M. Tech. Agriculture / The high nutritional value of pigeon pea explains its importance in the diet of smallholder farmers in Africa. Pigeon pea grain is used in many forms. Pigeon pea is consumed mainly as dhal (split-grain) by the Asian community in South Africa, while the African population uses the dry grain. The leaves and stems of pigeonpea serve as an excellent feed for livestock or as fuel wood. Low soil N often limits plant growth and symbiotic N2-fixation offers opportunity to overcome low soil N levels for increased crop yield. However, N is also known to be the most commonly deficient nutrient in soils. Biological N2-fixation is therefore a cheaper source of N for improving crop yields. Because symbiotic systems contribute great amounts of N input into natural and agricultural ecosystems, legume N2-fixation is considered cheaper source of N for poor farmers. It is also more sustainable and environmentally friendly compared to fertilizer N. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms therefore provide an alternative to inorganic fertilisers which are expensive and not easily accessible to poor rural farmers. This study evaluated plant growth and symbiotic performance C accumulation, P nutrition and grain yield/quality in ratooned pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) genotypes obtained from international crops research institute for semi-arid tropics.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is cultivated by many farmers in the semi-arid areas of Kenya as a source of food and cash. However, the yields have remained low, ranging between 500 to 800 kg haˉ¹. Apart from drought, fusarium wilt is reported to affect yield. Breeding pigeonpea hybrids, using cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, hybridized with the local improved germplasm, have the potential for increasing yield and improve income for smallholder farmers. The objectives of the study were to: 1) examine the various stakeholders of the pigeonpea value chain and their core functions and identify characteristics of the pigeonpea varieties preferred by the market to be considered in the hybrid breeding programme, 2) evaluate cytoplasmic male sterile lines of Indian origin for stability across several environments in Kenya, 3) screen pigeonpea genotypes for general resistance to Fusarim udum Butler and 4) evaluate pigeonpea hybrids for grain yield and earliness across sites and seasons in Kenya. The stakeholder analysis established that the main players in the pigeonpea value chain were farmers, traders/processors, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services, and Ministry of Agriculture. White seed, large seed size and medium maturity were the preferred traits by farmers and processors/exporters for both domestic and export markets. The unavailability of quality seed in sufficient quantities of high yielding varieties was cited as the main factor negatively affecting pigeonpea production. The stakeholder analysis approach, used for the first time in a breeding programme, demonstrated that it can be an important tool that can be used to diagnose crop production constraints, and define opportunities available for setting up a breeding programme that is highly client-oriented. Two CMS lines, ICPA2043 and ICPA2039 were the most stable across sites with 100% and 99% pollen sterility respectively. Screening for the presence of physiologic races of F. udum based on morphological and cultural characteristics on PDA identified three distinct isolate groups named ISO-A, ISO-B, and ISO-C. Studies under controlled conditions using the three isolates identified seven pigeonpea genotypes (ICPB2043, ICP12012, ICP13092, ICPA2039xICP13092, ICPA2043xICP12012, ICPA2043xICP13092, ICPA2043xICP9135) resistant to the three F. udum isolates. In the field evaluation, seven genotypes (ICPA2039xICP13092, ICPA2039xAsha, ICPA2043x12012, ICPA2043xICP13092, ICPA2043xICEAP557, ICPB2043 and Maruti) were found to be moderately resistant. The variances due to GCA and SCA were significant, showing that both additive and non-additive gene actions were important. The resistant hybrid, ICPA2043xICP12012 had the highest negative SCA that was highly significant for all the isolates and in the field indicating general resistance. The CMS (A) line ICPA2043 was found stable across environments and highly resistant to the three F. udum isolates. Therefore, it can be evaluated further for commercial hybrid seed production in Kenya. Evaluation of the pigeonpea genotypes across environments indicated that the highest yielding environment was Kiboko, with average and maximum yield of 2,249 kg haˉ¹ and 4,234 kg haˉ¹ respectively. Most hybrids were in the medium duration maturity group with days to maturity ranging from 147 to 186. Overall, the highest yielding hybrids were A2043xTZ26 and ICPA2039xTZ24 with mean yields 2,803 kg haˉ¹ and 2,527 kg haˉ¹ respectively. Mean yields for the best performing parents were 2,036 kg haˉ¹ for ICP12012 and 1,629 kg haˉ¹ for Asha. For specific sites, the highest yielding hybrids in Kabete, Kiboko and Leldet were A2039xTZ24 (2,057 kg haˉ¹), A2043xTZ26 (2,803 kg haˉ¹), and A2043xUG8 (1,708 kg haˉ¹) respectively. Mean heterosis for yield varied from -35% (A2039xA2043) to 50% (A2043xUG8). In Kenya, the potential for production and commercialization of hybrid pigeonpea is feasible due to high hybrid vigour recorded, and the stability of the CMS lines. Hybrids also have greater uniformity in grain size a factor which is important for the market. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a drought tolerant legume of the Fabaceae family in the order Fabales and the only cultivated species in the genus Cajanus. It is mainly cultivated in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Oceania, Africa and America. In Malawi, one of the top producers of pigeonpea in Africa, it is grown by small scale farmers as a source of food and income and for soil improvement in intercropping systems. However, varietal contamination due to natural outcrossing causes significant yield losses for farmers. In this study, 48 polymorphic SSR markers were used to assess diversity in all pigeonpea varieties cultivated in Malawi with the aim of developing a genetic fingerprint to distinguish the released varieties. SSR alleles were separated by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 3700 automated sequencer and allele sizes determined using GeneMapper 4.0 software. Allelic data was analysed with PowerMarker. A total of 212 alleles were revealed averaging 5.58 alleles per marker with a maximum number of 14 alleles produced by CCttc019 (Marker 40). Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.03 to 0.89 with an average of 0.30. DARwin software was used to generate a neighbour-joining tree that displayed three major clusters with two sub clusters in Cluster I. The released varieties were scattered across all the clusters observed, indicating that they generally represent the genetic diversity available in Malawi, although it was observed that there is substantial variation that can still be exploited through further breeding. Screening of the allelic data associated with five popular pigeonpea varieties for which a DNA fingerprint was to be developed, revealed 6 markers – CCB1 (Marker 1), CCB7 (Marker 2), Ccac035 (Marker 7), CCttc003 (Marker 15), Ccac026 (Marker 37) and CCttc019 (Marker 40)– which gave unique allelic profiles for each of the five varieties. With further tests needed for its robustness, this genetic fingerprint can be used for seed certification to ensure only genetically pure seeds are delivered to Malawi farmers. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a drought tolerant legume of the Fabaceae family in the order Fabales and the only cultivated species in the genus Cajanus. It is mainly cultivated in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Oceania, Africa and America. In Malawi, one of the top producers of pigeonpea in Africa, it is grown by small scale farmers as a source of food and income and for soil improvement in intercropping systems. However, varietal contamination due to natural outcrossing causes significant yield losses for farmers. In this study, 48 polymorphic SSR markers were used to assess diversity in all pigeonpea varieties cultivated in Malawi with the aim of developing a genetic fingerprint to distinguish the released varieties. SSR alleles were separated by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 3700 automated sequencer and allele sizes determined using GeneMapper 4.0 software. Allelic data was analysed with PowerMarker. A total of 212 alleles were revealed averaging 5.58 alleles per marker with a maximum number of 14 alleles produced by CCttc019 (Marker 40). Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.03 to 0.89 with an average of 0.30. DARwin software was used to generate a neighbour-joining tree that displayed three major clusters with two sub clusters in Cluster I. The released varieties were scattered across all the clusters observed, indicating that they generally represent the genetic diversity available in Malawi, although it was observed that there is substantial variation that can still be exploited through further breeding. Screening of the allelic data associated with five popular pigeonpea varieties for which a DNA fingerprint was to be developed, revealed 6 markers – CCB1 (Marker 1), CCB7 (Marker 2), Ccac035 (Marker 7), CCttc003 (Marker 15), Ccac026 (Marker 37) and CCttc019 (Marker 40)– which gave unique allelic profiles for each of the five varieties. With further tests needed for its robustness, this genetic fingerprint can be used for seed certification to ensure only genetically pure seeds are delivered to Malawi farmers. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeonpea) belongs to the Leguminosae genus Cajanus which is composed of 34 species. Pigeonpea is the only cultivated member of the genus, while the remaining species are wild relatives belonging mainly to the secondary gene pool. DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS region and the chloroplast trnL-F spacer were utilized to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between Cajanus and five other allied genera in the subtribe Cajaninae. This study revealed the non-monophyly of Cajanus and Rhynchosia and supported the monophyly of Eriosema and Flemingia, but more sampling ,especially from the large genera of Rhynchosia and Eriosema, is recommend to adequately test the hypothesis of generic monophyly. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cajanus resolved Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars as the most basal species in the Cajanus clade. The study also utilized Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from low copy orthologous genes and genotyped using the high throughput SNP-OPA Illumina golden gate assay. The aim was to understand phylogenetic and domestication history, genetic structure, patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow and historical hybridization between Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) and wild relatives. The neighbor-joining tree resolved well-supported clusters, which reflect the distinctiveness of species and congruence with their geographical origin. It supported the ITS based phylogeny and resolved C. scarabaeoides as basal to the Cajanus clade. The phylogenetic signal and genetic signatures revealed insights into the domestication history of pigeonpea. Our results supported Cajanus cajanifolius as the presumed progenitor of pigeonpea and we speculate that for pigeonpea there was a single major domestication event in India. Genetic admixture and historical hybridization were evident between pigeonpea and wild relatives. Abundant allelic variation and genetic diversity was found in the wild relatives, with the exception of wild species from Australia, as compared to the domesticated pigeonpea. There was a reduction of about 75% in genetic polymorphism in domesticated pigeonpea as compared to the wild relatives, indicating a severe “domestication bottleneck” during pigeonpea domestication. We discovered SNP markers associated with disease resistance (NBS-LRR) loci. The SNPs were mined in a comparison of BAC-end sequences (BES) of C. cajan and amplicons of the wild species, C. scarabaeoides. A total of ~3000 SNPs were identified from 304 BES. These SNPs could potentially be used in constructing a genetic map and for marker assisted breeding.

Orientador: Claudia R. B. Haddad / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalio_RonaldoJoseDurigan_M.pdf: 923106 bytes, checksum: 4cfd1d62015260abdbf750e8baf62aa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Plantas de Cajanus cajan receberam aplicações de brassinosteróide ou de clotrimazol (inibidor de síntese de brassinosteróides) e foram submetidas à salinidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de duas concentrações de brassinosteróide (1 x 10-7 e 0,5 x 10-9 M) e uma de clotrimazol (1 x 10-4 M), no crescimento, composição bioquímica e transporte de aminoácidos em plantas de C. cajan, submetidas à duas concentrações de NaCl (200 e 400 mM). A salinidade afetou os parâmetros de crescimento (massas frescas e secas, comprimento da parte aérea e da maior raiz, número de folhas, área e suculência foliar), os parâmetros bioquímicos (teores de nitrato, prolina, aminoácidos livres, proteínas totais, açúcares solúveis, sacarose, clorofilas e carotenóides) e o padrão dos aminoácidos transportados. A proporção da maioria dos aminoácidos transportados no xilema diminuiu sob salinidade, com exceção de alanina e serina. A concentração de NaCl a 400 mM provocou as maiores alterações. A aplicação de clotrimazol mostrou-se eficiente na inibição dos efeitos provocados por brassinosteróide na grande maioria dos parâmetros estudados, sob salinidade. Não houve diferença em relação à eficiência das duas concentrações de brassinosteróide utilizadas na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. A aplicação de brassinosteróide amenizou o efeito do estresse salino na maioria dos parâmetros de crescimento, dos parâmetros bioquímicos e no padrão de aminoácidos transportados em plantas de C. cajan, submetidas à salinidade / Abstract: Plants of Cajanus cajan received applications of brassinosteroid or clotrimazol (brassinosteroids synthesis inhibitor), and were subjected to salt stress. The goal of this study was to verify the effect of two concentrations of brassinosteroid (1.0 x 10-7and 0.5 x 10-9M), and one concentration of clotrimazol (1.0 x 10-4 M) on growth, biochemical composition and transport of amino acids in plants of C. Cajan, cultivated under two concentrations of NaCl (200 and 400 mM). The salt affected growth (fresh and dry mass, shoot length and main root length, number of leaves, leaf area and succulence of leaves) and biochemical parameters (nitrate, proline, free aminoacids, total protein, soluble sugars, sucrose, chlorophylls and carotenoids concentrations), and changed the pattern of amino acids transported. The proportion of most of the amino acids transported in the xylem was reduced by salinity. Alanine and serine were exceptions. The largest alterations were caused by 400 mM of NaCl. Clotrimazol was effective in inhibiting the effects caused by brassinosteroid for the great majority of studied parameters. There was no difference between the two concentrations of brassinosteroid for most parameters evaluated, under salinity. The application of brassinosteroid was effective diminishing the effect of salt on most of the growth and biochemical parameters, and in the patterns of amino acids transported in plants of C. Cajan subjected to salt stress / Mestrado / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

Na alimentação animal, o sorgo pode ser explorado de diversas formas. Além dos grãos, a planta pode ser oferecida na forma de silagem, rolão, verde ou ainda pastejada; embora o valor nutritivo pode sofrer algumas variações pela presença ou ausência de compostos fenólicos como os taninos condensados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química-bromatológica, qualidade fermentativa e produção de gases in vitro nas silagens de sorgo granífero adicionados com diferentes níveis de guandu. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro estudo (Capítulo 3) avaliou os efeitos da adição de forragem de guandu sobre a composição química-bromatológica e fermentativas da silagem de sorgo granífero. Os tratamentos foram compostos por: T1 - Silagem com 100% de sorgo, T2 - Silagem com 25% de guandu e 75% de sorgo, T3 - Silagem com 50% de guandu e 50% de sorgo, T4 - Silagem com 75% de guandu e 25% de sorgo e T5 Silagem com 100% de guandu. As variáveis estudadas para a composição química e fermentativas das silagens foram: matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro (FDA), carboidratos totais (CHOT), matéria mineral (MM), fenóis totais (FT), taninos totais (TT), taninos condensados (TC), pH, capacidade tampão (CT), perdas fermentativas e ácido lático. A adição de guandu promoveu efeito linear (P<0,01) nas silagens para os teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA, FT, assim como para as perdas fermentativas de MS da silagem. Enquanto para os teores de CHOT, MM e TC verificaram-se respostas quadráticas (p<0,01) entre as silagens. Inclusões de 25, 50 e 75% de guandu, com base na matéria fresca, seriam suficientes para melhorar o valor nutricional assim como para se obter melhor padrão fermentativo da silagem de sorgo. O segundo estudo (Capítulo 4) avaliou a produção total de gases, metano, degradabilidade da MS (DMS) e degradabilidade da MO (DMO) em silagens de sorgo granífero com níveis crescentes de guandu através da técnica in vitro de produção de gases. Foram avaliadas as cinco silagens de sorgo granífero com níveis crescentes (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) de guandu utilizados como substratos. Para avaliar o efeito do tanino nas silagens sobre a produção de gases, procedeu-se um bioensaio, no qual os substratos foram incubados na presença de polietileno glicol (PEG), macro molécula capaz de ligar-se aos taninos presente no substrato, liberando os nutrientes para a fermentação; sendo o efeito do tanino medido pelo incremento na produção de gases. Não houve diferença estatística para a produção total de gases e metano para os níveis de inclusão do guandu, entretanto houve diferença significativa para o contraste nível zero e a inclusão do guandu. Para os incrementos também não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis (PG, CH4, DMS e DMO). Por outro lado, houve maior PG e maior incremento para o nível de 25% de guandu com a presença do PEG. Foi encontrado maior emissão de metano e incremento de metano para o nível 50% de guandu, quando comparado com os demais níveis. Houve maior DMS e DMO no substrato com 100% de guandu com a presença do PEG. Concluiu-se que a adição de forragem de guandu na silagem de sorgo aumentou o conteúdo de PB e reduziu os teores de FDN, implicando um melhor valor nutritivo das silagens, contudo os taninos condensados precisariam ser monitorados para futuros experimentos in vivo / In animal nutrition, sorghum can be used in various ways. Besides grain, the plant can be offered as silage, pollard, green or even grazed. Although the nutritional value may undergo some changes by the presence or absence of phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation quality and gas production in vitro in sorghum silage added with different levels of pigeon pea. The study was divided into two experiments. The first study (Chapter 3) evaluated the effects of the addition of pigeon pea grass on the chemical composition and fermentation of sorghum silage. The treatments were: T1 - silage with 100% sorghum, T2 - silage with 25% of pigeon pea and sorghum 75%, T3 - silage with 50% of pigeon pea and sorghum 50%, T4 - silage with 75% pigeon pea and 25% of sorghum and T5 - silage with 100% pigeon pea. The parameters of chemical composition and fermentation of the silage were: dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (TCHO), ash, total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT), condensed tannins (CT), pH, buffer capacity (BC), losses of fermentation and lactic acid. The addition of pigeon pea showed linear effect (P <0.01) in silage for DM, CP, NDF, ADF, TP, as well as the levels of CT and fermentation losses in DM of silage. As for the contents of TCHO, CT and MM there were quadratic responses (p <0.01) among silages. The results observed that, inclusion of 25, 50 and 75% pigeon pea, based on fresh weight, are sufficient to improve the nutritional value and to achieve better fermentation pattern of sorghum silage. The second study (Chapter 4) evaluated the production of gases, methane, DM degradability and degradability of OM in silage sorghum with increasing levels of pigeon pea using the technique of bioassay gas production. Five types of grain sorghum silage with increasing levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of pigeon pea were used as substrates and evaluated by gás production technique. There were no significant differences with and without the presence of PEG within each level using regression, for (GP, CH4 and DMD), but there were significant effect for using of contrast for the variables (GP, CH4 and OMD). No significant difference was observed for the increments for the variables (GP and CH4,). On the other hand GP was more increase in the level of 25% of pigeon pea in the presence of PEG. Compared with the other levels of pigeon pea the level 50% showed higher emissions of methane. In the presence of PEG,DMD and OMD Showed higher percentage on the substrate with 100% of pigeon pea . it can be concluded that ,the addition of pigeon pea in sorghum silage increased the PC content and decreased the NDF, implying a higher nutritive value of silages, but the tannins need to be monitored for future experiments in vivo

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a emissão de metano por cordeiros alimentados em diferentes pastagens tropicais: Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5 (capim aruana) e Cajanus cajan cv. anão (feijão guandu), e suas relações com a composição química destas pastagens. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, nos anos de 2015 e 2016. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. O capítulo II relata os resultados da emissão de metano por cordeiros pastejando nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) ARU – somente capim aruana; 2) FG - somente feijão Guandu; 3) AFG – meio piquete com capim aruana, e a outra metade com feijão Guandu. Para avaliação de metano foi utilizado a técnica com marcador SF6 . No experimento do capítulo II, utilizou-se parcela subdividida, sendo a subparcela dois animais testes que receberam polietileno glicol (PEG) para quelar o tanino presente no feijão guandu, e dois que receberam água como controle. As emissões de metano por consumo de matéria seca (EMICONMSDIA) não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos, mesmo considerando as dosificações com polietileno glicol (PEG) ou água (P=0,9235). O tratamento FG (P=0,036) apresentou mais altos níveis de taninos condensados do que os demais tratamentos Apesar de diferenças nas suas características químicas, a emissão de metano de cordeiros é semelhante entre pastagens tropicais de capim aruana (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5), feijão Guandu (Cajanus cajan cv. Anão. Os taninos condensados presentes na forrageira feijão guandu, nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, não demonstraram potencial para contribuir na redução da emissão de metano por cordeiros. No capítulo III, os tratamentos, manejo dos animais e delineamento experimental foram semelhantes ao capítulo II. Os resultados demonstraram que não há uma relação direta entre as características bioquímicas do alimento e a emissão de metano. Essa desassociação entre a emissão de metano e a composição química da pastagem foi constatada tanto quando relacionou-se a emissão por animal (EMI), quanto quando relacionou-se com a emissão por quilograma de matéria seca ingerida (EMICONMSDIA). Conclui-se, então, que não é possível relacionar a emissão de metano de cordeiros com as características químicas das plantas forrageiras tropicais perenes, capim aruana e feijão Guandu. / The researches carried out in the present work had the objective of evaluating the emission of methane by lambs fed on different tropical pastures: Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5 (Aruana grass) and Cajanus cajan cv. dwarf (pigeon pea), and their relationships with the chemical composition of these pastures. The works were conducted at the Experimental Agronomic Station of UFRGS, between January and April 2016, Chapter II; and from February to April 2015, Chapter III. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with three replicates. The blocking was carried out with the objective of eliminating variations of slope of the terrain (flat area, sloping at the top and sloping slope). Chapter II reports the results of methane emission by grazing lambs in the following treatments: 1) ARU - only aruana grass; 2) FG - only Guandu beans; 3) AFG - half picket with aruana grass, and the other half with Guandu beans. For methane evaluation, the SF6 marker technique was used. In the experiment of chapter II, a subdivided plot was used, the subplot being two test animals that received polyethylene glycol (PEG) to chelate the tannin present in the pigeon pea, and two that received water as control. Emissions of methane by dry matter intake (EMICONMSDIA) did not show any difference between treatments, even considering the dosages with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or water (P = 0.9235) FG treatment (P = 0.036) presented higher levels of condensed tannins than the other treatments. Despite differences in their chemical characteristics, the methane emission of lambs is similar between tropical pastures of Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5), Guandu beans (Cajanus cajan cv. Dwarf), and when these forages are offered at will , in two lanes in the picket. The condensed tannins present in the forage pigeon pea, under the experimental conditions of this work, did not demonstrate the potential to contribute in the reduction of the methane emission by lambs. In Chapter III, treatments, animal management and experimental design were similar to Chapter II. The relationships between the chemical composition of pastures of nutritional influence showed to be quite variable in the methane emission response. The results showed that there is no direct relationship between the biochemical characteristics of the food and the emission of methane. This dissociation between the methane emission and the chemical composition of the pasture was verified both when the emission per animal (EMI) was related and when it was related to the emission per kilogram of ingested dry matter (EMICONMSDIA). It is concluded that it is not possible to relate the emission of methane with the chemical characteristics of perennial tropical forage plants Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5, and Cajanus cajan cv. Dwarf.

Submitted by VERÔNICA FREITAS DE PAULA MELO (ve.fpmelo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-12T20:03:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_FINAL2.pdf: 525193 bytes, checksum: 69dfa9702820df745741afd9c6d022a7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-15T11:47:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_vfp_me_ilha.pdf: 525193 bytes, checksum: 69dfa9702820df745741afd9c6d022a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T11:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_vfp_me_ilha.pdf: 525193 bytes, checksum: 69dfa9702820df745741afd9c6d022a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / A produção de volumosos para a alimentação animal através do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária é uma alternativa para a recuperação de pastagens degradadas e para a produção de volumosos conservados de alta qualidade. Neste sistema, o consorcio de gramíneas com leguminosas pode ser uma estratégia para a produção de silagem, pois a fixação biológica de nitrogênio incrementa os teores e a disponibilidade desse nutriente no solo, consequentemente, melhorando o valor nutricional da silagem. Pesquisas em busca de alternativas para volumosos de melhor qualidade são fundamentais para a eficiência dos sistemas de produção de cordeiros, principalmente para o confinamento, pois a alimentação representa o maior custo neste sistema. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de volumosos, provindo de um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, produção de metano e dióxido de carbono entérico, comportamento ingestivo e a análise de custos da terminação de cordeiros ½ Dorper e ½ Santa Inês em confinamento, com dietas contendo concentrado e diferentes silagens (silagem de milho exclusivo, silagem de milho + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu e silagem de milho + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu + guandu-anão). O ganho médio diário (kg/dia), assim como o período em que os cordeiros permaneceram confinados, não foi influenciado pelas diferentes dietas. A utilização da silagem proveniente do consórcio do milho, Marandu e guandu-anão na dieta de cordeiros, proporcionou aumento no consumo de matéria seca (kg/dia) e acresceram os tempos dispendidos para ruminação, mastigação e distribuição da fibra fisicamente efetiva. As dietas mostraram rentabilidade favorável na terminação de cordeiros em confinamento; entretanto, o maior retorno econômico foi obtido com o sistema em que os animais foram alimentados com silagem de milho exclusivo. A dieta contendo silagem de milho em consórcio com Marandu e guandu-anão proporcionou aumento do consumo de proteína bruta (kg/dia) quando comparada a silagem de milho (0,273 e 0,238, respectivamente). O potencial de produção de gases de efeito estufa, foi inferior para as dietas contendo as silagens de milho em consórcio, principalmente no consórcio de milho com Marandu e guandu-anão, que reduziu a emissão de metano e dióxido de carbono em 37,86 e 28,05%, respectivamente. A utilização de animais capazes de apresentar melhores ganhos diários de peso vivo, em confinamento, aliado ao sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, pode ser eficiente economicamente e ambientalmente, diminuindo a taxa de emissão de metano. Os consórcios do milho com Marandu e/ou guandu-anão forneceu alimento de qualidade, melhorando a digestão fermentativa do rúmen de cordeiros em confinamento. A intensificação da produção de carne pode diminuir a produção de metano por quilo de carne produzida. / The production of forage to the feeding through the integrated crop-livestock system (ILP) is an alternative for the recovery of degraded pastures and the production of silage high quality. The consortium of grasses with legumes can be a strategy for the production of silage because the biological nitrogen fixation increases the levels and the availability of this nutrient in the soil, thus improving the nutritional value of the silage. Research in search of alternatives to bulky best quality are fundamental to the efficiency of sheep production systems, primarily for the confinement because food represents the largest cost in this system. The aimed of this study was to evaluate the effect of silage, coming from a crop-livestock integration system on performance, digestibility, production of CH4 and CO2 in vitro, feeding behavior and cost analysis termination lambs ½ Dorper ½ Santa Inês in feedlot, with diets consist of concentrated and different silages (corn silage; corn silage + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and corn silage + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu + pigeon pea). Average daily gain (kg/day) and the period during which the lambs were confined, was not influenced by the different diets. The use of silage from corn consortium with Marandu and pigeon pea in the diet of lambs led to an increase in dry matter intake (kg/day) and further compounded the times spent for ruminating, chewing and distribution of physically effective fiber. Diets showed favorable profitability in finishing lambs in confinement; however, the greatest economic return was obtained with the system in which the animals were fed with silage corn. The diet containing corn silage in consortium with Marandu and pigeon pea provided increased crude protein intake (kg/day) compared to corn silage (0,273 and 0,238, respectively). The potential production of greenhouse gases, was lower for diets containing corn silage in consortium, especially in maize intercropped with Marandu and pigeon pea which reduced the emission of methane and carbon dioxide in 37,86 and 28,05%, respectively. The use of animals able to present best daily gains of live weight in confinement, coupled with crop-livestock integration system can be economically and environmentally efficient, reducing methane emission rate. Consortia of corn with Marandu and/or pigeon pea provided quality food, improving the fermentative digestion from the rumen of lambs in confinement. The intensification of beef production may decrease methane production per kilogram of meat produced.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a emissão de metano por cordeiros alimentados em diferentes pastagens tropicais: Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5 (capim aruana) e Cajanus cajan cv. anão (feijão guandu), e suas relações com a composição química destas pastagens. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental Agronômica da UFRGS, nos anos de 2015 e 2016. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. O capítulo II relata os resultados da emissão de metano por cordeiros pastejando nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) ARU – somente capim aruana; 2) FG - somente feijão Guandu; 3) AFG – meio piquete com capim aruana, e a outra metade com feijão Guandu. Para avaliação de metano foi utilizado a técnica com marcador SF6 . No experimento do capítulo II, utilizou-se parcela subdividida, sendo a subparcela dois animais testes que receberam polietileno glicol (PEG) para quelar o tanino presente no feijão guandu, e dois que receberam água como controle. As emissões de metano por consumo de matéria seca (EMICONMSDIA) não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos, mesmo considerando as dosificações com polietileno glicol (PEG) ou água (P=0,9235). O tratamento FG (P=0,036) apresentou mais altos níveis de taninos condensados do que os demais tratamentos Apesar de diferenças nas suas características químicas, a emissão de metano de cordeiros é semelhante entre pastagens tropicais de capim aruana (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5), feijão Guandu (Cajanus cajan cv. Anão. Os taninos condensados presentes na forrageira feijão guandu, nas condições experimentais deste trabalho, não demonstraram potencial para contribuir na redução da emissão de metano por cordeiros. No capítulo III, os tratamentos, manejo dos animais e delineamento experimental foram semelhantes ao capítulo II. Os resultados demonstraram que não há uma relação direta entre as características bioquímicas do alimento e a emissão de metano. Essa desassociação entre a emissão de metano e a composição química da pastagem foi constatada tanto quando relacionou-se a emissão por animal (EMI), quanto quando relacionou-se com a emissão por quilograma de matéria seca ingerida (EMICONMSDIA). Conclui-se, então, que não é possível relacionar a emissão de metano de cordeiros com as características químicas das plantas forrageiras tropicais perenes, capim aruana e feijão Guandu. / The researches carried out in the present work had the objective of evaluating the emission of methane by lambs fed on different tropical pastures: Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5 (Aruana grass) and Cajanus cajan cv. dwarf (pigeon pea), and their relationships with the chemical composition of these pastures. The works were conducted at the Experimental Agronomic Station of UFRGS, between January and April 2016, Chapter II; and from February to April 2015, Chapter III. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with three replicates. The blocking was carried out with the objective of eliminating variations of slope of the terrain (flat area, sloping at the top and sloping slope). Chapter II reports the results of methane emission by grazing lambs in the following treatments: 1) ARU - only aruana grass; 2) FG - only Guandu beans; 3) AFG - half picket with aruana grass, and the other half with Guandu beans. For methane evaluation, the SF6 marker technique was used. In the experiment of chapter II, a subdivided plot was used, the subplot being two test animals that received polyethylene glycol (PEG) to chelate the tannin present in the pigeon pea, and two that received water as control. Emissions of methane by dry matter intake (EMICONMSDIA) did not show any difference between treatments, even considering the dosages with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or water (P = 0.9235) FG treatment (P = 0.036) presented higher levels of condensed tannins than the other treatments. Despite differences in their chemical characteristics, the methane emission of lambs is similar between tropical pastures of Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5), Guandu beans (Cajanus cajan cv. Dwarf), and when these forages are offered at will , in two lanes in the picket. The condensed tannins present in the forage pigeon pea, under the experimental conditions of this work, did not demonstrate the potential to contribute in the reduction of the methane emission by lambs. In Chapter III, treatments, animal management and experimental design were similar to Chapter II. The relationships between the chemical composition of pastures of nutritional influence showed to be quite variable in the methane emission response. The results showed that there is no direct relationship between the biochemical characteristics of the food and the emission of methane. This dissociation between the methane emission and the chemical composition of the pasture was verified both when the emission per animal (EMI) was related and when it was related to the emission per kilogram of ingested dry matter (EMICONMSDIA). It is concluded that it is not possible to relate the emission of methane with the chemical characteristics of perennial tropical forage plants Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5, and Cajanus cajan cv. Dwarf.