A deficiência é compreendida como uma articulação entre os aspectos orgânicos, ambientais e pessoais. O resultado final do cruzamento destes fatores engendra o quadro final observado. No entanto, pouco se produziu sobre esta incidência dos fatores pessoais. A literatura propõe que crianças com deficiência física apresentam prejuízos na imagem corporal, associando alterações orgânicas com dificuldades do eu. Entretanto, estabelecem associações diretas e não indicam de que modo este eu prejudicado poderia compor o quadro da deficiência. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo explorar a imagem corporal no processo de constituição subjetiva de crianças com deficiência física congênita. Neste recorte, buscou-se investigar como o corpo incide sobre o sujeito e quais os efeitos da incidência do sujeito sobre o corpo. Para tal, é realizada uma revisão da literatura e a coleta de casos cínicos utilizando a Avaliação Psicanalítica aos 3 Anos (AP3) e o Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) em duas crianças com deficiência física e seus pais, seguindo o método clínico-qualitativo. Foi observado que nestes casos existem riscos de prejuízos da imagem corporal por conta de especificidades do quadro orgânico, como o excesso de intervenções e manipulações; manifestações do corpo, como movimentos involuntários, que rompem o simbólico e o imaginário e o uso de próteses/órteses. Estes dados orgânicos foram atrelados às significações e identificações que se oferecem ao eu, somadas as já presentes na rede significante na qual a \"deficiência\" está inserida. Desta forma, verificou-se que tais identificações podem levar a danos secundários à deficiência, compondo seu quadro final. Os prejuízos na imagem corporal foram atrelados às demais manifestações do inconsciente, indicando no processo de constituição subjetiva e no exercício das funções parentais as bases da imagem corporal e das organizações pessoais que irão tomar o corpo e a deficiência. Frente aos dados, foram feitas considerações às áreas afins que podem se beneficiar do trabalho em equipe com o psicanalista e psicólogo. Concluindo, a pesquisa aponta para a noção de risco, seja de prejuízos da imagem corporal quanto de constituição do sujeito, levantando questões como o desenvolvimento de uma clínica preventiva e o estudo das reações frente à deficiência, o que se estende as diferentes deficiências dada a marca significante que carregam / Disability is understood as a combination of organic, environmental and personal aspects. The final result of the blend of these factors produces the condition observed. However, little has been written about the effects of these personal aspects. Literature suggests that children with physical disabilities suffer damage to their body image, and associates organic alterations with difficulties of the ego. However, although it makes direct associations, it fails to indicate how this impaired ego might be part of the overall picture of the disability. Thus, the aim of this research is to explore body image in the process of the subjective constitution of children with congenital physical disabilities. How the body affects the subject and the effects of the subject on the body were investigated. To this end, a review of the literature was made and data on clinical cases was collected, using the clinical-qualitative method, by performing the Psychoanalytic Assessment of 3-year-olds (PA3) and the Human Figure Drawing (HFD) on two children with physical disabilities and their parents. It was observed that in these cases, there is risk of damage to body image due to specificities of the organic condition such as excessive interventions and manipulation; body manifestations such as involuntary movements, which break the symbolic and the imaginary; and the use of prosthesis/orthosis. These organic data were linked to the meanings and identifications offered to the ego, in addition to those already present in the signifier\'s network in which the \"disability\" is contained. Thus, it was verified that these identifications can lead to damages secondary to the disability, composing its overall picture. Damages to body image were linked to other manifestations of the unconscious, indicating the bases of the body image and personal organization that the body and the disability will take on in the process of subjective constitution and the exercise of parental functions. Based on the data, considerations were made regarding related areas that might benefit from working jointly with psychoanalysts and psychologists. To conclude, the research points to the notion of risk, whether of damage to body image or to the constitution of the subject, raising questions such as the need for a preventative practice and the study of reaction to disability, which extends to different disabilities according to their particular signifier

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar uma opção de investimento em ambientes residenciais especiais, mais conhecidos no Brasil como instituições de longa permanência, com um formato jurídico e uma estrutura de governança corporativa que assegure perenidade institucional, além de um formato econômico-financeiro flexível que priorize qualidade de vida para os residentes. Três aspectos subsidiaram o propósito deste estudo e puderam ser comprovados ao final: uma parcela representativa da população pesquisada não acredita que os rendimentos a serem recebidos da previdência social ao se aposentarem sejam suficientes para sustentá-la; as pessoas não confiam nas organizações atuais no que tange aos cuidados oferecidos aos seus residentes e ambientes residenciais especiais que ofereçam garantias de qualidade de vida são opções de investimentos a futuros usufrutuários. Um fator intimamente ligado ao assunto é a mudança da pirâmide etária, caracterizada pelo aumento da população com faixa etária superior aos 60 anos de idade. Enquanto a população com menos de 40 anos deve diminuir 2% de 2008 a 2050, o grupo com 60 anos ou mais deve aumentar 256%. Outro aspecto determinante são os portadores de necessidades especiais, que precisarão de organizações confiáveis para quando os familiares não puderem oferecer-lhes cuidados adequados. Instituições nacionais e internacionais com formatos diferenciados foram analisadas e mais de 1500 pessoas foram pesquisadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo e arredores. Os resultados culminaram com a definição do perfil de investidores potenciais. Este trabalho pode gerar alguns desdobramentos, tais como estudos que evidenciem a necessidade de educação e de cultura financeira objetivando propiciar aposentadoria com rendimentos que proporcionem condições sociais de qualidade, outros modelos jurídicos, pesquisas em outras cidades, refinamentos das informações geradas na primeira pesquisa e possíveis variações em relação ao perfil do investidor potencial. / The objective of this work was to identify an investment option in special residential environments, better known in Brazil as institutions of long permanence, with legal format and corporate governance, which assures institutional perenniality and also a flexible financial-economic format that gives priority to the residents quality of life. The purpose of this study was subventioned by three aspects, which were proved at the end: a significant part of the population researched does not believe that the social security income will be enough for a living when they retire; people do not trust the current organizations concerning the offered care to its residents and special residential environments that guarantee quality of life are investment options to future beneficial owners. One factor closely related to the subject is the population pyramid change, characterized by an increase in population over 60 years of age. While the population below 40 years old must decrease 2% from 2008 to 2050, the group over 60 years old must increase 256%. Another determining aspect is the handicapped, who will need trustworthy organizations to when their family is not able to offer them appropriate care. National and international institutions with exclusive formats were analyzed and more than 1500 people were researched in São Paulo metropolitan area and surroundings. The results have culminated with the definition of the potential investor profile. This work can create some unfolding, such as studies that enhance the need of education and financial culture with the objective of providing retirement with interest that provide high-quality social conditions, other legal models, researches in other cities, refinement of the information generated on the first research and possible variations concerning the potential investor profile.

University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Information Technology. / Over the last few years Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have emerged as highly attractive systems supporting many useful large-scale applications and services. They allow the exploitation of enormous untapped resources (such as idle processing cycles, storage, and bandwidth) available at Internet-connected devices, which were previously considered incapable of providing services to others. Participating nodes (peers) form an overlay network and communicate with each other without being controlled by a central authority. The structures and routing decisions of the most current P2P networks often do not correlate with the Internet infrastructure. In doing so, the tasks of overlay construction and routing become less complicated however, this results in high end-to-end delay for the P2P applications. As a consequence, the P2P networks may not be able to provide stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for a new generation of P2P applications, and thus limit their benefits for the end users. Moreover, the infrastructure ignorance means P2P systems waste Internet resources by adding more than they should to the Internet traffic. This leads to the increase in Internet access costs substantially, and in turn the P2P systems do not scale well. The thesis presents a novel architecture for developing efficient P2P systems, and new schemes for constructing infrastructure-aware overlay networks. The main objective is first, to overcome the disparity between the overlay and Internet structures in order to maximize the use of network resources and reduce the overlay delay to the P2P applications; second, to provide efficient communication for P2P systems enabling deployment of any P2P applications while preserving decentralized, self-organizing and self-maintaining characteristics for the systems. To achieve these goals, we firstly developed Geographically Longest Prefix Matching (Geo-LPM) and Geographical Partitioning (Geo-Partitioning) schemes to cluster nodes that are close to each other in terms of network latency and network membership, and to determine links between neighboring clusters respectively. The developed schemes are efficient, generate low overhead, and help to produce excellent physically/infrastructure-aware overlay networks. Their distinctive features are self-organization, self-maintenance, and decentralization, which make them suitable to work in a P2P environment. Secondly we propose a novel architecture, called a physically-aware reference model (PARM) that captures desirable features for P2P systems by resolving major functional P2P system problems efficiently in a layered structure. For example, the application routing layer of PARM deals with routing inefficiency, meanwhile the infrastructure unawareness is resolved at the overlay network layer. We develop a useful P2P application, called a Peer Name Service (PNS) that interprets node names into their current IP addresses for any Internet-connected devices. Using the overlay networks, the PNS can support devices, which could be unreachable via the Domain Name Server (DNS), and mobile devices on-the-move without prior setup requirement in a distributed and timely fashion. Finally, to validate the whole concept of PARM, we simulate the PNS and a file transfer to a mobile node at the top layer of PARM, the P2P application layer. Since the PNS is sensitive to delay, it would be useful to evaluate the impacts of overlay delay factor and PARM on the performance of P2P applications. The simulation results show that the performance of the PARM-based applications is significantly improved while achieving decentralized and self-organizing features. The results also indicate that PARM can be a recommended reference model for developing scalable and efficient P2P systems.

La compréhension et la mémorisation de données visuelles sont une part importante de l'apprentissage des étudiants en médecine. Cependant, la nature tridimensionnelle et dynamique du corps humain pose de nombreux problèmes. Leur solution nécessite de véritables outils informatiques interactifs pour permettre aux étudiants de créer et de manipuler des données complexes. Nous proposons dans ce but plusieurs approches. Tout d'abord, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'animation par modèles physiques de matériaux élastiques anisotropes. Son utilisation pendant un cours d'anatomie physiologique du myocarde offre la possibilité aux étudiants de construire des échantillons de tissu musculaire cardiaque. Pour atteindre cet objectif, notre modèle présente deux caractéristiques importantes : la première est un faible coût en temps de calcul afin atteindre un affichage interactif ; la seconde est une apparence intuitive qui facilite son contrôle par l'utilisateur. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'interaction en trois dimensions à l'aide d'interfaces bidimensionnelles, en vue de l'annotation de modèles existants, ou de la création de nouveaux modèles. Cette approche tire parti du fait que le dessin est encore considéré comme une importante méthode d'apprentissage par certains professeurs français d'anatomie. Notre système de dessin 3D possède une représentation des traits de l'utilisateur qui permet l'affichage d'un même dessin sous plusieurs points de vue. Cette représentation est d'ailleurs compatible avec celle de surfaces polygonales existantes, qui peuvent ainsi être annotées. De manière complètement différente, notre outil de modélisation par le dessin utilise conjointement les informations provenant de la géométrie des traits et de l'analyse de l'image produite, afin de créer des modèles en trois dimensions sans passer par une spécification explicite de la profondeur.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of trained hearing peer tutors on the physical activity levels of deaf students in integrated elementary physical education classes. This study utilized a single subject multiple baseline design across subjects. Eight deaf 4th and 5th grade students and eight hearing 4th and 5th grade peer tutors participated in the study. The students were observed during their physical education class and data were analyzed on physical activity levels and peer tutor behavior. The deaf students and peer tutors were first observed during a baseline period of 4-6 classes with no intervention. The peer tutors were trained toward the latter part of the baseline period. The peer tutor intervention lasted from 11-13 classes. During the intervention, the peer tutor and deaf student participated in pairs for the fitness portion of the class. The results of the intervention demonstrated that the implementation of trained hearing peer tutors improved the physical activity levels of both the deaf students and peer tutors. The training of the peer tutors consisted of signs pertaining to: instruction, physical fitness, and teaching techniques in the areas of: cueing, feedback and reinforcement. The cueing approach followed the system of least prompts and included verbal cueing, modeling, and physical assistance. Feedback consisted of positive general and positive specific reinforcement. Peer tutors were trained over four to five 30 minutes sessions. Pre-established criteria required the peer tutors to implement the teaching behaviors with the researcher a minimum of 4 out of 5 times, and receive a score of 90% or better on the peer tutor quiz. All peers were successful at meeting this criteria. Data were collected on the peer tutors tutoring behavior throughout the study by systematic observation. The results of the peer tutor data revealed that the tutors were able to implement the tutor training program. The results of this study demonstrate that elementary aged deaf students and their hearing peers can improve their physical activity levels upon intervention of trained hearing peer tutors. It was also shown that elementary aged peer tutors can be trained to provide assistance to deaf students in integrated physical education classes. Recommendations for future research are provided based on the results of the study. / Graduation date: 1996

We present methods for incorporating bubbles into a photorealistc fluid simulation. Previous methods of fluid simulation in computer graphics do not include bubbles. Our system automatically creates bubbles, which are simulated on top of the fluid simulation. These bubbles are approximated by spheres and are rendered with the fluid to appear as one continuous surface. This enhances the overall realism of the appearance of a splashing fluid for computer graphics. Our methods leverage the particle level set representation of the fluid surface. We create bubbles from escaped marker particles from the outside to the inside. These marker particles might represent air that has been trapped within the fluid surface. Further, we detect when air is trapped in the fluid and create bubbles within this space. This gives the impression that the air pocket has become bubbles and is an inexpensive way to simulate the air trapped in air pockets. The results of the simulation are rendered with a raytracer that includes caustics. This allows the creation of photorealistic images. These images support our position that the simple addition of bubbles included in a fluid simulation creates results that are much more true to life.

This thesis describes a method for using physically based techniques to model an explosion and the resulting side effects. Explosions are some of the most visually exciting phenomena known to humankind and have become nearly ubiquitous in action films. A realistic computer simulation of this powerful event would be cheaper, quicker, and much less complicated than safely creating the real thing. The immense energy released by a detonation creates a discontinuous localized increase in pressure and temperature. Physicists and engineers have shown that the dissipation of this concentration of energy, which creates all the visible effects, adheres closely to the compressible Navier-Stokes equation. This program models the most noticeable of these results. In order to simulate the pressure and temperature changes in the environment, a three dimensional grid is placed throughout the area around the detonation and a discretized version of the Navier-Stokes equation is applied to the resulting voxels. Objects in the scene are represented as rigid bodies that are animated by the forces created by varying pressure on their hulls. Fireballs, perhaps the most awe-inspiring side effects of an explosion, are simulated using massless particles that flow out from the center of the blast and follow the currents created by the dissipating pressure. The results can then be brought into Maya for evaluation and tweaking.

Physically based space planning is a means for automating the conceptual design process by applying the physics of motion to space plan elements. This methodology provides for a responsive design process, allowing a designer to easily make decisions whose consequences propagate throughout the design. It combines the speed of automated design methods with the flexibility of manual design methods, while adding a highly interactive quality and a sense of collaboration with the design. The primary assumption is that a digital design tool based on a physics paradigm can facilitate the architectural space planning process. The hypotheses are that Newtonian dynamics can be used 1) to define mechanical metaphors to represent the elements in an architectural space plan, 2) to compute architectural space planning solutions, and 3) to interact with architectural space plans. I show that space plan elements can be represented as physical masses, that design objectives can be represented using mechanical metaphors such as springs, repulsion fields, and screw clamps, that a layout solution can be computed by using these elements in a dynamical simulation, and that the user can interact with that solution by applying forces that are also models of the same mechanical objects. I present a prototype software application that successfully implements this approach. A subjective evaluation of this prototype reveals that it demonstrates a feasible process for producing space plans, and that it can potentially improve the design process because of the quality of the manipulation and the enhanced opportunities for design exploration it provides to the designer. I found that an important characteristic of this approach is that representation, computation, and interaction are all defined using the same paradigm. This contrasts with most approaches to automated space planning, where these three characteristics are usually defined in completely different ways. Also emerging from this work is a new cognitive theory of design titled 'dynamical design imagery,' which proposes that the elements in a designer's mental imagery during the act of design are dynamic in nature and act as a dynamical system, rather than as static images that are modified in a piecewise algorithmic manner.

Simulating virtual objects which can deform or break apart within their environments is now common in state-of-the-art virtual simulations such as video games or surgery simulations. Real-time performance requires a physical model which provides an approximation to the true solution for fast computations but at the same time provides enough believability of the simulation to the user. Recent research in object deformation and fracture has revolved around embedding portions of the simulation for graphical display inside a much simpler physical domain which is invisible to the user. Embedding complex geometry in a simpler domain allows for very complex effects to occur in a much more robust and computationally efficient manner. This thesis explores a novel method to efficiently embed a high-resolution surface mesh inside a coarse tetrahedral physical mesh for the purposes of interactive simulation and display. A technique to display interior regions as solid geometry without explicitly re-meshing the graphical mesh during fracture has been explored and developed. Keeping the graphical mesh static in memory during simulation allows the geometry to be off-loaded to the GPU while shaders can be utilized to only display portions of the geometry which are locally contained within the physical mesh. Recent advances in GPU technology have also been exploited in order to provide an increase in visual fidelity and help achieve the illusion that the virtual object itself is breaking apart in a physically plausible manner.

Creating realistic virtual hair consists of several major areas: creating the geometry, moving the hair strands realistically and rendering the hair. In this thesis, a background survey covering each one of these areas is given. A node-based, procedural hair system is presented, which utilizes the capabilities of modern GPUs. The hair system is implemented as a plugin for Autodesk Maya, and a user interface is developed to allow the user to control the various parameters. A number of nodes are developed to create effects such as clumping, noise and frizz. The proposed system can easily handle a variety of hairstyles, and pre-renders the result in real-time using a local shading model.