 g/m2 para TT; 92,16 ± 18,88 g/m2 para MT e 94,78 ± 21,08 g/m2 para MM, p = 0,04), sem qualquer outra alteração nos outros parâmetros cardíacos e hemodinâmicos. Maior hipertrofia do VE (DD = 96,95 ± 19,96; ID = 90,14 ± 21,58 e II = 91,67 ± 21,09 g/m2, p = 0,04) e maior fração de ejeção (DD = 71,73 ± 7,71; ID = 69,48 ± 6,51 e II = 68,59 ± 5,72 %, p = 0,02) também foram encontradas nos atletas com o genótipo DD. A análise da combinação dos genes no desempenho dos atletas, quando se privilegiaram as características de força e explosão muscular no ranqueamento por escore, revelou que os atletas com os escores mais altos (5 a 8) saltaram mais comparados àqueles com escores mais baixos (1 a 4) no teste SJ (Escore 5 a 8 = 33,80 ± 5,16 vs Escore 1 a 4 = 31,60 ± 5,22 cm, p = 0,01) e no teste CMJ (Escore 5 a 8 = 43,90 ± 6,85 vs Escore 1 a 4 = 41,87 ± 5,98 cm, p = 0,04). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que os genótipos RR/RX (ACTN3), DD (ECA) e CC (AMPD1) podem beneficiar os jogadores de futebol em atividades que requeiram força e rápida contração muscular. Além disso, os genótipos ID/II parecem proporcionar mais resistência aos atletas em atividade de endurance. Para o futuro, serão necessárias organização, padronização e responsabilidade ética no manejo desses dados genéticos para a utilização no processo de formação de atletas.