Lettuce heads (Cultivar "Great Lakes") were stored in different concentrations of O2 and CO2, including l percent O2 and l percent CO2, 2.5 percent O2 and 2.5 percent CO2, 5 percent O2 and 0 percent CO2, and 5 percent O2 and 5 percent CO2; temperatures of 35 and 70 F; and with or without microbe- and senescence-inhibiting chemicals and packaging. The samples were taken on the twentieth and fortieth days in the first series of experiments; and in the subsequent experiments, on the fifteenth, thirtieth, forty-fifth, sixtieth, and seventy-fifth days of storage for quality evaluation, determination of rate of respiration, and chemical analyses. The results indicated that lettuce could be stored at 35 F for at least 2 to 3 weeks. At this temperature, lettuce heads were still field fresh and bright green, without apparent sign of quality deterioration. At 70 F, none of the treatments could prolong the shelf-life of the lettuce more than l week. Lettuce heads maintained the best marketing quality when stored in atmospheres of 2.5 percent O2 and 2.5 percent CO2 at 35 F for 60 days. Microbe- and senescence-inhibiting chemicals (Captan, Phaltan, Mycostatin, and N6-benzyladenine) had detrimental effects on the quality of lettuce stored in controlled atmosphere. The reduction in russet spotting was the major benefit in controlled atmosphere storage at 35 F. In addition, the incidence of pink rib and butt discoloration was less than for those lettuce heads held in the conventional refrigerator. However, the hearts of the lettuce were sensitive to low O2 injury in controlled atmospheres consisting of 1 percent O2 and l percent CO2. Controlled atmosphere (2.5 percent O2, 2.5 percent CO2) and controlled atmosphere combined with polyethylene packaging reduced the CO2 production, degradation of chlorophyll, loss of total sugar, and starch. Phaltan (microbe inhibitor, 1,000 ppm) or Phaltan in combination with polyethylene packaging under controlled atmosphere storage had an adverse effect on the lettuce held in the conventional refrigerator. In every case, the rate of respiration was in direct correlation with the sugar retention data.

The purpose of this study was to develop a physiological profile of elite Australian Youth soccer players. Over three years, 150 players from the U'17, U'20 and U'23 national squads were tested for six measurements - height, weight, sum of eight skinfolds, vertical jump, maximum oxygen consumption and speed over twenty metres. Comparisons were made between those selected in the final team (classified as Successful) and those who failed to be selected (classified as Unsuccessful) to determine any significant differences between the two groups A physical and physiological profile was obtained for each player - expressed as a single value in both numerical and graphical formats. Players were ranked based on this score to determine significant differences between successful and unsuccessful players. Several significant differences (p<0.05) were found between Successful and Unsuccessful groups for a number of the variables primarily in the performance area rather than in the anthropometry parameters. For all squads, significant differences (P<0.05) were found between those who made the squad and those who did not when ranked based on their physical and physiological score. This study highlights the importance of the application of scientific testing to soccer Furthermore, it provides a system by which players' results can be analysed and ranked, and expressed in a format that provides the coach with immediate feedback as to an individual's specific strengths and weaknesses as a basis for training and team selection.

Background: Globally, the number of schoolboy adolescents playing highly competitive rugby is increasing even in countries such as Zimbabwe hardly known for dominating international rugby events. Given the increased participation rates, burgeoning talent identification and recruitment programs and the reportedly high injury risk associated with competitive youth rugby in Zimbabwe and globally, the minimal qualities or skills defining good male adolescent rugby players need further clarification. This study assembled a testing battery and compared the anthropometric variables, physiological characteristics and rugby-specific game skills of Zimbabwean schoolboys to identify qualities and/or skills discriminating elite from sub-elite male adolescent rugby players and non-rugby players within and between Under 16 (U16) and U19 age categories. Methods: This study was structured in three phases. Phase I developed the School Clinical Rugby Measure (SCRuM) test battery based on amalgamated information derived from narrative literature review, qualitative study and two systematic reviews. Using mixed methods sequential explanatory study designs, Phase II refined the test battery through the evaluation of face and logical validity using key informants (n=5) and rugby experts (n=20), respectively. Subsequently, rugby coaches (n=30) assessed the practical feasibility of implementing each SCRuM test item in the local context considering test equipment, procedural and acceptability issues. Phase III evaluated the test-retest reliability of each SCRuM test item among a sample of elite U16s (n=41) and U19s (n=41). The final study in Phase III compared cross-sectional test performances of 208 athletes from different playing standards and age category to identify SCRuM test items discriminating (i) older (U19) players from younger (U16) players regardless of playing standards, and (ii) elite from both sub-elite and nonrugby players regardless of age. Results: Phase I produced the first version of the SCRuM test battery with 23 variables. Phase II reduced the constituent components to 15 variables. The test-retest reliability study showed high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC>0.70) for all SCRuM test items except for the 5-m, 10-m speed tests and passing-for-accuracy test. Age category had a significant main effect on all SCRuM test items except for sum of seven skinfolds (p=0.45, η2 p=0.003). Playing standard had a significant main effect ii on all variables except for height (p=0.40, η2 p=0.01) and sum of seven skinfolds (p=0.11, η2 p =0.02). Upper-and-lower body muscular strength and power, prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability, repeated high-intensity exercise performance ability, tackling, passing and catching significantly improved with increasing playing standards. However, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test, vertical jump test, tackling proficiency test and running-and-catching ability skills test demonstrated greater discriminative ability across playing standards among U16s. The 40-m speed test, 2-kg medicine ball chest throw test, repeated high-intensity exercise test, one-repetition maximum bench press and back squat tests, and passing ability skills test showed better discriminative validity for differentiating U19s by playing standards. Conclusion: Irrespective of playing standard and consistent with previous studies, all SCRuM test items significantly increased with age except for skinfolds measures. These results highlight the sensitivity of component SCRuM test items in discriminating younger (U16s) from older (U19s) athletes. U16 coaches should consider these differences when designing training interventions to assist with the development of prospective U19 players. However, prolonged high-intensity intermittent running ability, lower-body muscular power, tackling proficiency and running-andcatching ability demonstrated greater discriminative ability among U16s only, indicating a possible link to higher playing standards for that age category. Upper-body muscular power, upper-and-lowerbody muscular strength, 40-m sprinting ability, repeated high-intensity exercise performance ability, and passing ability significantly improved with playing standards among U19s, highlighting the physiological characteristics and game skills capable of differentiating elite male adolescent rugby players from both sub-elite or non-rugby players at that age category. Collectively, these findings provide insight to the high school rugby coaches into the qualities and skills contextually relevant for training for the attainment of higher playing standards in schoolboy rugby at distinct age categories.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Diss_Monica_Bartira_da_Silva.pdf: 3850308 bytes, checksum: d02468b594802294eb0d5213855959d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the ambience on growth and yield characteristics of cultivars of lettuce in a greenhouse, greenhouse type, with and without screen termorefletora conducted in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in an organic system. Four experiments were conducted at the experimental station belonging to the core experimental stations Unioeste, from Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, in the period 2011/2012. The plants were evaluated for growth characteristics at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after transplanting and the productive characteristics at harvest. For this we used two experimental designs, one was on the evaluation to the development of the seedlings before transplanting where treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a split-plot design with three replications, and the portion comprised of four production stations seedlings (spring, summer, autumn and winter), and subplots for lettuce cultivars (Kaiser, Raider Plus, Lucy Brown and Angelina). For the second design, corresponding assessments of plant growth treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split-split plot design with three replications. The plots consisted of two rooms which are growing greenhouse gases with and without type screen termorefletora, subplots by cultivars of lettuce, and the split the season that culture was located. Each subsubplot comprised of 38 plants. Evaluated throughout the growing season plant height, crown projection, number of leaves, height and stem diameter, total dry matter of roots and shoots, we calculated the rate of crop growth rate, relative growth, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf mass ratio, and the date of collection were also evaluated the number of leaves, diameter and height of the skirt of leaves, fresh weight of shoot, productivity, commercial fresh mass, diameter, height and number of leaves commercial, compact head, incidence of "tip burn". To characterize the growth environment are derived from temperature and relative humidity, evaporation from minitanques and soil temperature. Genotype environment interaction was observed in all evaluations. The best seasons for production of lettuce in the spring and fall, and to cultivate Angelina only recommended for spring. The environment screen termorefletora decreased air temperature at the hottest times of the day, the seasons of spring, summer and fall. The final yield of lettuce was not affected by the use of the screen termorefletora / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ambiência no crescimento e características produtivas de cultivares de alface americana em ambiente protegido, tipo estufa, com e sem tela termorefletora, conduzidas nas quatro estações do ano (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em sistema orgânico. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, na estação experimental pertencente ao núcleo de estações experimentais da Unioeste, do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, no período de 2011/2012. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às características de crescimento aos 0, 10, 20, 30, e 40 dias após o transplantio e quanto às características produtivas na colheita. Para isso foi utilizado delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de dois ambientes de cultivo sendo estes, ambiente protegido tipo estufa com e sem tela termorefletora, as subparcelas pelas cultivares de alface americana e as subsubparcelas pela estação do ano em que a cultura foi implantada. Cada subsubparcela foi composta por 38 plantas. Avaliou-se ao longo do crescimento da cultura a altura da planta, projeção da copa, números de folhas, altura e diâmetro do caule, massa seca total, das raízes e da parte aérea, foram calculadas a taxa de crescimento da cultura, taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatória líquida, razão de área foliar, área foliar especifica, razão de massa foliar, e na data da colheita, foram avaliados o número de folhas, diâmetro e altura das folhas da saia, massa fresca da parte aérea, produtividade, massa fresca comercial, diâmetro, altura e número de folhas comercial, compacidade de cabeça e incidência de tip burn . Para a caracterização do ambiente de cultivo foram obtidos os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, evaporação a partir de minitanques e a temperatura do solo. Foi observado interação genótipo ambiente em todas as avaliações. As melhores estações do ano para a produção da alface foram à primavera e o outono, sendo a cultivar Angelina recomendada apenas para a primavera. O ambiente com tela termorefletora diminuiu a temperatura do ar nos horários mais quentes do dia, nas estações de primavera, verão e outono. A produtividade final da alface não foi afetada pela utilização da tela termorefletora

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 887684 bytes, checksum: 41ebea32ab60b420dfe0a4aa8605373a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study evaluated the effects of herbicides mesotrione, fluazifop-p-butyl, fomesafen and fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen on physiological characteristics of cassava cultivars, and also the action of mesotrione and fluazifop-p-butyl on microbial activity of rhizosphere of the cultivars. Thus, in four experiments were evaluated: physiological characteristics of cassava cultivars after application of mesotrione; interference of fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen in separate and mixture application on water use efficiency and photosynthetic characteristics of cassava cultivars; and the action of mestrione and fluazifop-p-butyl on the microbial activity in the rhizosphere of the Cacau-UFV cultivar at 30 and 60 days after herbicide application. The Platina cultivar was more tolerant to mesotrione and Coqueiro cultivar showed less water use efficiency after applications. The transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency of cassava plants increased according to doses of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl. These effects were not observed when the herbicides were applied separately. The cassava cultivars presented differential tolerance to herbicides fomesafen and fluazifop-p-butyl, and fluazifop-p-butyl was more selective to culture. There was an increase in mycorrhizal colonization of Cacau-UFV roots at 30 days for both herbicides and 60 days only for fluazifop-p- butyl, however, these products did not interfere on qCO2. The cassava crop was more tolerant to mesotrione and fluazifop-p-butyl. / Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos herbicidas mesotrione, fluazifop-p-butyl, fomesafen e fluazifop-p-butyl+fomesafen sobre as características fisiológicas de cultivares de mandioca. E também, a ação do mesotrione e do fluazifop-p-butyl na atividade microbiana do solo rizosférico de um dos cultivares. Para isso em quatro experimentos foram avaliadas: as características fisiológicas de cultivares de mandioca após a aplicação do mesotrione; a interferência do fluazifop-p-butyl e do fomesafen, em aplicações isoladas e em mistura sobre a eficiência do uso da água e características fotossintéticas dos cultivares de mandioca; e a ação do mestrione e do fluazifop-p-butyl sobre a atividade microbiana do solo rizosférico do cultivar Cacau- UFV aos 30 e 60 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas. O cultivar Platina foi mais tolerante ao mesotrione, enquanto o cultivar Coqueiro foi menos eficiente no uso da água sob aplicação deste herbicida. A taxa de transpiração, a condutância estomática e a eficiência do uso da água das plantas de mandioca aumentaram com o incremento das doses da mistura do fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl. Estes efeitos não foram observados quando os produtos foram aplicados isolados. Os cultivares de mandioca apresentam tolerância diferencial aos herbicidas fomesafen e fluazifop-p-butyl, sendo este o mais seletivo a cultura. Verificou-se aumento da colonização micorrízica das raízes avaliadas do cultivar Cacau-UFV aos 30 dias para ambos herbicidas e aos 60 dias apenas para o fluazifop-p-butyl; todavia, estes produtos não interferiram no qCO2. A cultura da mandioca foi mais tolerante aos herbicidas mesotrione e o fluazifop-p-butyl.

Background: The ice hockey community is founded on masculine norms and values, and the hockey rink is often described as “the home of men’s ice hockey”. Despite a growing popularity, women’s ice hockey has low priority in comparison to the men’s game. On top of that, the women’s game does not allow body checking, which makes it deviant from what some see as “the real game of ice hockey”. The checking prohibition causes physiological requirements to differ from the men’s game, and since women are underrepresented in ice hockey research, not much is known regarding the physiological- and socio-cultural conditions of women’s ice hockey. The overall aim of this doctoral thesis is to investigate physiological- and socio-cultural conditions important for performance in women’s ice hockey. Methods: This thesis is unique in terms of the interdisciplinary approach between physiology and gender science, and the inclusion of studies based on both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative thematic interviews with ice hockey coaches from Sweden, Canada, and the United States were used to explore socio-cultural conditions in relation to performance and sport development (Paper I). Relative age effect (RAE) in relation to maturity status was examined through anthropometric measurements and a player questionnaire (Paper II). Physiological field- and laboratory assessments were used to investigate physiological conditions and performance in female competitive ice hockey players from Sweden (Paper III-IV), and players from Canada (Paper IV). Results: The findings from Paper I suggest that coaches need to maintain a holistic approach to coaching to be able to coordinate and optimize the effects based on available conditions. Socio-cultural conditions, such as structural and financial support, are mentioned as important to support opportunities in women’s ice hockey. Furthermore, the results (Paper I) show that female players in Canada and the United States have superior opportunities compared to female players in Sweden. These advantages are mainly attributed to the support provided by the North American education systems. The findings from Paper II suggest that the relative age effect (RAEs) in women’s hockey are also influenced by socio-cultural conditions. Significant RAE (p&lt;.05) was found for Swedish players born in the third quartile (Q3) and for Canadian player born in the second quartile (Q2). Players born in the fourth quartile (Q4) are significantly (p&lt;.05) underrepresentated in both countries. Players tend to be average or late maturers, but no differences can be found by country or position. The findings from Paper III show that field-based assessments are comparable to laboratory assessments with the purpose of predicting skating performance. The Prediction models accounted for 13.6 % to 42 % (laboratory-based models) and 24.4 to 66.3 % (field-based models) of the variance in skating time. Regardless of assessment method, uni-lateral assessments are superior to bi-lateral assessments. The results support the use of field-based assessments in Paper IV. The findings from Paper IV show various physiological profiles for female Swedish and Canadian players. Swedish players had less body fat (p=.007), more lean mass (p=.005), and greater aerobic fitness measured with the20-meter shuttle run beep test (p=&lt;.001). Canadian players had greater maximal isometric leg strength (p=.026), exhibit a greater running acceleration (p=&lt;.001), performed better in single leg standing long jumps (right leg p=.002, left leg p=.030), and showed better anaerobic endurance (p=.029) on- ice. No significant differences can be found between forwards and defenders. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that physiological- and socio-cultural conditions should both be considered in relation to performance in women’s ice hockey. For example, the various physiological profiles are probably an effect of the different socio-cultural conditions in Sweden and Canada. The Canadian profile may be better adapted to performance in ice hockey, but further research is needed to establish a relationship. Since women’s ice hockey often has somewhat limited resources, this knowledge may help optimize the effect of the available resources, and thus improve performance. Improved performance may have a positive long-term effect on the symbolic view of women’s ice hockey. Women can probably further optimize their physical performance in relation to their current conditions. But for permanent changes to occur, power structures in sport must also change. Women themselves have limited opportunities to affect the dominating gender norms and values in ice hockey. / Bakgrund: Ishockeysamhället är grundat på maskulina normer och värderingar, och hockeyrinken beskrivs ofta som "herrishockeyns hem ". Trots en växande popularitet är damishockey lågt prioriterad i jämförelse med herrishockey. Tacklingar är inte tillåtna i damishockey, vilket gör att den skiljer sig från herrishockey som ofta benämns som "riktig ishockey". Tacklingsförbudet innebär att de fysiologiska kraven förändras gentemot om tacklingar skulle vara tillåtna, och det medför att studier gjorda på herrishockey inte är generaliserbara till damishockey. Eftersom kvinnor är underrepresenterade i ishockeyforskning så saknas det kunskap om de fysiologiska såväl som sociokulturella förutsättningarna inom damishockey. Det övergripande syftet med denna doktorsavhandling är att undersöka fysiologiska och sociokulturella förhållanden som är viktiga för prestation i damishockey. Metod: Denna avhandling är unik när det gäller det tvärvetenskapliga tillvägagångssättet mellan fysiologi och genus, samt att den inkluderar studier gjorda med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Kvalitativa tematiska intervjuer med ishockeytränare från Sverige, Kanada och USA användes för att utforska sociokulturella förhållanden i förhållande till prestation och idrottsutveckling (Studie I). Relativ ålderseffekt (RAE) i förhållande till mognadsstatus undersöktes genom antropometriska mätningar och en spelarenkät (Studie II). Fysiologiska fält- och laboratorietester användes för att undersöka fysiologiska förhållanden och prestation hos kvinnliga ishockeyspelare från Sverige (Studie III-IV) samt Kanada (Studie IV). Resultat: Resultaten från Studie I visar att tränare måste försöka ha ett helhetsperspektiv för att kunna samordna resurser och optimera effekterna av dessa utifrån sina förutsättningar. Sociokulturella förhållanden, såsom strukturellt och ekonomiskt stöd, nämns som viktiga faktorer för att skapa utvecklingsmöjligheter inom damishockey. Dessutom visar resultaten (Studie I) att kvinnliga ishockeyspelare i Kanada och USA har överlägsna förutsättningar jämfört med kvinnliga ishockeyspelare i Sverige. Dessa fördelar uppkommer främst på grund av det ekonomiska och strukturella stöd som de nordamerikanska utbildningssystemen bidrar med. Resultaten från Studie II föreslår att även relativ ålderseffekt (RAE) i damishockey påverkas av sociokulturella förhållanden. Signifikant RAE (p &lt;.05) hittades för svenska spelare födda i tredje kvartilen (Q3) och för kanadensiska spelare födda i andra kvartilen (Q2). Spelare födda i fjärde kvartilen (Q4) är signifikant (p &lt;0,05) underrepresenterade i båda länderna. Mognadsstatusen på spelarna uppmättes till medel eller sen utifrån tid för första menstruation, men inga skillnader hittades mellan länderna eller mellan positioner. Resultaten från Studie III visar att fälttester är jämförbara med laboratorietester när syftet är att prediktera skridskoåkningsförmåga. Prediktionsmodellerna förklarade 13.6 % to 42 % (laboratoriebaserade modeller) och 24.4 % to 66.3 % (fältbaserade modeller) av variansen i åktid. Oavsett bedömningsmetod visar sig unilaterala tester överlägsna bilaterala tester att prediktera skridskoåkningsförmåga. Resultaten stöder valet av fälttester i Studie IV. Resultaten från Studie IV visar att de svenska och kanadensiska spelarna hade olika fysiologiska profiler. De svenska spelare hade mindre kroppsfett (p = .007), mer fettfri massa (p = .005) och högre aerob kapacitet mätt genom beeptest (p = &lt;.001). De kanadensiska spelare hade högre maximal isometrisk benstyrka (p = .026), bättre löpacceleration (p = &lt;. 001), bättre hoppkapacitet i stående längdhopp på ett ben (höger ben p = .002, vänster ben p = .030) och högre anaerob uthållighet (p = 0,29) på MRSS. Inga signifikanta skillnader hittades mellan forwards och backar. Slutsats: Resultaten från denna avhandling visar att såväl fysiologiska som sociokulturella förhållanden bör beaktas i förhållande till prestation i damishockey. Till exempel är de olika fysiologiska profilerna troligen en effekt av de olika sociokulturella förhållandena i Sverige och Kanada. Den kanadensiska profilen kan vara bättre anpassad till prestation i ishockey men ytterligare forskning behövs för att fastställa om det finns ett verkligt samband. Eftersom damishockeyn ofta har begränsade resurser kan den här kunskapen bidra till att damlag kan nyttja sina resurser på ett mer effektivt sätt och därmed förbättra sin prestation. En förbättrad prestation skulle kunna ha en positiv effekt på damishockeyns symboliska värde, men för att permanenta förändringar ska uppstå måste maktstrukturerna i sporten också förändras. Kvinnorna själva har begränsade möjligheter att påverka den dominerande könsnormen i ishockey.

Title: Physiological response of competitors Fireball dinghy class in the model sailing race. Objectives: The main intention of the thesis is to detect the physical demands (difficulties) of sailing boat race categorized as Fireball double crew. The variables of physiological response to the load of competitors recorded are being measured using simulated race under laboratory conditions. At that point, this opportunity enabled us to carry out further comparisons and examine the physical demands of individual post at various directions of wind. Methods: The entire investigation of detecting physiological functions of competitors will be carried out noninvasively throughout the simulation of sailing using metabolic analyser tool and sport tester. From the feedback, we will obtained figures and originate the physiological response of human body to the load. Due to the investigation is being implemented on the double crew boat Fireball; both competitors (crew/helmsman) performing different tasks will be simulated and examined individually. Simulated race will last 24 minutes and competitors will have to face different wind courses, precisely cruising upwind, crosswind and tailwind. Results: From the measured results, we can state that most of the time during simulated race, the performance of racers...