Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera skillnader och likheter i olika pianolärares undervisningsupplägg, samt undersöka om deras synsätt och metoder går att knyta till de respektive genrer som de undervisar i. Inom forskning och litteratur har motsättningar som kan kopplas till afro och klassiskt undersökts och framställts i kontraster såsom gehör kontra noter eller improvisatoriskt kontra återgivande. Sådana motsättningar ligger till grund för föreliggande studies intresseområde. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, vilket innebär att lärande ses som en social aktivitet, där kunskap finns i kommunikation och de redskap som har växt fram i samhället. Datamaterialet består av kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra mer eller mindre aktiva musiker/pianopedagoger (två afrolärare och två klassiska lärare) med olika arbetssituationer. Resultatet visar att individanpassning och musikalisk mening samt glädjefullhet värderas högt i samtliga informanters pianoundervisning. Målet tycks vara att eleverna får uppleva glädje av att kunna musicera, snarare än att de ska bli ”stora” och kända pianister. Motivationen och det främsta ansvaret till att utvecklas anses ligga hos eleven. Fokus på teknik och övning ges efter elevens behov. Musikalitet ska alltid finnas i fokus. Omusikaliska övningar anses vara hämmande för uttrycket och motivationen. Att inkludera improvisation i undervisningen ses som viktigt. Informanterna har dock något olika arbetssätt och mål med improvisation. De klassiska lärarna arbetar efter rytmiska och tonala mallar med syfte att få eleven att utvecklas och/eller våga spela utan noter. Afrolärarna fokuserar mer på att spela till en särskild låt och att hitta personliga uttryck i improvisationen. / The purpose of this study is to identify differences and similarities in various piano teachers’ teaching approach, and investigate whether their approach and methods relate to the respective genres they teach. In research and literature, contradictions that can be linked to ”afro” and ”classical” have been investigated and described in contrasts like ear for music versus sheet music or improvisation versus reproduction. Contractions like that form the basis to this study’s area of interest. The study is based on a socio-cultural perspective, which means that learning is seen as a social activity, where knowledge exists in communication and the tools that have been developed in the community. The data consists of qualitative interviews with four more or less active musicians/piano teachers (two “afro” teachers and two classical teachers) with different work situations. The result shows that personalization, musical meaning and joyfulness are highly valued in all their piano teaching.  The goal seems to be the students´ experiences of joy in making music, rather than that they should become "great" and famous pianists. It is considered that the student has the primary responsibility in evolving and staying motivated. Focus on technique and training is connected to the student's needs. Musicality will always be in focus. “Unmusical” exercises are considered to be inhibiting the expression and motivation. To include improvisation in teaching is seen as important. The informants have somewhat different approaches and goals with improvisation. The classical music teachers work with rhythmic and tonal templates designed to get students to evolve and/or get courage to play without sheet music. “Afro” teachers focus more on playing a particular song and finding personal expressions in improvisation.

Comprehensive Musicianship (CM) is a philosophy that developed in the 1960s to encourage the study of contemporary music and student creativity. It expanded in the 1970s to describe the interdisciplinary study of music. Its goal was to encourage teachers to go beyond technical and performance aspects of music and start integrating theory, history, composition, improvisation and aural skills instruction to their curriculums. However, while CM has had a strong influence on many music programs, it is not clear whether this trend has influenced the field of private piano instruction, and whether CM elements have been included and integrated in beginner piano method books. To address this question, categories that constitute the core elements of CM were selected to conduct a content analysis of 12 piano method series. Analysis showed that the focus tends to be on aural skills (as teacher duets), and theory, with a noticeable lack of the more creative activities of improvisation and composition.

Comprehensive Musicianship (CM) is a philosophy that developed in the 1960s to encourage the study of contemporary music and student creativity. It expanded in the 1970s to describe the interdisciplinary study of music. Its goal was to encourage teachers to go beyond technical and performance aspects of music and start integrating theory, history, composition, improvisation and aural skills instruction to their curriculums. However, while CM has had a strong influence on many music programs, it is not clear whether this trend has influenced the field of private piano instruction, and whether CM elements have been included and integrated in beginner piano method books. To address this question, categories that constitute the core elements of CM were selected to conduct a content analysis of 12 piano method series. Analysis showed that the focus tends to be on aural skills (as teacher duets), and theory, with a noticeable lack of the more creative activities of improvisation and composition.

The problem was to survey and collect ideas on the use of improvisation as a teaching and learning tool in elementary piano instruction and to prescribe activities and exercises for second through fourth grade piano classes. These areas were examined: philosophies and theories influencing traditional instruction, effects of creative keyboard activities on children's musical development, specific teaching strategies using improvisation, evaluative procedures, and suitability of materials for young children. Data collected from published and unpublished materials were classified, and presented concerning the feasibility of using keyboard improvisation with early elementary children. It was found that suitable improvisational exercises allow the child to organize his perceptions into the basic concepts of music. Recommendations for teachers and researchers were made.

No description available.

The beginnings of piano playing of children play an important role in laying quality pianistic groundings, which are crucial for their further pianistic development as well as for building their relationship with the instrument and music itself. This thesis is devoted to the study of elementary piano teaching of children aged 5-7 years. The aim of the thesis is to map the current state of piano pedagogy in Czech Republic and to propose optimal methodological procedures and solutions in the initial piano lessons based on modern pedagogical approaches and the needs of contemporary piano pedagogy. In five chapters of the work, this goal will be achieved by examining the historical background of piano schools in Bohemia over the centuries to this day, by setting up theoretical and practical bases for the researched issue and finally by research itself. Within the framework of practical bases, which served as a basis for subsequent research, an optimal methodological approach to teaching in the early stage of piano playing was proposed for children aged 5-7 years, which corresponds to the most modern requirements of the field. The optimal selection and arrangement of sheet music for the given area of pedagogy was also designed with a focus on Czech and foreign piano schools and instructive piano...

Da longa experiência em sala de aula fazendo música com crianças, surgiu a questão: por que o espaço para a criação não faz parte da maioria dos métodos e das práticas dos professores de piano? Esse questionamento levou a outros sobre como ensinar piano criativamente e como guiar a construção do pensamento musical das crianças. Sem rejeitar os aspectos técnicos, a notação tradicional e a prática de música erudita na formação pianística, a busca por novas possibilidades de ensino vinha da consideração de que não se deveria restringi-lo a um repertório limitado, a um só tipo de notação e à interpretação como única forma de expressão musical. O constante desafio oferecido por alunos curiosos, indagadores, vibrantes e musicais também me impulsionou a olhar mais atentamente para suas produções musicais e a ouvir suas ideias sobre seu fazer musical. A partir dessas considerações, esta dissertação propõe uma reflexão pedagógico-musical disparada por relatos de experiência com meus alunos de piano da Escola Municipal de Iniciação Artística (EMIA). Apresento quatro composições, uma livre improvisação e duas entrevistas livres. Uma breve história do ensino de piano no Brasil e uma revisão concisa de métodos adotados na pedagogia pianística brasileira fundamentam historicamente esta pesquisa. Também analiso alguns que apresentam propostas de criação. Como referencial teórico, exponho as ideias de Hans-Joachim Koellreutter (1915- 2005) e de Violeta Hemsy de Gainza (1930-) sobre um fazer musical criativo e a necessária transformação da relação professor-aluno para que se desenvolva uma educação musical mais aberta. Discorro também sobre as ideias da pianista Moema Craveiro Campos e das educadoras musicais Maria Teresa Alencar de Brito e Viviane Beineke, profundamente ligadas ao pensamento de Koellreutter e Gainza. Contribuem, ainda, com esse corpus, conceitos sobre criatividade defendidos por pesquisadores ingleses das últimas décadas - Pamela Burnard, Anna Craft, Teresa Cremin e Bob Jeffrey -, como aprendizagem criativa, possibility thinking e voz do aluno. As reflexões aqui apresentadas visam contribuir com a educação musical através do piano, para que seja agenciadora de encontros criativos entre crianças e músicas. / After many years teaching music to children a concern appeared: why is there no room for creativity in the majority of the methods and practices of piano teachers? This question brought up others such as how to teach piano in a creative matter and how to guide children towards thinking in a musical mind set. Without ignoring the technical aspects, traditional notation and classical music training, the search for new possible teaching methods must not restrict the ability to establish full repertoire, the capacity to utilize multiple notation methods and the understanding that interpretation is not the only form of musical expression. The constant challenge offered by students who were curious, musical and vibrant spurred me to look more closely at their musical production and to listen to their ideas about making music. With these considerations in mind, this dissertation offers a reflection that is both musical and pedagogical based on my experiences with piano students from Escola Municipal de Iniciação Artística (EMIA). This research is supported by a concise review of methods used historically in the piano pedagogy of Brazil. I present four compositions, a free improvisation and two free interviews. My sciencitific resources are based on Hans-Joachim Koellreutter (1915- 2005) and Violeta Hemsy de Gainza\'s (1930-) ideas about making creative music and the necessity of a bond between teacher and student in order to develop a more open musical education. Moreover, I discuss the ideas of pianist Moema Craveiro Campos and the musical educators Maria Teresa Alencar de Brito and Viviane Beineke, while also showing interest in Koellereutter and Gainza\'s concepts. Contributing further to this corpus are the concepts of creativity (creative learning, possibility thinking and student voice) presented by English researchers of the last decades such as Pamela Burnard, Anna Craft, Teresa Cremin and Bob Jeffrey. The ideas presented here are intended to contribute to musical education through the use of the piano. In turn, this education will facilitate creative encounters between music and children.

Da longa experiência em sala de aula fazendo música com crianças, surgiu a questão: por que o espaço para a criação não faz parte da maioria dos métodos e das práticas dos professores de piano? Esse questionamento levou a outros sobre como ensinar piano criativamente e como guiar a construção do pensamento musical das crianças. Sem rejeitar os aspectos técnicos, a notação tradicional e a prática de música erudita na formação pianística, a busca por novas possibilidades de ensino vinha da consideração de que não se deveria restringi-lo a um repertório limitado, a um só tipo de notação e à interpretação como única forma de expressão musical. O constante desafio oferecido por alunos curiosos, indagadores, vibrantes e musicais também me impulsionou a olhar mais atentamente para suas produções musicais e a ouvir suas ideias sobre seu fazer musical. A partir dessas considerações, esta dissertação propõe uma reflexão pedagógico-musical disparada por relatos de experiência com meus alunos de piano da Escola Municipal de Iniciação Artística (EMIA). Apresento quatro composições, uma livre improvisação e duas entrevistas livres. Uma breve história do ensino de piano no Brasil e uma revisão concisa de métodos adotados na pedagogia pianística brasileira fundamentam historicamente esta pesquisa. Também analiso alguns que apresentam propostas de criação. Como referencial teórico, exponho as ideias de Hans-Joachim Koellreutter (1915- 2005) e de Violeta Hemsy de Gainza (1930-) sobre um fazer musical criativo e a necessária transformação da relação professor-aluno para que se desenvolva uma educação musical mais aberta. Discorro também sobre as ideias da pianista Moema Craveiro Campos e das educadoras musicais Maria Teresa Alencar de Brito e Viviane Beineke, profundamente ligadas ao pensamento de Koellreutter e Gainza. Contribuem, ainda, com esse corpus, conceitos sobre criatividade defendidos por pesquisadores ingleses das últimas décadas - Pamela Burnard, Anna Craft, Teresa Cremin e Bob Jeffrey -, como aprendizagem criativa, possibility thinking e voz do aluno. As reflexões aqui apresentadas visam contribuir com a educação musical através do piano, para que seja agenciadora de encontros criativos entre crianças e músicas. / After many years teaching music to children a concern appeared: why is there no room for creativity in the majority of the methods and practices of piano teachers? This question brought up others such as how to teach piano in a creative matter and how to guide children towards thinking in a musical mind set. Without ignoring the technical aspects, traditional notation and classical music training, the search for new possible teaching methods must not restrict the ability to establish full repertoire, the capacity to utilize multiple notation methods and the understanding that interpretation is not the only form of musical expression. The constant challenge offered by students who were curious, musical and vibrant spurred me to look more closely at their musical production and to listen to their ideas about making music. With these considerations in mind, this dissertation offers a reflection that is both musical and pedagogical based on my experiences with piano students from Escola Municipal de Iniciação Artística (EMIA). This research is supported by a concise review of methods used historically in the piano pedagogy of Brazil. I present four compositions, a free improvisation and two free interviews. My sciencitific resources are based on Hans-Joachim Koellreutter (1915- 2005) and Violeta Hemsy de Gainza\'s (1930-) ideas about making creative music and the necessity of a bond between teacher and student in order to develop a more open musical education. Moreover, I discuss the ideas of pianist Moema Craveiro Campos and the musical educators Maria Teresa Alencar de Brito and Viviane Beineke, while also showing interest in Koellereutter and Gainza\'s concepts. Contributing further to this corpus are the concepts of creativity (creative learning, possibility thinking and student voice) presented by English researchers of the last decades such as Pamela Burnard, Anna Craft, Teresa Cremin and Bob Jeffrey. The ideas presented here are intended to contribute to musical education through the use of the piano. In turn, this education will facilitate creative encounters between music and children.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o processo de aprendizagem de um novo repertório, a partir de uma abordagem centrada no gesto, por meio do estudo de caso de uma aluna de piano do primeiro ano do curso de Licenciatura em Música da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Para a metodologia da pesquisa, empregamos três técnicas complementares de coleta de dados: a gravação em vídeo, a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante. Considerando o caráter holístico e multimodal do gesto e sua definição como movimento portador de significado e intenção expressiva (GODØY; LEMAN, 2010), a abordagem do texto musical a partir do gesto demanda a integração de conhecimentos musicais na prática instrumental, bem como a consciência corporal. Dessa forma, investigamos como os gestos foram construídos ao longo de oito semanas de aulas de piano, de que forma conceitos teóricos foram integrados à prática instrumental e quais mudanças foram observadas na prática da aluna. A aplicação da abordagem gestual na preparação de um novo repertório contribuiu para desenvolver a fluência, a expressividade, a compreensão musical e a consciência corporal. As estratégias utilizadas ao longo das oito semanas de aulas objetivaram a compreensão e a expressão musical por meio da construção do gesto em um processo centrado no corpo. Essas estratégias contribuíram, também, para a organização do próprio processo de aprendizagem, fornecendo ferramentas para a estruturação da prática. / This research consist of a case study of a first-year Music Education major at the State University of Londrina that investigate the process of learning a new piano repertoire through a gestural approach. The methodology employed comprised three complementary techniques of data collection: video recording, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. Considering the holistic and multimodal character of gesture (GODØY; LEMAN, 2010), a gestural approach to learning a new piece music demands the integration of musical knowledge in instrumental practice, as well as body consciousness. In this way, we investigated how gestures were constructed during eight weeks of piano lessons, how music theory concepts were integrated in instrumental practice and the changes observed in student's practice. The application of a gestural approach in the preparation of a new repertoire has contributed to develop fluency, expressiveness, musical understanding of musical structure and music theory, and body awareness. The strategies used during the eight weeks of classes aimed at understanding and expressing music through the perspective of gesture in a learning process centered on the body. These strategies also contributed to the organization of the learning process itself by providing tools for structuring the student's practice.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o processo de aprendizagem de um novo repertório, a partir de uma abordagem centrada no gesto, por meio do estudo de caso de uma aluna de piano do primeiro ano do curso de Licenciatura em Música da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Para a metodologia da pesquisa, empregamos três técnicas complementares de coleta de dados: a gravação em vídeo, a entrevista semiestruturada e a observação participante. Considerando o caráter holístico e multimodal do gesto e sua definição como movimento portador de significado e intenção expressiva (GODØY; LEMAN, 2010), a abordagem do texto musical a partir do gesto demanda a integração de conhecimentos musicais na prática instrumental, bem como a consciência corporal. Dessa forma, investigamos como os gestos foram construídos ao longo de oito semanas de aulas de piano, de que forma conceitos teóricos foram integrados à prática instrumental e quais mudanças foram observadas na prática da aluna. A aplicação da abordagem gestual na preparação de um novo repertório contribuiu para desenvolver a fluência, a expressividade, a compreensão musical e a consciência corporal. As estratégias utilizadas ao longo das oito semanas de aulas objetivaram a compreensão e a expressão musical por meio da construção do gesto em um processo centrado no corpo. Essas estratégias contribuíram, também, para a organização do próprio processo de aprendizagem, fornecendo ferramentas para a estruturação da prática. / This research consist of a case study of a first-year Music Education major at the State University of Londrina that investigate the process of learning a new piano repertoire through a gestural approach. The methodology employed comprised three complementary techniques of data collection: video recording, semi-structured interviews, and participant observation. Considering the holistic and multimodal character of gesture (GODØY; LEMAN, 2010), a gestural approach to learning a new piece music demands the integration of musical knowledge in instrumental practice, as well as body consciousness. In this way, we investigated how gestures were constructed during eight weeks of piano lessons, how music theory concepts were integrated in instrumental practice and the changes observed in student's practice. The application of a gestural approach in the preparation of a new repertoire has contributed to develop fluency, expressiveness, musical understanding of musical structure and music theory, and body awareness. The strategies used during the eight weeks of classes aimed at understanding and expressing music through the perspective of gesture in a learning process centered on the body. These strategies also contributed to the organization of the learning process itself by providing tools for structuring the student's practice.