Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on August 29, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

The aim of the theses was to evaluate the characteristics of reproduction of sows with focus on birth weight of piglets and losses of piglets. Forty-two litters were studied. The average number of piglets born alive was 12.38. The average percentage of stillborn piglets per one litter was 5.43, the percentage of mortality until the weaning was 27.8. The average birth weight of piglets born alive was 1.29 kg. Most of the piglets (51%) fell into 1.051.5 kg category with an average weight of 1.30 kg. The relationship between number of piglets born alive and their birth weight was r = -0,121. The average weight of stillborn piglets was 1.08 kg. The gestation period of gilts was 0.28 day shorter than the sow gestation period and they gave birth to 4.03 fewer piglets born alive than sows. The gilts showed a higher proportion of piglets' mortality until the weaning (the difference was 3.46%). The sows showed higher average weight of piglets born alive (the difference was 0.19 kg). The sows with longer gestation period (114 days) gave birth to 0.15 piglet born alive more than the sows with shorter gestation period (less than 113 days). The sows with shorter gestation period showed smaller proportion of stillborn piglets from all born piglets, the sows with longer gestation period showed smaller proportion of piglets' mortality until weaning. In deliveries longer than 8 hours 10.37 piglets were averagely born alive, which was 2.52 piglets less than for sows with deliveries shorter than 6 hours, or 2.6 piglets less than for the sows with deliveries from 6 to 8 hours. In deliveries shorter than 6 hours was the highest number of stillborn piglets. The highest mortality of piglets was until 24 hours after a birth (33%), 28% of piglets died the second day, 12% died the third day and 9% the fourth day. The mortality decreased noticeably from the fifth day after the birth.

This thesis focuses on the noise pollution in sow farming. The first part of the thesis theoretically examines topics concerning noise, sow farming and a proper agricultural practice. The other part of the thesis introduces the aim of the work, describes the measuring technology, the locations objects and the method of the whole measuring process. The obtained values are later on shown in the form of graphs and compared with the hygienic limits. With the occurrence of any violation of these limits, an anti-noise action is suggested.

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows corporate program Czech PIC in a commercial breeding Ratiboř, Agricultural Cooperative Chyšky district Písek. The observed breeding herd was formed on December 31, 2016 with 119 sows and gilts. To evaluate the reproductive performance, the breeding-cows were divided into breeding sows inseminated and not inseminated, sow for 1st to 2nd litters (risk litters), 3rd to 5th litters (litter production) and for the 6th and higher. The breeding sows are frequently inseminated between 230th 269th day of life. In 2016, on average 25.2 live-born units were born per sow. The number of weaned piglets was at level of 21.8, it means the values were below the desired optimum. Good results were found in the length of intervening time (155.3 days), and the associated number of litters per sow. Sows reach 2.4 litters per year, and there is no problem with the beginning of rut after weaning. A rut mostly occurs on 4th and 5th day after weaning. The total cost for sows amounted to CZK 676,519.43 per year, when 1 kg of weaned pig costs CZK 53.75.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência da uniformização de leitegadas com leitões de diferentes pesos no consumo alimentar, assim como, nas perdas corporais no período lactacional, no desempenho reprodutivo subsequente de primíparas e o desempenho de suas leitegadas até o desmame. Primíparas suínas foram separadas em 3 grupos: grupo A (n= 31) – leitegadas com 14 leitões leves (1,0-1,2 kg); grupo B (n= 32) – leitegadas com 7 leitões leves e sete leitões com peso intermediário (1,4-1,6kg); e, grupo C (n= 31) – leitegadas com 14 leitões com peso intermediário. Nas fêmeas foram realizadas as mensurações de peso corporal (24 horas após o parto e nos dias 7, 15 e 19 de lactação), espessura de toucinho (ET) e escore corporal visual (ECV) (24 horas após o parto e aos 19 dias de lactação) e consumo médio diário (CMD). Dados referentes ao subsequente intervalo-demame-estro (IDE), taxa de parto e número de leitões nascidos foram obtidos através do programa de gerenciamento da granja. Os leitões foram pesados individualmente na uniformização (dia zero) e aos 19 dias de idade. As variáveis relativas ao desempenho dos leitões foram analisadas como sendo 4 grupos (A, B1, B2 e C) onde B1 e B2 correspondem aos leitões leves e intermediários do grupo B, respectivamente. O consumo alimentar e as perdas lactacionais das fêmeas não foram influenciados pelo peso dos leitões à uniformização (P>0,10). O IDE foi maior (P=0,08) e a porcentagem de fêmeas que apresentaram estro em até sete dias após o desmame foi menor (P<0,10) no grupo C comparado ao grupo A. A taxa de parto e o tamanho da segunda leitegada foram similares entre os grupos de fêmeas (P>0,10). Os leitões do grupo B2 tiveram um maior ganho de peso diário (GPD) (P=0,07) e maior peso no dia 19 (P=0,07) que os leitões do grupo C. Em conclusão, as leitegadas compostas somente por leitões de peso intermediário prolongaram o IDE comparadas àquelas compostas apenas por leitões leves. Os leitões de peso intermediário tiveram melhor desempenho quando competiram com leitões leves do que com leitões de peso similar. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of crossfostering piglets with different birth weight on feed intake, body reserve losses and reproductive performance of primiparous sows and on performance of their litters until weaning. Primiparous sows were allocated in three groups: group A (n= 31) – litters with 14 Light piglets (1.0-1.2 kg); group B (n= 32) – litters with seven Light piglets and seven Intermediate piglets (1.4-1.6 kg), and group C (n= 31) – litters with 14 Intermediate piglets. Sows were weight up to 24 h after farrowing and on days 7, 15 and 19 of lactation. Backfat thickness (BT) and body conditional score (BCS) were measured up to 24 h after farrowing and again at day 19 of lactation. Feed intake was measured daily during. Data regarding the weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), farrowing rate and number of piglets born were obtained from a backup of the farm management program. Piglets were individually weighed at crossfostering (day zero) and day 19 of lactation. Variables concerning the performance of piglets were analyzed as four groups (A, B1, B2 and C) where B1 and B2 corresponded to Light and Intermediate piglets of group B, respectively. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and lactation losses were not influenced by weight of piglets at crossfostering (P>0.10). Percentage of sows showing estrus until Day 7 after weaning was lower (P<0.10) and WEI was higher (P=0.08) in group C compared to group A. Farrowing rates and second litter size were similar among groups (P>0.10). Piglets of B2 group were higher daily weight gain (DWG) (P=0.07) and a higher weight at Day 19 (P=0.07) than piglets of group C. In conclusion, litters composed entirely of Intermediate piglets prolonged WEI compared to litters with Light weight piglets. Intermediate piglets perform better when competing with lighter piglets than with piglets of similar weight.

The purpose of this dissertation is the evaluation of the fertility and the reproduction index of the sows in the breeding of the agricultural cooperative Lukavec. The herd of sows was divided into three groups according to age structure of the sows in the risk litter (litters 1 and 2), the sows in the production litters (litters 3 ? 5) and the sows in 6 and more litters. The reproduction process is influenced by a lot of impacts endogenous and exogenous.

O experimento avaliou o comportamento da fêmea e dos leitões e o desempenho destes do nascimento ao desmame após as leitegadas serem submetidas a três diferentes manejos de uniformização. A uniformização foi realizada em média 20,1 ± 0,4 horas (amplitude de 14,3 – 24,7 horas) após o parto. Foram formados três grupos: 100B (leitegada composta por 100% leitões filhos biológicos, n= 13), 50BX50A (50% biológicos e 50% adotados, n=13) e 100A (100% adotados, n=13). Todas as leitegadas foram compostas por 11 leitões com peso médio ao nascimento (média: 1454,9 ± 74,6 g; amplitude de 1065 – 1940 g). O comportamento das fêmeas e dos leitões foi avaliado durante quatro mamadas consecutivas, em quatro dias de observação (dias 1, 2, 4 e 6 após o parto, considerando o dia 1 o dia da uniformização). Os leitões foram pesados nos dias 4, 7, 10, 13 e 16. No primeiro dia de avaliação, o grupo 100B teve menor número (P<0,05) de brigas por teto (0.9 vs. 1.6 vs. 1.4) que os outros grupos e tendeu a ter um menor percentual (P<0,07) de leitões envolvidos nessas brigas que o grupo 100A (49,6%, 67,2% e 64,9% para 100B, 100A e 50BX50A, respectivamente). As mamadas produtivas, (3,3, 3,3, 3,8 e 3,8 para os dias 1, 2, 4 e 6, respectivamente), a taxa de sobrevivência (total 97,2%) e a média de peso dos leitões (1983, 2650, 3411, 4207 e 5047 g para os dias 4, 7, 10, 13 e 16, respectivamente) foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os grupos. Apesar do menor número de brigas no primeiro dia de observação do grupo 100B, a uniformização realizada em média com 20 horas após o nascimento não tem efeitos adversos na taxa de sobrevivência e desempenho dos leitões adotados e biológicos. / The experiment evaluated behaviour of sows and piglets and performance of piglets from birth up to weaning after undergoing three different managements of crossfostering. Crossfostering was carried out within on average 20.1 ± 0.4 hours (range of 14.3 – 24.7 hours) after farrowing. Three groups were formed: 100B (100% biological piglets, n= 13), 50BX50A (50% biological piglets and 50% adopted piglets, n=13) and 100A (100% adopted piglets, n=13). All litters were standardized to eleven piglets with medium weight at birth (average: 1454.9 ± 74.6 g; range of 1065 – 1940 g). Behaviour of dams and piglets was evaluated during four consecutive days (day 1, 2, 4 and 6 after farrowing, considering day 1 as the crossfostering day). Piglets were weighed at days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16. At first day of assessment, 100B group had low number (P<0.05) of fights for teat (0.9 vs. 1.6 vs. 1.4) than other groups and tended to have a lower percentage (P<0.07) of piglets involved in fights than 100A group (49.6%, 67.2% and 64.9% for 100B, 100A and 50BX50A, respectively). Productive nursing episodes (3.3, 3.3, 3.8 and 3.8 for days 1, 2, 4 and 6, respectively), survival rate (overall 97.2%) and average weight of piglets (1983, 2650, 3411, 4207 and 5047 g for days 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16, respectively) were similar (P>0.05) among groups. In spite of the lower number of fights in 100B group at day 1, crossfostering performed on average at 20 h after birth has no adverse effects on survival and growth performance of adopted and biological piglets.

Submitted by MARCO MONTEIRO DE LIMA null (marcoestagiario@gmail.com) on 2016-03-11T02:13:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marco_Monteiro_de_Lima.pdf: 1150582 bytes, checksum: 651d16e6124277f6a62a42b39ad21111 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-14T17:31:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mm_dr_jabo.pdf: 1150582 bytes, checksum: 651d16e6124277f6a62a42b39ad21111 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-14T17:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mm_dr_jabo.pdf: 1150582 bytes, checksum: 651d16e6124277f6a62a42b39ad21111 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da utilização de uma mistura (Blend) de ácidos orgânicos (ácido acético 147,00 g/kg; ácido cítrico 8,55 g/kg; ácido fórmico 245,00 g/kg; ácido láctico 133,65 g/kg; ácido fosfórico 137,75 g/kg e cálcio 137,00 g/kg) nas dietas de suínos, dos 21 aos 64 dias de idade e dos 65 aos 150 dias de idade, sobre o desempenho, a digestibilidade e taxa de passagem das dietas, a incidência de diarreia, as características morfofisiológicas e microbiológicas do sistema digestório e a qualidade da carcaça e da carne. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro utilizado 96 leitões desmamados com 21 ± 1 dia de idade, e o segundo utilizado 36 suínos com 29,38 ± 3,13 kg. Os animais dos dois experimentos foram distribuídos de acordo com o delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo o primeiro composto por 4 tratamentos, 8 repetições e 3 animais por unidade experimental, enquanto o segundo foi composto por 4 tratamentos, 9 repetições e 1 animal por unidade experimental. Os 4 tratamentos de cada experimento estavam de acordo com a inclusão de 0; 0,15; 0,30 e 0,45 do Blend. Todos os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e polinômios ortogonais foram realizados para determinar os efeitos lineares, quadráticos e cúbicos, usando o procedimento Mixed. No primeiro experimento observou-se que o Blend não foi capaz de prevenir e nem recuperar as disfunções do intestino delgado gerado pelo período pós desmame. Não notou-se, também, qualquer melhora produtiva dos animais na fase de creche, dos 21 aos 64 dias de idade. No segundo experimento verificou-se efeito linear crescente para o pH24h no músculo Longissimus e efeito quadrático nos coeficientes de digestbilidade da matéria seca e energia bruta, com os melhores resultados com a inclusão de 0,17 e 0,18% do Blend, respectivamente, entretanto estas mudanças não geraram melhorias no desempenho, qualidade da carcaça e da carne. Portanto, o Blend não gera qualquer efeito que justifica sua utilização para animais de creche, crescimento e terminação. / The objective was to evaluate the effects of using a mixture (Blend) of organic acids (acetic acid 147,00 g/kg; citric acid 8.55 g/kg; formic acid 245.00 g/kg; lactic acid 133.65 g/kg; phosphoric acid 137,75 g/kg and calcium 137.00 g/kg) in the diets of pigs from 21 to 64 days of age and from 65 to 150 days of age on performance, digestibility of diets, the rate of passage of the diets, the incidence of diarrhea, morphophysiological and microbiological characteristics of the digestive system and carcass quality and meat. For this, two experiments were conducted, being the first used 96 piglets weaned at 21 ± 1 days old, and the second used 36 pigs with 29.38 ± 3.13 kg. The animals of the two experiments were distributed according to a randomized block design, the first composed of four treatments, eight replicates and three animals per experimental unit, while the second was composed of 4 treatments, 9 replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The 4 treatments for each experiment were in agreement with the inclusion of 0; 0.15; 0.30 and 0.45 Blend. All data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal polynomials were conducted to determine the linear, quadratic and cubic effects, using the Proc Mixed procedure. In the first experiment it was observed that the Blend was not able to prevent and or retrieve dysfunctions generated by the small intestine after weaning period. Not noticed, too, any productive improvement of animals in the nursery phase, from 21 to 64 days old. In the second experiment there was an increasing linear effect for pH24h in Longissimus muscle and quadratic effect on digestbilidade coefficients of dry matter and gross energy, with the best results with the addition of 0.17 and 0.18% of the blend, respectively, however these changes did not result in improvements in performance, carcass quality and meat. Therefore, the blend does not generate any effect that justifies their use for nursery pigs, growing and finishing. / FAPESP: 2012/15867-7

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In swine production the post weaning period is considered one of the most critical periods of the production. The state of Rio Grande do Sul presents great availability of by-products from rice processing that may be an alternative on the feeding of swine. The net energy is the one that represents better the energy value used by the animal however its determination by the conventional methods results in costs and manpower, being suggested the use of prediction equations for calculating. Two digestibility trials were performed with 12 and 18 male castrated swine with initial weight of 8 kg and 16 kg, respectively. In both studies, the animals were placed in metabolic cages during a period of twelve days, being seven days of adaptation and five days of collection. The experimental procedure was the total fecal collection using the ferric oxide as fecal marker. Data of digestibility and energy values of the co products were submitted to variance analysis using the completely randomly design and the Tukey test, used for comparing the averages between the feed. The digestibility coefficients of the organic matter, crude protein and gross energy were higher (P<0.000) for the broken rice (BR) compared to the stabilized rice bran (SRB) and parboiled rice bran (PRB). On the other hand, the BR presented lower (P<0.000) digestibility coefficient of the mineral matter than the rice bran's evaluated. The PRB presented a digestible energy 2% lower than the BR and 5% higher than the SRB. The observed metabolized energy on BR was the highest, followed by the PRB and SRB that presented the lowest value. The average value of net energy was 3094, 2646 and 2818 kcal/kg for the BR, SRB and PRB, respectively. The net energy value varies according to the equation used to estimate it. Based on data of chemical composition, digestible using and energy values it may be affirmed that the broken rice stabilized rice bran and parboiled rice bran may be used on the feeding of piglets. / Na criação de suínos o período pós desmame é considerado um dos mais críticos da etapa de produção. O Rio Grande do Sul apresenta grande disponibilidade de subprodutos oriundos do beneficiamento do arroz que podem ser alternativa na alimentação de suínos. A energia líquida é a que melhor representa o valor de energia utilizada pelo animal, porém sua determinação pelos métodos convencionais onera em custos e mão de obra, sendo sugerido o uso de equações de predição para o cálculo. Foram realizados dois ensaios de digestibilidade com 12 e 18 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 8 kg e 16 kg, respectivamente. Em ambos os estudos, os animais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas por um período de doze dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta. O procedimento experimental foi o de coleta total de fezes usando o óxido férrico como marcador fecal. Os dados de digestibilidade e valores energéticos dos coprodutos foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado e o teste de Tukey usado para comparar as médias entre os alimentos. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e energia bruta foram maiores (P<0,000) para a quirera de arroz (QA) em comparação ao farelo de arroz estabilizado (FAE) e farelo de arroz parboilizado (FAP). Por outro lado, a QA teve menor (P<0,000) coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria mineral que os farelos de arroz avaliados. O FAP apresentou energia digestível 2% inferior a QA e 5% superior ao FAE. Foi observada maior energia metabolizável na QA, seguido pelo FAP e FAE que apresentou o menor valor. O valor médio de energia líquida foi de 3094, 2646 e 2818 kcal/kg para a QA, FAE e FAP, respectivamente. O valor de energia líquida varia de acordo com a equação utilizada para estimá-la. Baseado nos dados de composição química, utilização digestiva e valores de energia, pode-se afirmar que a quirera de arroz, farelo de arroz estabilizado e farelo de arroz parboilizado podem ser usados na alimentação de leitões.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 robleshuaynate_ra_dr_jabo.pdf: 387192 bytes, checksum: 5da7fe7a9fba6237ea4636b84098a647 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Agropecuaria Nunes / Com o objetivo de estudar o uso de probiótico em dietas de suínos foram realizados cinco ensaios. No ensaio 1 foi avaliado a adição de diferentes concentrações de probiótico (0, 200 e 300 mg/kg de ração) em rações de leitões recém desmamados e em diferentes idades, sobre as características do sistema digestório e desempenho zootécnico, nos ensaios 2 e 3, os objetivos foram determinar os parâmetros sangüíneos em diferentes idades dos leitões e a digestibilidade de rações para suínos, alimentados com rações contendo ou não probiótico, nos ensaios 4 e 5, foram comparadas a composição das fezes de suínos obtidas por dois métodos de colheita e foi determinado o balanço de minerais em rações contendo ou não probiótico para suínos em fase de crescimento. As diferentes concentrações de probiótico nas dietas de suínos não alteraram a maioria das variáveis estudadas, afetadas apenas pela idade dos animais. O ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar dos animais suplementados com 200 mg de probiótico foi melhor que o grupo com 300 mg de probiótico. A adição do probiótico nas rações diminuiu as quantidades de leucócitos, globulinas e beta + gama globulinas e melhorou a utilização da matéria mineral da dieta pelos suínos. Colheitas de fezes do reto ou da caixa coletora da gaiola, em estudos de balanço de minerais podem ser realizadas sem alterar a composição das fezes e a adição de probiótico nas rações de suínos melhorou a utilização da matéria mineral. / With the objective of studying the probiotic use in diets of swine five assays were accomplished. In the assay 1 the addition of different probiotic concentrations was evaluated (0, 200 and 300 mg/kg of ration) in rations of pigs recently weaned and in different ages, on the characteristics of the digesting system and performance, in the assays 2 and 3, the aims were to determine the blood parameters in age different piglets and the ration digestibility for swine fed with rations containing or no probiotic, in the assays 4 and 5, were compared the composition of the feces of swine obtained by two collection methods and was determiner the minerals balance in rations containing or no probiotic for growth swine phase. The different probiotic concentrations in the diets of swine did not alter most of the studied variables, just affected by the age of the animals. The gain weight and feed:gain ratio of the animals supplemented with 200 mg of probiotic was better than the group with 300 mg of probiotic. The addition of the probiotic in the rations reduced the amounts of leukocytes, globulins and beta + gama globulins and it improved the use of the mineral matter of the diet for the swine. Collect of feces of the rectum or of the collector cage box, in studies of minerals balance can be accomplished without altering the feces composition and the probiotic addition in the rations of swine improved the use of the mineral matter.