In safety-critical, networked embedded systems, it is important that the way in which a fault(s) in one component of the system can propagate throughout the system to other components is analyzed correctly. Many real-world systems, such as modern aircrafts and automobiles, use large-scale networked embedded systems with complex behavior. In this work, we have developed techniques and a software tool, FauPA, that uses those techniques to automate fault-propagation analysis of large-scale, networked embedded systems such as those used in modern aircraft. This work makes three main contributions. 1. Fault propagation analyses. We developed algorithms for two types of analyses: forward analysis and backward analysis. For backward analysis, we developed two techniques: a naive algorithm and an algorithm that uses Datalog. 2. A system description language. We developed a language that we call Communication System Markup Language (CSML) based on XML. A system can be specified concisely and at a high-level in CSML. 3. A GUI-based display of the system and analysis results. We developed a GUI to visualize the system that is specified in CSML. The GUI also lets the user visualize the results of fault-propagation analyses.

The so-called Industry 4.0 is by its agitators commonly denoted as the fourth industrial revolution and promises to turn the manufacturing sector on its head. However, everything that glimmers is not gold and in the backwash of hefty consultant fees questions arises: What are the drivers behind Industry 4.0? Which barriers exists? How does one prepare its manufacturing procedures in anticipation of the (if ever) coming era? What is the internet of things and what file sizes’ is characterised as big data? To answer these questions, this thesis aims to resolve the ambiguity surrounding the definitions of Industry 4.0, as well as clarify the fuzziness of a data-driven manufacturing approach. Ergo, the comprehensive usage of data, including collection and storage, quality control, and analysis. In order to do so, this thesis was carried out as a case study at GKN Aerospace Sweden (GAS). Through interviews and observations, as well as a literature review of the subject, the thesis examined different process’ data-driven needs from a quality management perspective. The findings of this thesis show that the collection of quality data at GAS is mainly concerned with explicitly stated customer requirements. As such, the data available for the examined processes is proven inadequate for multivariate analytics. The transition towards a data-driven state of manufacturing involves a five-stage process wherein data collection through sensors is seen as a key enabler for multivariate analytics and a deepened process knowledge. Together, these efforts form the prerequisites for Industry 4.0. In order to effectively start transition towards Industry 4.0, near-time recommendations for GAS includes: capture all data, with emphasize on process data; improve the accessibility of data; and ultimately taking advantage of advanced analytics. Collectively, these undertakings pave the way for the actual improvements of Industry 4.0, such as digital twins, machine cognition, and process self-optimization. Finally, due to the delimitations of the case study, the findings are but generalized for companies with similar characteristics, i.e. complex processes with low volumes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do trabalho é analisar a lagoa de Jacarepaguá e a ocupação no seu entorno de forma multitemporal, contribuindo para o melhor entendimento das atuais condições ambientais da Baixada de Jacarepaguá. A metodologia adotada buscou identificar mudanças físicas do meio a partir 1980 através da elaboração, comparação e análise de mapas de ocupação e uso dos solos relativos aos anos de 1984, 1992, 2001 e 2010, e da identificação da qualidade da água da lagoa de Jacarepaguá, das suas condições de profundidade, tamanho do espelho dágua e de sua relação com a população local. Com isso foi possível retratar formas de integração entre os processos naturais e sociais em um dado espaço-tempo assim como estabelecer tendências futuras desse ambiente. Os resultados mostram que de tempos em tempos há uma refuncionalização do espaço, que se reflete não só na conformação dos terrenos marginais alagadiços mas também nas condições físicas da própria lagoa de Jacarepaguá. Seu espelho dágua vem sendo confinado pelas formas de ocupação nas áreas das bacias fluviais e nos seus terrenos marginais (impermeabilização, aterros e obras de drenagem) fazendo com que haja uma estabilidade relativa na sua dimensão areal e também no volume de suas águas. A lagoa apresenta dados históricos de poluição por esgoto doméstico que têm acelerado suas condições naturais de assoreamento e comprometido à qualidade de suas águas. E mesmo havendo projetos e obras de saneamento para o local, verifica-se que tem havido um aumento da poluição da lagoa principalmente na sua porção oeste, conforme o resultado das análises realizadas com os dados temporais disponíveis de DBO, fósforo, Nitrogênio Kj, OD e salinidade. Isto pode ser explicado pela tendência atual da expansão urbana rumo a essa direção. Constatou-se que apesar de, por algum tempo, os tipos de terreno terem condicionado as formas de ocupação, atualmente o processo se inverteu, sendo a ocupação indutora e recondicionante da estruturação do meio. São apresentadas e caracterizadas diversas formas e respectivos tipos de usos do solo na área. Conclui-se que as condições ambientais da lagoa de Jacarepaguá e suas perspectivas futuras dependem atualmente mais da forma com que a sociedade quer e pretende incorpora-la ao seu ambiente do que da dinâmica natural do sistema físico do qual faz parte. / The aim of this paper is to analyse the lagoon of Jacarepaguá and the occupation of its outskirts throughout the multi-temporal, contributing for a better understanding of the current environmental conditions of the lowland of Jacarepaguá. The adopted methodology seeked to identify the physical changes of the environment from 1980 s on, through the elaboration, comparison and analysis of occupation maps and the usage of soils related to the years of 1984, 1992, 2001 and 2010, and the identification of the water quality of the Lagoon of Jacarepagua, of its depth conditions, the size of the water mirror and its relation to the local community. This way, it was possible to portray ways of integration between the natural and social processes in a given time-space, as well as to establish future tendencies of this environment. The results show that from time to time there is a refunctionalization of the space, which reflects not only in the conformation of the marginal swampy terrains, but also in the physical conditions of the Lagoon of Jacarepagua itself. The lagoon s water mirror has been confined by the means of occupation in the river basins and its marginal terrains (waterproofing, landfills and drainage work) creating a relative stability in its sandy dimension and also in its water volume. The lagoon presents some historical data of pollution through domestic sewer which has accelerated its natural conditions of silting up and compromised the quality of its waters. And even though there are some projects and sanitation works for the place, it is verified that there has been a pollution increase of the lagoon, mainly, in its western portion, as has shown the results of the accomplished analyses with the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) available data, phosphorus, nitrogen, DO (Dissolved Oxygen) and salinity. This can be explained by the current tendency of the urban expansion due to this direction. It is verified, despite the fact that, for a while, the types of terrain have conditioned its ways of occupation. Nowadays the process has inverted, being the inductorial occupation and reconditioning of the environment structuration. It is presented and characterized several forms and respective types of soil usage in the area. Thus, the environmental condition of the Lagoon of Jacarepagua and its future perspectives depends on, nowadays, more in the way in which the society want and intend to incorporate to its environment, than to the natural dynamic of the physical system to which it is belonged.

The first industrial revolution moved from farming to factory through the development ofthe steam engine. The Second arose through the innovation of electricity and the thirdindustrial revolution moved from analogue technology to digital technology. The latestindustry trend is called industry 4.0, whose vision is to create automated factories. Industry4.0 refers to create smart factories, where physical objects may communicate with eachother to solve different kind of problems. This new technology entails different changes forcompanies, there among other things; the role of human beings will be affected in one oranother way.This thesis has examined an industrial company, which strives to develop their businesstowards industry 4.0. The purpose of the study was to review an ongoing implementationof IoT, focusing on understanding different actors' perspectives on the emerging technology.On this basis several of possibilities and difficulties were identified, which companies needto consider in the future when developing towards industry 4.0.The result of the study describes the difference between different actors' perspectives, whichin the future will have to be discussed in order to find a balance in the IoT-environment. Byexamining an ongoing implementation of IoT, a checklist consisting of key componentswere identified. This checklist may be useful for companies with / Den första industriella revolutionen uppkom vid ångmaskinens framgång, den andra genomelektricitet och den tredje utvecklades med hjälp av IT. Den senaste trenden inom industrinkallas Industri 4.0, vars vision syftar till att skapa automatiserade fabriker. Den nya teknikenkommer inte att utvecklas över en natt och det finns ett flertal faktorer vilka behöverundersökas för att lyckas ta stegen mot visionen. Industri 4.0 medför olika förändringar förföretagen där bland annat människans roll inom verksamheten kommer att påverkas.Studien har genomförts mot ett medelstort industriföretag, vilket strävar efter att utvecklasin verksamhet mot industri 4.0. Författarna har tidigare samarbetat med industriföretagetoch konsultbyrån. Tillsammans utvecklar de en plattform mot Internet of Things (IoT) föratt ta första steget mot en uppkopplad verksamhet. Syftet med studien var att granska enpågående implementering av IoT med fokus på att förstå olika aktörers perspektiv på denframväxande tekniken. Med den utgångspunkten identifierades olika möjligheter ochproblem företagen kommer att behöva ta hänsyn till.Studiens resultat belyser skillnaden mellan olika aktörers perspektiv vilket i framtidenkommer att behöva diskuteras för att hitta en balans. Eftersom studien granskade enpågående implementering identifierades dessutom ett arbetssätt bestående av viktigakomponenter för företag med visionen att börja utveckla sin verksamhet mot industri 4.0visionen.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo do trabalho é analisar a lagoa de Jacarepaguá e a ocupação no seu entorno de forma multitemporal, contribuindo para o melhor entendimento das atuais condições ambientais da Baixada de Jacarepaguá. A metodologia adotada buscou identificar mudanças físicas do meio a partir 1980 através da elaboração, comparação e análise de mapas de ocupação e uso dos solos relativos aos anos de 1984, 1992, 2001 e 2010, e da identificação da qualidade da água da lagoa de Jacarepaguá, das suas condições de profundidade, tamanho do espelho dágua e de sua relação com a população local. Com isso foi possível retratar formas de integração entre os processos naturais e sociais em um dado espaço-tempo assim como estabelecer tendências futuras desse ambiente. Os resultados mostram que de tempos em tempos há uma refuncionalização do espaço, que se reflete não só na conformação dos terrenos marginais alagadiços mas também nas condições físicas da própria lagoa de Jacarepaguá. Seu espelho dágua vem sendo confinado pelas formas de ocupação nas áreas das bacias fluviais e nos seus terrenos marginais (impermeabilização, aterros e obras de drenagem) fazendo com que haja uma estabilidade relativa na sua dimensão areal e também no volume de suas águas. A lagoa apresenta dados históricos de poluição por esgoto doméstico que têm acelerado suas condições naturais de assoreamento e comprometido à qualidade de suas águas. E mesmo havendo projetos e obras de saneamento para o local, verifica-se que tem havido um aumento da poluição da lagoa principalmente na sua porção oeste, conforme o resultado das análises realizadas com os dados temporais disponíveis de DBO, fósforo, Nitrogênio Kj, OD e salinidade. Isto pode ser explicado pela tendência atual da expansão urbana rumo a essa direção. Constatou-se que apesar de, por algum tempo, os tipos de terreno terem condicionado as formas de ocupação, atualmente o processo se inverteu, sendo a ocupação indutora e recondicionante da estruturação do meio. São apresentadas e caracterizadas diversas formas e respectivos tipos de usos do solo na área. Conclui-se que as condições ambientais da lagoa de Jacarepaguá e suas perspectivas futuras dependem atualmente mais da forma com que a sociedade quer e pretende incorpora-la ao seu ambiente do que da dinâmica natural do sistema físico do qual faz parte. / The aim of this paper is to analyse the lagoon of Jacarepaguá and the occupation of its outskirts throughout the multi-temporal, contributing for a better understanding of the current environmental conditions of the lowland of Jacarepaguá. The adopted methodology seeked to identify the physical changes of the environment from 1980 s on, through the elaboration, comparison and analysis of occupation maps and the usage of soils related to the years of 1984, 1992, 2001 and 2010, and the identification of the water quality of the Lagoon of Jacarepagua, of its depth conditions, the size of the water mirror and its relation to the local community. This way, it was possible to portray ways of integration between the natural and social processes in a given time-space, as well as to establish future tendencies of this environment. The results show that from time to time there is a refunctionalization of the space, which reflects not only in the conformation of the marginal swampy terrains, but also in the physical conditions of the Lagoon of Jacarepagua itself. The lagoon s water mirror has been confined by the means of occupation in the river basins and its marginal terrains (waterproofing, landfills and drainage work) creating a relative stability in its sandy dimension and also in its water volume. The lagoon presents some historical data of pollution through domestic sewer which has accelerated its natural conditions of silting up and compromised the quality of its waters. And even though there are some projects and sanitation works for the place, it is verified that there has been a pollution increase of the lagoon, mainly, in its western portion, as has shown the results of the accomplished analyses with the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) available data, phosphorus, nitrogen, DO (Dissolved Oxygen) and salinity. This can be explained by the current tendency of the urban expansion due to this direction. It is verified, despite the fact that, for a while, the types of terrain have conditioned its ways of occupation. Nowadays the process has inverted, being the inductorial occupation and reconditioning of the environment structuration. It is presented and characterized several forms and respective types of soil usage in the area. Thus, the environmental condition of the Lagoon of Jacarepagua and its future perspectives depends on, nowadays, more in the way in which the society want and intend to incorporate to its environment, than to the natural dynamic of the physical system to which it is belonged.

It is envisioned that future cyber-physical systems will provide a more convenient living and working environment. However, such systems need inevitably to collect and process privacy-sensitive information. That means the benefits come with potential privacy leakage risks. Nowadays, this privacy issue receives more attention as a legal requirement of the EU General Data Protection Regulation. In this thesis, privacy-by-design approaches are studied where privacy enhancement is realized through taking privacy into account in the physical layer design. This work focuses in particular on cyber-physical systems namely sensor networks and smart grids. Physical-layer performance and privacy leakage risk are assessed by hypothesis testing measures. First, a sensor network in the presence of an informed eavesdropper is considered. Extended from the traditional hypothesis testing problems, novel privacy-preserving distributed hypothesis testing problems are formulated. The optimality of deterministic likelihood-based test is discussed. It is shown that the optimality of deterministic likelihood-based test does not always hold for an intercepted remote decision maker and an optimal randomized decision strategy is completely characterized by the privacy-preserving condition. These characteristics are helpful to simplify the person-by-person optimization algorithms to design optimal privacy-preserving hypothesis testing networks. Smart meter privacy becomes a significant issue in the development of smart grid technology. An innovative scheme is to exploit renewable energy supplies or an energy storage at a consumer to manipulate meter readings from actual energy demands to enhance the privacy. Based on proposed asymptotic hypothesis testing measures of privacy leakage, it is shown that the optimal privacy-preserving performance can be characterized by a Kullback-Leibler divergence rate or a Chernoff information rate in the presence of renewable energy supplies. When an energy storage is used, its finite capacity introduces memory in the smart meter system. It is shown that the design of an optimal energy management policy can be cast to a belief state Markov decision process framework. / <p>QC 20170815</p>

In algorithmic computing, the program follows a predefined set of rules – the algorithm. The analyst/designer of the program analyzes the intended tasks of the program, defines the rules for its expected behaviour and programs the implementation. The creators of algorithmic software must therefore foresee, identify and implement all possible cases for its behaviour in the future application! However, what if the problem is not fully defined? Or the environment is uncertain? What if situations are too complex to be predicted? Or the environment is changing dynamically? In many such cases algorithmic computing fails. In such situations, the software needs an additional degree of freedom: Autonomy! Autonomy allows software to adapt to partially defined problems, to uncertain or dynamically changing environments and to situations that are too complex to be predicted. As more and more applications – such as autonomous cars and planes, adaptive power grid management, survivable networks, and many more – fall into this category, a gradual switch from algorithmic computing to autonomic computing takes place. Autonomic computing has become an important software engineering discipline with a rich literature, an active research community, and a growing number of applications.:Introduction 5 1 A Process Data Based Autonomic Optimization of Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Processes, Daniel Höschele 9 2 Eine autonome Optimierung der Stabilität von Produktionsprozessen auf Basis von Prozessdaten, Richard Horn 25 3 Assuring Safety in Autonomous Systems, Christian Rose 41 4 MAPE-K in der Praxis - Grundlage für eine mögliche automatische Ressourcenzuweisung, in der Cloud Michael Schneider 59

Industry 4.0 is a new generation of manufacturing based on robotics, automation and new trends in ICT. It was for the first time introduced at the Hannover Fair in 2011 and has been part of the European, German and Czech discourse since then. This Master thesis deals with the topic of Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic and assesses to what extent the concept is coming to the Czech Republic as a result of a top-down (EU) or horizontal (Germany) Europeanization. The thesis came to the conclusion that there are two perceptions of Industry 4.0. One is narrow and deals with the industrial policy and the other is broad and deals with society wide implications of the fourth industrial revolution. The debate about Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic is mainly a result of a horizontal Europeanization based on bilateral agreements and close cooperation between Germany and the Czech Republic in the area of R&D, innovations and business. However, the top-down Europeanization cannot be neglected as the EU provides much broader context where Industry 4.0 is taking place. Moreover, Industry 4.0 gave a new impetus to the digital economy and society in the Czech Republic. It turned into agenda 4.0 and moved forward the debate about digital skills.

Critical infrastructures (CIs) distributing water, oil, gas, electricity, etc., to community residents and businesses, leverage cyber-physical systems (CPSs) to supervise and control the physical processes that these services entail. Over recent decades, these systems have moved to implement more modern IT-resembling solutions using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) for increased reliability, scalability, and remote connectivity. This change exposes these highly critical systems to new threats and vulnerabilities. One approach to mitigate the risks faced by these systems is to perform analysis on digital representations in the form of digital models or digital shadows of the CPSs. However, this is not a trivial task in practice. These practical issues are explored in this design science research through the development of a guidance process to perform the data collection necessary to create a static digital model of a small-scale power grid CPS in Sweden. The results show that it is possible to gather information on the CPS components through the four approaches: SCADA system exports, documentation information, CLI scripting, and network scanning. While the artefact presented in this report demonstrates these results, challenges still remain such as a lack of SCADA export tools, reaching the SCADA network with scanning tools in a responsible manner, and accessing insights into the complete documentation held by the organisations. The researcher suggests these topics for future research directions.

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