The Maya of Central America developed a complex society: among their many achievements they developed a writing system, complex calendar and were prolific builders. The buildings of their large urban centres, such as Copan in Honduras, were decorated with painted stucco, moulded masks, carving and elaborate murals, using a range of coloured pigments. In this study the paints used on the buildings of Copan and some ceramic sherds have been investigated, non-destructively, using micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-ATR infrared spectroscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (ESEM-EDX) and FTIR-ATR imaging spectroscopy. The paint samples come from four buildings and one tomb covering three time periods in the four hundred year history of Copan. The main pigment used in the red paint on these samples was identified as haematite, and the stucco as a mixture of calcite particles dispersed throughout a calcite-based lime wash stucco. The composition and physical nature of the stucco changed through time, indicating a refining of production techniques over this period. A range of minor mineral components have been identified in each of the samples including rutile, quartz, clay and carbon. The presence and proportion of these and other minerals differed in each sample, leading to unique mineral signatures for the paint from each time period. Green and grey paints have also been identified on one of the buildings, the Rosalila Temple. The green pigment was identified as a celadonite-based green earth, and the grey pigment as a mixture of carbon and muscovite. The combination of carbon and mica to create a reflective paint is a novel finding in Maya archaeology. The high spatial resolution of the micro-FTIR-ATR spectral imaging system has been used to resolve individual particles in tomb wall paint and to identify their mineralogy from their spectra. This system has been used in combination with micro-Raman spectroscopy and ESEM-EDX mapping to characterize the paint, which was found to be a mixture of haematite and silicate particles, with minor amounts of calcite, carbon and magnetite particles, in a sub-micron haematite and calcite matrix. The blending of a high percentage of silicate particles into the haematite pigment is unique the tomb sample. The stucco in this tomb wall paint has finely ground carbon dispersed throughout the top layer providing a dark base for the paint layer. Changing paint mixtures and stucco composition were found to correlate with changes in paint processing techniques and building construction methods over the four hundred years of site occupation.

Στα φύλλα κάποιων φυτικών ειδών παρουσιάζεται παροδική ερυθρότητα, λόγω συσσώρευσης ανθοκυανινών, η οποία μπορεί να είναι τόσο έντονη που να καλύπτεται το χρώμα της χλωροφύλλης. Δεδομένου ότι απορροφούν και στο ορατό φάσμα (κυρίως στην πράσινη και ελαφρώς στη μπλε και κίτρινη περιοχή) οι ανθοκυανίνες πρακτικώς λειτουργούν ως φίλτρα, αφού απορροφούν μέρος της προσπίπτουσας φωτοσυνθετικά ενεργής ακτινοβολίας και ανταγωνίζονται τις χλωροφύλλες στην απορρόφηση του φωτός. Εξ αιτίας αυτής της ιδιότητάς τους, ένας από τους ρόλους που τους έχει αποδοθεί είναι η φωτοπροστατευτική δράση, ενώ παράλληλα (και ανεξαρτήτως ρόλου που επιτελούν) έχει προταθεί ότι διαμορφώνουν ένα ιδιαίτερο μικροπεριβάλλον σκιάς στο εσωτερικό του φύλλου. Προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η πιθανή συνεισφορά των ανθοκυανινών στη φωτοπροστασία αλλά και στην επαγωγή σκιόφιλων χαρακτήρων, στην παρούσα διατριβή παρακολουθήσαμε την πορεία των φωτοσυνθετικών και φωτοπροστατευτικών χαρακτηριστικών, παράλληλα με τη μεταβολή της ερυθρότητας, σε φύλλα του ίδιου είδους που διαφέρουν ως προς το ανθοκυανικό περιεχόμενο. Εξετάστηκαν πέντε είδη, τρία ως κύρια πειραματόφυτα (Cistus creticus L., Photinia x fraseri Dress και Quercus coccifera L.) και δύο ως συμπληρωματικά στον προσδιορισμό της στοιχειομετρίας των δύο φωτοσυστημάτων (Ricinus communis L., Rosa sp. L.). Στο C. creticus, η παροδική ερυθρότητα εμφανίζεται στα ώριμα φύλλα και σχετίζεται με αβιοτικούς περιβαλλοντικούς παράγοντες, συγκεκριμένα το συνδυασμό χαμηλών θερμοκρασιών και υψηλών εντάσεων φωτός. Στα υπόλοιπα, η παροδική συσσώρευση ανθοκυανινών επάγεται από οντογενετικούς παράγοντες (νεαρά κόκκινα φύλλα που πρασινίζουν με την ωρίμανση). Στα P. x fraseri και R. communis, η χρωματική ποικιλομορφία αφορά φύλλα διαφορετικής ηλικίας, που ανήκουν όμως στο ίδιο άτομο (νεαρά κόκκινα-ώριμα πράσινα). Tα υπόλοιπα τρία είδη εμφανίζουν ενδο-ειδική ποικιλομορφία ως προς τον ανθοκυανικό χαρακτήρα, και επομένως συγκρίνονται φύλλα ίδιας κάθε φορά φυσιολογικής ηλικίας, που ανήκουν σε άτομα διαφορετικών φαινοτύπων. Στην περίπτωση που οι ανθοκυανίνες λειτουργούν φωτοπροστατευτικά, αναμένεται τα φύλλα που τις περιέχουν να αντιμετωπίζουν μικρότερο κίνδυνο φωτοαναστολής και να έχουν μικρότερη ανάγκη για μη-φωτοχημική απόσβεση σε σύγκριση με τα αντίστοιχα πράσινα. Ωστόσο, από τις μετρήσεις του in vivo φθορισμού της χλωροφύλλης σε προ-σκοτεινιασμένα δείγματα (OJIP-ανάλυση) δεν διαπιστώθηκε τα ανθοκυανικά φύλλα να διαθέτουν κάποιο συγκριτικό πλεονέκτημα όσον αφορά στη φωτοσυνθετική τους λειτουργία. Αντιθέτως, τα κόκκινα φύλλα των ειδών P. x fraseri και C. creticus εκτός του ότι παρουσιάζουν ελαφρώς, αλλά στατιστικώς σημαντικά, χαμηλότερες τιμές μέγιστης φωτοχημικής απόδοσης του PSII (Fv/Fm) συναντούν και σαφώς μεγαλύτερους περιορισμούς στα μετέπειτα στάδια ηλεκτρονιακής ροής και μετατροπής της ενέργειας σε σχέση με τα αντίστοιχα πράσινα. Και στις δυο περιπτώσεις είναι πιθανό να συμβαίνει απενεργοποίηση κάποιων λειτουργικών ενεργών κέντρων του PSII. Στο Q. coccifera, τα όμοιας ηλικίας φύλλα των δύο φαινοτύπων δεν παρουσιάζουν διαφορές στις ανωτέρω παραμέτρους. Οι μετρήσεις φθορισμού της χλωροφύλλης κάτω από συνθήκες ακτινικού φωτός έδειξαν ότι τα κόκκινα φύλλα έχουν όμοιες (P. x fraseri και C. creticus) ή χαμηλότερες (Q. coccifera) τιμές τρέχουσας φωτοχημικής απόδοσης (YII) και αντίστοιχα όμοιες ή υψηλότερες τιμές μη-φωτοχημικής απόσβεσης (YNPQ). Ωστόσο, λόγω της απορρόφησης των ανθοκυανινών, οι χλωροπλάστες των κόκκινων φύλλων δέχονται πραγματική ένταση φωτός χαμηλότερη της προσπίπτουσας, και επομένως τα ανωτέρω αποτελέσματα είναι αντίθετα των αναμενόμενων. Διαφωτιστικές προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση είναι οι μετρήσεις φθορισμού της κάτω (πράσινης) φυλλικής επιφάνειας σε φωτιζόμενα φύλλα των δύο φαινοτύπων του C. creticus. Σ’ αυτήν την περίπτωση, έχοντας παρακάμψει το πρόβλημα της απορρόφησης των ανθοκυανινών, τα φύλλα του κόκκινου φαινοτύπου εμφανίζουν υψηλότερη ανάγκη μη-φωτοχημικής απόσβεσης (YNPQ) και υψηλότερη ευαισθησία έναντι της φωτοαναστολής (YNΟ), παρ’ όλη τη θεωρούμενη προστασία των υπερκείμενων ανθοκυανινών της άνω επιφανείας. Η μεγαλύτερη ανάγκη μη φωτοχημικής απόσβεσης των κόκκινων φύλλων διαφαίνεται και από την υψηλότερη επένδυση σε συστατικά του κύκλου των ξανθοφυλλών (P. x fraseri) ή την καλύτερη λειτουργικότητα του κύκλου (C. creticus), σε συνθήκες έντονου φωτισμού. Μάλιστα, κατά την καταπονητική περίοδο του χειμώνα ο κόκκινος φαινότυπος του C. creticus εμφανίζει μείωση των περιεχομένων χλωροφυλλών, πιθανόν σε μια προσπάθεια περαιτέρω ελάττωσης της απορροφούμενης ενέργειας διεγέρσεως, παρ’ όλη την ύπαρξη του ανθοκυανικού φίλτρου. Με βάση τα ανωτέρω ευρήματα, η υπόθεση του φωτοπροστατευτικού ρόλου των ανθοκυανινών δεν ενισχύεται, εκτός εάν υποτεθεί είτε ότι ο στόχος για την προστασία δεν συνδέεται με τη φωτοσύνθεση είτε ότι τα κόκκινα φύλλα εάν δεν τις διέθεταν θα ήταν σε πολύ πιο δυσμενή θέση, σε σύγκριση πάντα με τα πράσινα. Όσον αφορά στη συνεισφορά των ανθοκυανινών στην επαγωγή σκιόφιλων χαρακτήρων βρέθηκαν κάποιες ισχυρές ενδείξεις προς αυτήν την κατεύθυνση, ανεξάρτητα από τον παράγοντα που επάγει τη συσσώρευσή τους. Έτσι, και στα πέντε είδη που εξετάστηκαν, παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση της σχετικής αναλογίας PSII/PSI στα κόκκινα φύλλα, η οποία είναι στατιστικά σημαντική (εκτός από την περίπτωση του Q. coccifera) και βαίνει μειούμενη με τη μείωση των περιεχομένων ανθοκυανινών. Αύξηση της αναλογίας PSII/PSI έχει συσχετισθεί με την ποιοτική αλλοίωση του φωτός σε συνθήκες σκιάς και στοχεύει στην εξισορροπημένη διέγερση των δύο φωτοσυστημάτων. Από τον τρόπο προσδιορισμού της (ως F686/F735), η ανωτέρω αναλογία δεν κάνει διάκριση μεταξύ φωτοσυλλεκτικής κεραίας και ενεργών κέντρων των δύο φωτοσυστημάτων. Μία άλλη παράμετρος, που θεωρείται τυπικός δείκτης σκιοφιλίας και μετρήθηκε στο σύνολο των πειραματοφύτων, είναι η αναλογία Chl a/b. Μειωμένη αναλογία Chl a/b σε συνθήκες σκιάς υποδεικνύει αύξηση των φωτοσυλλεκτικών κεραιών σε σχέση με τα ενεργά κέντρα. Στατιστικά σημαντική μείωση της ανωτέρω αναλογίας βρέθηκε στα κόκκινα φύλλα των ειδών C. creticus, Q. coccifera και Rosa sp.. Στα P. x fraseri και R. communis δεν παρατηρήθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ κόκκινων και πράσινων φύλλων. Τέλος, στα είδη C. creticus, P. x fraseri και Q. coccifera προσδιορίσθηκε και η παράμετρος ABS/RC (όπως προκύπτει από την OJIP-ανάλυση), όπου παρατηρήθηκε στατιστικώς σημαντική αύξηση στα κόκκινα φύλλα των δύο πρώτων ειδών. Στο Q. coccifera η ίδια τάση δεν είναι στατιστικά σημαντική. Αύξηση της αναλογίας ABS/RC, η οποία αποτελεί θα λέγαμε έναν λειτουργικό περισσότερο δείκτη, μπορεί να αποδοθεί σε αυξημένο μέγεθος της φωτοσυλλεκτικής κεραίας ή/και σε μείωση του αριθμού των λειτουργικών ενεργών κέντρων του PSII. Από το συνδυασμό των παραπάνω αποτελεσμάτων διαφαίνεται ότι στα είδη C. creticus, Rosa sp. και Q. coccifera η επίδραση των ανθοκυανινών εντοπίζεται κυρίως σε αύξηση του μεγέθους της φωτοσυλλεκτικής κεραίας. Στα P. x fraseri και R. communis, η αύξηση του λόγου PSII/PSI αντανακλά πιθανώς μια αύξηση των ενεργών κέντρων του PSII. / Leaves of some plant species appear transiently red because of the accumulation of anthocyanins, at levels sufficient to mask the green chlorophyll color. Given that leaf anthocyanins absorb also in the visible spectrum (strongly in the green and less in the blue-violet and yellow region), they act as sunscreens attenuating part of the photosynthetically active radiation and hence they compete with chlorophylls for photon capture. Due to this attribute, one of the ascribed roles of leaf anthocyanins is the photoprotection of the photosynthetic mesophyll. Additionally (and regardless of the proposed role) it has been suggested that they shape a particular shade microenvironment in the leaf interior. In order to investigate these two hypotheses, in the present study we monitored the course of photosynthetic and photoprotective characteristics in leaves of the same species with different anthocyanic content. Five species have been used, three of them as main experimental material (Cistus creticus L., Photinia x fraseri Dress και Quercus coccifera L.) and two additional (Ricinus communis L., Rosa sp. L.) for the assessment of the stoichiometry of the two photosystems. In Cistus creticus (L.) transient redness is induced in mature leaves by abiotic environmental factors, i.e. the combination of low temperatures and high light intensity during winter. In the rest species redness is developmentally determined (young red leaves which become red upon maturation). In P. x fraseri and R. communis the color variation concerns leaves of different age from the same individual (comparison of young red and mature green). The rest three species show intra-species variation of the anthocyanic trait. Thus, leaves of the same physiological age from different individuals and phenotypes (occupying the same habitat) were compared. The photoprotective hypothesis of leaf anthocyanins entails that red leaves would be less sensitive against photoinhibition and have a reduced need of non-photochemical quenching, compared to their green counterparts. However, according to our chlorophyll fluorescence measurements with dark adapted samples (OJIP-analysis), anthocyanic leaves did not display a comparative advantage in their photosynthetic function. On the contrary, red leaves of P. x fraseri and C. creticus, apart from their slightly, yet statistically significant, lower maximum PSII yield (Fv/Fm), they also confront higher limitations in the further steps of excitation energy processing and its transformation compared to greens. In both species, a transformation of active PSII centers to non-QA -reducing ones, could be inferred. In Q. coccifera, no differences were observed between leaves of the same physiological age from the two phenotypes in the above parameters. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in light acclimated samples have shown that red leaves have similar (P. x fraseri και C. creticus) or lower (Q. coccifera) PSII effective yield (YII) and similar or higher corresponding non-photochemical energy quenching (YNPQ). It has to be noted, however, that the actual PAR levels penetrating to the red leaf mesophyll are in fact lower compared to their green counterparts, due to anthocyanin absorption of the white and blue actinic light used during these measurements. Accordingly, for the same incident PAR, the opposite trend was expected in red leaves. In C. creticus, measurements performed in the lower leaf side by-pass this problem, since anthocyanins accumulate only in the palisade mesophyll (of the upper side) and the abaxial leaf surface is always green. In that case, red leaves showed a higher need for non-photochemical quenching (YNPQ) and a higher vulnerability to photoinhibition (YNΟ), in spite of the supposed photoprotective function of the overlying anthocyanins. The trend for an enhanced need of non-photochemical dissipation in red leaves is indicated also by the higher investment in “xanthophyll cycle” components (P. x fraseri) and/or the lower EPS values (P. x fraseri and C. creticus) during midday. In addition, during the superimposed winter stress, red leaves of C. creticus proceed to a Chl loss, possibly as an attempt to decrease further the absorbed excitation energy, in spite of the anthocyanic screen. The above results weaken the photoprotective hypothesis for leaf anthocyanins, unless it is assumed either that photosynthesis is not the target for protection or that red leaves would be in a worse position, compared to greens, if anthocyanins were absent. Some of our results support the shade acclimation hypothesis in red leaves, irrespectively of the factor that induces the accumulation of anthocyanins. In all tested species, red leaves display a higher, statistically significant, relative PSII/PSI ratio compared to greens (except of Q. coccifera, where the same was observed as a trend). PSII/PSI ratio declines in parallel with the decrease of anthocyanin accumulation. A higher PSII/PSI ratio is considered as an acclimation to the altered light quality under shade conditions in order to adjust the excitation pressure of two photosystems. Chl a/b was statistically lower in red leaves of C. creticus, Q. coccifera και Rosa sp., while in P. x fraseri and R. communis no differences were observed. A decrease in Chl a/b ratio is a typical shade acclimation feature, indicating an increased ratio of light harvesting antennae per reaction center. Finally, another parameter indicative of shade acclimation is the mean antenna size (calculated as ABS/RC ratio), which was considerably higher in red leaves of C. creticus and P. x fraseri (again in Q. coccifera only a similar trend was observed). Yet, according to the JIP-analysis the antenna size is expressed per active RC, hence the increased ABS/RC ratio could be the combined effect of an increase in the antenna size and a decrease in active PSII centers. The combination of the above results indicates that anthocyanin accumulation in C. creticus, Rosa sp. and Q. coccifera contributes mainly to a higher relative size of LHC. In the case of P. x fraseri and R. communis, the enhanced PSII/PSI ratio of red leaves reflects rather an increase of PSII centers.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the seasonal changes of the air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in London planetree (Platanus acerifolia) and small-leaved lime tree (Tilia cordata), which grow in Jiráskovonábřeží in České Budějovice near the busy urban roads. The research was conducted in August, 2015. The complete results of this research were summarized into a teaching presentation for pupils at primary schools, which shall show them the issues of urban stress for these two tree species, which are very often planted in cities. The APTI index consists of four parameters, which were needed to be found out for the APTI index could be established. These parameters for the APTI are: the content of chlorophylls in a leaf, the content of the ascorbic acid in a leaf, the relative water content in a leaf and the pH of the extract from a leaf. By the discovering ofthe values of these parameters, the APTI was counted and thanks to this APTI it was easier to determine, which of these two tree species is less or more stressed by air pollution on the particular location. Further, the fluorescence of chlorophyll, which is -next to the APTI index- another indicator of effect of stress on the physiological processes in a plant and measured fluorescence values were compared with values from the previous measuring in 2013. The results were statistically evaluated and processed into the tables and graphs. According to the results of the APTI index, the small-leaved lime tree has proved as more sensitive to air pollution in Jiráskovo nábřeží, the London planetree was more resilient from this point of view. By the comparison of the results of chlorophyll content and fluorescence from 2013 and 2015, it was found out that the year 2015 has proved as less favourable for both species.

O presente trabalho avaliou o crescimento da microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta pela biofixação do CO2 liberado pela produção de cerveja, reciclando um dos gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa, reduzindo custo da matéria-prima CO2 e agregando valor ao produzir lipídeos e carotenoides naturais. Para isso a microalga foi cultivada em sistemas integrados entre fotobiorreatores e fermentadores. A diferença nos cultivos foi o tipo e a quantidade de CO2 produzida pelas fermentações. Inicialmente se fez fermentações com meio YPD (Yeast Peptone Dextrose) em fermentadores de 2 L acoplados a cada 24 h aos fotobiorreatores em 4 condições distintas, sendo o último fermentador colocado sempre em 144 h de cultivo de microalgas: 30 g L-1 de dextrose a partir de 72 h de cultivo de microalgas, 60 g L-1 de dextrose a partir de 72 h de cultivo de microalgas, 30 g L-1 de dextrose a partir de 24 h de cultivo de microalgas e variando a concentração de (10 à 60) g L-1 de dextrose a partir de 24 h de cultivo de microalgas (YPD (10-60)/24). Os maiores valores para biomassa, carotenoides, produtividades e lipídeos foram obtidos na condição YPD (10-60)/24. Para reproduzir a essa condição utilizando mosto de cerveja, foi calculada a conversão de substrato em produto para, então, acoplar diariamente volumes diferentes de mosto de cerveja em cultivos de microalgas. Os valores obtidos para os cultivos com CO2 desprendidos por estas fermentações foram 1,10 ± 0,05 g L-1 de biomassa, 0,18 ± 0,01 g L-1 d-1 de produtividade de biomassa, 0,58 ± 0,06 d-1 foi a velocidade específica de crescimento, 4,74 ± 0,59 mg g-1 de carotenoides por biomassa, 0,86 ± 0,06 mg L-1 d-1 de produtividade de carotenoides e 13,5 ± 0,4 % (em massa) de lipídeos. Estes valores foram praticamente o dobro dos valores obtidos para o cultivo com CO2 do ar atmosférico, demonstrando que a integração entre fermentadores e fotobiorreatores é uma boa alternativa para indústria alimentícia. Todos cultivos com D. tertiolecta apresentaram o mesmo perfil de carotenoides representado por 46,7 ± 2,0 % de luteína, 22,5 ± 1,6 % de β-caroteno, 9,50 ± 0,66 % de zeaxantina, 1,10 ± 0,16 % de α-caroteno e 20,2 ± 3,0 % para outros. / This study evaluated the growth of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta for CO2 biofixation released by brewing, recycling one of the greenhouse gases, reducing cost of raw material CO2 and adding value to produce lipids and natural carotenoids. For this, microalgae were cultivated in integrated systems between photobioreactors and fermenters. The difference in the cultures was the culture medium and the amount of CO2 produced. Initially, fermentation with medium YPD (Yeast Peptone Dextrose) in 2 L fermenters were coupled every 24 h to photobioreactors in 4 different conditions: 30 g L-1 of dextrose from 72 h culture of microalgae; 60 g L-1 of dextrose from 72 h culture of microalgae; 30 g L-1 of dextrose from 24 h culture of microalgae; and ranging dextrose concentration of (10 to 60) g L-1 from 24 h culture of microalgae (YPD (10-60)/24). The highest values for biomass, carotenoids, productivities and lipids were obtained in the condition YPD (10-60)/24. To reproduce this condition using beer wort, the substrate to product yield was determined and different volumes of beer wort where daily coupled to microalgae cultivations. The values obtained for cultures with CO2 released from these fermentations were 1.10 ± 0.05 g L-1 of biomass, 0.18 ± 0.01 g L-1 d-1 of biomass productivity, 0.58 ± 0.06 d-1 for the specific growth rate, 4.74 ± 0,59 mg g-1 of carotenoids per biomass, 0.86 ± 0.06 mg L-1 d-1 of carotenoids productivity and 13.5 ± 0.4 % (mass fraction) of lipids. These values were almost twice the values observed in the cultivation with CO2 of atmospheric air, showing that the integration between fermenters and photobioreactors is a good alternative to increase microalgae growth. All cultures with D. tertiolecta showed the same profile of carotenoids represented by 46.7 ± 2.0 % of lutein, 22.5 ± 1.6 % of β-carotene, 9.50 ± 0.66 % of zeaxanthin, 1.10 ± 0.16 % of α-carotene and 20.2 ± 3.0 % for others.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Priscilla Nobres dos Santos.pdf: 2094546 bytes, checksum: c80405345425c181dbb6a9991aee2f2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / Banana s culture in Brazil and in the state of Espírito Santo presents, in parts, an essential peculiar character, constituting an important source of income for small rural producers. Besides biotical factors, temperature and pluviousity are directly related to the banana tree s growing, because they provoke an effect upon the speed of most metabolic processes, influencing the vegetative cycle, the photosynthetic activity and the breathing activity. Therefore, this assignment has the purpose to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of banana trees grown in situ Prata (AAB), Japira (AAAB) and Vitória (AAAB) in two cycles of development stage Mother-plant and Child-plant. The results show that the photochemical behavior of the three cultivars leaves got very compromised in June, a month when temperatures are usually low. A smaller use of energy might have been caused by a bigger destabilization of the membranes, which, as a consequence, might have been determinant for obtaining a smaller rate of total chlorophylls. Among the cultivars analyzed, the physiological behavior of cultivar Prata were the less tolerant to the changes in the non-biotical factors. The cultivars Japira and Vitória presented similar physiological responses, which can be explained for its philogenetic proximity. The nutrients contents did not present significant differences between the months and the cultivars. However, they were pretty significant when ones check the fruit formation. The cultivars Japira and Vitória established, before harvest, a good chemical performance that possibly have favored the fruits formation / A bananicultura no Brasil e no estado do Espírito Santo apresenta, em parte, caráter essencialmente familiar, constituindo-se como uma importante fonte de renda para os pequenos produtores rurais. Além dos fatores bióticos, a temperatura e a pluviosidade são fatores relacionados diretamente com o crescimento da bananeira, pois exercerem efeito sobre a velocidade da maioria dos processos metabólicos, no ciclo vegetativo e na atividade fotossintética e respiratória. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas de bananeiras cultivadas in situ Prata (AAB), Japira (AAAB) e Vitória (AAAB) em dois do estádio do desenvolvimento (Planta-Mãe e Planta- Filha). Os resultados mostram que o desempenho fotoquímico das folhas das três cultivares ficou bastante comprometido no mês de junho, período caracterizado por temperaturas mais baixas. Um menor aproveitamento de energia pode ter sido causado por uma maior desestabilização das membranas, que, consequentemente, pode ter sido determinante para a obtenção de um menor índice de clorofilas totais. Das cultivares analisadas, a cv. Prata foi a que apresentou uma resposta fisiológica menos tolerante às alterações nos fatores abióticos. As cultivares Japira e Vitória apresentaram respostas fisiológicas bem semelhantes, o que pode ser explicado pela sua maior proximidade filogenética. Os teores de nutrientes não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os meses e as cultivares. No entanto, em relação à formação do fruto foram bastante significativas. As cultivares Japira e Vitória estabeleceram, na fase pré-colheita, um bom rendimento químico que, possivelmente, favoreceu a formação dos frutos

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1647302 bytes, checksum: 907782aa4c5aca00a3a2aaadedd6d8f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-06 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Cyanobacteria used for centuries as a food has antioxidant mechanisms highly developed and production capacity higher than any other agricultural system, presenting a great potential as a source of natural antioxidant compounds, and various other compounds. One of the factors that interfere with the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms is the level of incident light, yet for cyanobacteria are not well understood the relations between luminosity, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Under this approach, the objective of this study was to determine the influence of different light intensities on antioxidant activity of cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc spp., and on the levels of some of the main antioxidant compounds found in their cells: the pigments phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin), carotenoids and chlorophyll, and phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity was determined by the percentage of inhibition of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH ) and phenols were determined using the Folin-Cicalteau. The data from this study demonstrated that significant variations can occur for the pigment and antioxidant activity between narrow bands of light intensity, thus, a precise definition of the intensity applied through response curves previously constructed is necessary in according to biotechnological interest in question. The lowest intensities were more advantageous in terms of yield pigments, antioxidant potential and phenolic compounds. The decreased level of chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins in higher irradiances were observed, probably being prevention against photo-oxidative damage caused by free radical generation. However, for carotenoids was observed in some instances increase the content of higher irradiances, which could reflect their function as heat sinks of the light energy absorbed in excess and as antioxidant agents of the photosynthetic apparatus. The phycobiliproteins was the major contributor to total antioxidant status at lower intensities, while for higher intensities are the carotenoids. However, not always the behaviors observed were similar between the biocompostos contents and antioxidant activity, since this relationship may prove to be quite complex, requiring a qualitative and quantitative determination of many compounds that may have antioxidant properties and use of highly purified extracts. In addition, the methodology used to determine the antioxidant activity could also be a source of variation, generating inconsistent results between the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. / As cianobactérias, utilizadas há séculos como alimento, possuem mecanismos antioxidantes altamente desenvolvidos e produtividade superior a qualquer outro sistema agrícola, apresentando, portanto grande potencial como fonte de compostos antioxidantes naturais, além de vários outros biocompostos. Um dos fatores que mais interferem no metabolismo dos organismos fotossintetizantes é o nível de luz incidente, todavia para cianobactérias não são bem comprendidas as relações entre luminosidade, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante. Sob este enfoque, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de diferentes intensidades luminosas sobre a atividade antioxidante de cianobactérias do gênero Nostoc spp., e sobre os níveis de alguns dos principais compostos antioxidantes presentes em suas células: os pigmentos ficobiliproteínas (ficocianina, aloficocianina e ficoeritrina), carotenóides e clorofila a, além de compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo percentual de inibição do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril hidrazil (DPPH ) e os fenóis foram determinados pelo método Folin-Cicalteau. Os dados deste trabalho mostraram que variações significativas podem ocorrer para os teores de pigmentos e atividade antioxidante entre faixas de intensidade luminosas estreitas; assim, uma definição precisa da intensidade aplicada, através de curvas de resposta previamente construídas é necessária de acordo com o interesse biotecnológico em questão. As menores intensidades se mostraram mais vantajosas em termos de rendimento de pigmentos, potencial antioxidante e conteúdo de compostos fenólicos. A diminuição do teor de clorofila a e ficobiliproteínas em maiores irradiâncias foram observadas, sendo provavelmente uma estratégia de prevenção contra o dano foto-oxidativo ocasionado pela geração de radicais livres. No entanto, para carotenóides, observou-se em alguns momentos aumento do conteúdo em maiores irradiâncias, o que poderia refletir suas funções como dissipadores da energia luminosa absorvida em excesso e como agentes antioxidantes do aparato fotossintético. As ficobiliproteínas foram as maiores contribuintes para totalidade da defesa antioxidante nas menores intensidades, enquanto que para as maiores intensidades foram os carotenóides. No entanto, nem sempre foram observados comportamentos semelhantes entre os teores de biocompostos e a atividade antioxidante, já que esta relação pode se mostrar bastante complexa, sendo necessária uma determinação quali e quantitativa dos inúmeros compostos que podem apresentar propriedades antioxidantes e utilização de extratos altamente purificados. Além disso, a própria metodologia utilizada para a determinação da atividade antioxidante também poderia ser uma fonte de variação, gerando resultados inconsistentes entre o teor de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo Sonia Richartz Prim.pdf: 159893 bytes, checksum: ea0b9f6ba4434f44e947a911ca700ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The search for ceramic pigments with good properties are the basis of research conducted in this industry, in view of the importance of color for the final finished product. Aiming at seeking new pigments to replace or optimize existing ones, new synthesis methods and the incorporation of alternative raw materials are under study. In this work, we studied the possibility of using industrial waste from the treatment of effluents from the galvanoplasty process to synthetize pigments with spinel structure. The characterization of this type of waste and analysis of its potential to be used as chromophoric source were assessed in terms of chemical and mineralogical composition, thermal behavior, among others. The proportion of the transition elements, nickel and chromium present in the waste, allowed for the formation of important spinel structures. The synthesis method adopted consisted of the following steps: formulation; homogenization; calcination; and washing, when necessary. Firstly, we studied the addition of chromophoric ions Cr, Ni and Co in the structures MAl2O4, M=Zn, Mg, as well as the adoption of different temperatures (1000 to 1400 ºC/3h). The effect caused by solid dissolution of each ion in the structures and its relationship with the synthesis temperature was evaluated. It was possible to develop pigments with interesting color performance and different hues. Afterwards, the selection of a structure to obtain pigments from this selected chromophoric source was evaluated. We chose to work with structures NiCr2O4 and (Ni,Fe)(FeCr)2O4. The calcination temperature adopted was 1200 ºC/3h. The structures allowed for black pigments, however, with low pigmenting performance. In order to improve the performance of pigments with the addition of residue, we chose to further investigate the pigments formed with the 17 three elements nickel, iron and chromium at an equal molar ratio, resulting in the supposed structure (Ni0,5Fe0,5)(Fe0,5Ni0,5Cr1,0)O4, taking into consideration their degree of inversion. For this new step of the study, the synthetizing temperature adopted was 1000 ºC/3h. The aim was to assess the possibility of recovering the CaSO4 derived from the residue composition. For such, a washing stage was added to the pigment synthesis process. This new formulation favored the formation of the desired spinel phase, reducing the presence and intensity of secondary phases. The absence of the characteristic peaks indicating the presence of CaSO4 no DRX indicates the effectiveness of the washing process, which contributes to a reduction of a liquid phase formation and a better granulometric control. The results obtained after application showed that the synthesized pigments presented some instability during the application process. Therefore, studies were conducted to assess the influence of adding different concentrations of cobalt. The pigments synthetized with the addition of 0.3 mol of cobalt presented better pigmenting properties compared to pigments synthetized with the same structure. Adding waste into this composition led to the formation of pigments with improved performance, especially after application testing. The results allowed to associate this effect with the presence of secondary phases such as pyroxene, derived from the presence of SiO2 and CaO in the waste, resulting from the treatment process. The reproducibility of pigments synthesized with different batches of waste for the best composition studied was also evaluated. It was observed that they presented a good performance in face of the industrial conditions. / A busca por pigmentos cerâmicos com boas propriedades são a base das pesquisas realizadas neste setor, tendo em vista, a importância da cor para o produto final acabado. Com o intuito de buscar novos pigmentos que substituam ou otimizem os já conhecidos, novos métodos de síntese estão sendo pesquisados, bem como, a incorporação de matérias primas alternativas. No presente trabalho, estudou-se a possibilidade de aproveitamento de um resíduo industrial, proveniente do tratamento de efluentes do processo de galvanoplastia, na síntese de pigmentos com estrutura espinélio. A caracterização do resíduo e análise de suas potencialidades para uso como fonte cromófora, foram avaliadas em termos de composição química e mineralógica, comportamento térmico, entre outros. Os percentuais dos elementos de transição Níquel e Cromo presentes no resíduo possibilitaram a formação de estruturas de espinélios importantes. O método de síntese adotado englobou as seguintes etapas: formulação; homogeneização; calcinação e lavagem quando necessário. Primeiramente, foi estudada a adição dos íons cromóforos Cr, Ni e Co nas estruturas, MAl2O4, M=Zn, Mg, bem como, de diferentes temperaturas (1000 a 1400 ºC/3h). Avaliou-se o efeito causado pela dissolução sólida de cada íon nas estruturas, e sua relação com a temperatura de síntese. Foi possível desenvolver pigmentos com desempenho cromático interessante e tonalidades distintas. Posteriormente, foi avaliada a seleção de uma estrutura para a obtenção de pigmentos a partir desta fonte cromófora selecionada. Optou-se por trabalhar com as estruturas NiCr2O4 e (Ni,Fe)(FeCr)2O4. A temperatura de calcinação adotada foi de 1200 ºC/3h. As estruturas permitiram obter pigmentos negros, entretanto, com baixo desempenho pigmentante. A fim de aprimorar o desempenho dos pigmentos com adição de resíduo, 15 optou-se por investigar melhor os pigmentos formados com os três elementos Níquel, Ferro e Cromo, em uma igual proporção molar, resultando na suposta estrutura (Ni0,5 Fe0,5)(Fe0,5Ni0,5Cr1,0)O4, tendo em consideração o seu grau de inversão. Para esta nova etapa do trabalho a temperatura de sinterização adotada foi de 1000 ºC/3h. O objetivo foi avaliar a possibilidade de recuperação do CaSO4 proveniente da composição do resíduo. Para tanto, uma etapa de lavagem foi inserida no processo de síntese dos pigmentos. Esta nova formulação favoreceu a formação da fase espinélio desejada, diminuindo a presença e intensidade das fases secundárias. A não observância dos picos característicos da presença de CaSO4 no DRX, indica a eficácia do processo de lavagem, contribuindo para redução da formação de fase líquida e melhor controle granulométrico. Os resultados obtidos após aplicação permitiram concluir que os pigmentos sintetizados apresentaram certa instabilidade durante o processo de aplicação. Portanto, foram realizados estudos para avaliar a influência da adição de diferentes concentrações de Cobalto. Os pigmentos sintetizados com adição de 0,3 mol de Cobalto apresentaram melhores propriedades pigmentante ao serem comparados aos pigmentos sintetizados com a mesma estrutura. A incorporação de resíduo nesta composição propiciou a formação de pigmentos com melhor desempenho, principalmente após os testes de aplicação. A análise dos resultados permitiu associar este efeito a presença de fases secundárias, como o piroxênio, provenientes da presença de SiO2 e CaO no resíduo, resultante do processo de tratamento. A reprodutibilidade dos pigmentos, sintetizados com distintos lotes de resíduo para a melhor composição estudada, também foi avaliada. Pode-se observar que os mesmos apresentaram bom desempenho frente às condições industriais.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais de Jesus Schmitt.pdf: 2052116 bytes, checksum: d868f1a9aaf1f2eadf918c40531c8101 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recently, the traditional ceramics industry has developed great interest in obtaining pigments which may have firing temperature stable, so that the action of molten glass does not interfere with the final product. In the coating industry, whose selection is strongly influenced by the visual appearance of the decorated surface, the color is an important feature. In order to search for new pigments that replace or optimize the old, new synthetic methods has being studied, as well as new systems and the incorporation of pigments alternative raw materials. Thus, this work studied the possibility of use of industrial byproducts, rich in iron, in the synthesis of pigments encapsulated in glassy matrix. The by product from the surface treatment of sheet metal was evaluated and characterized by chemical composition, crystalline phases and morphology of particles. The residue was added to the glassy matrix, homogenized using conventional milling and calcined at temperatures of 700 ° C to 900 ° C for 15 minutes. The characterization of the pigments obtained were performed using XRD and SEM. The pigments were used in ceramic and enamel porcelain paste and observed by optical microscopy and SEM. The results showed that color development becomes effective when the pigment is incorporated into porcelain paste, because it is a less aggressive. Was concluded that the developed color is influenced by oxide content employed, milling conditions and the processing temperature. The results showed that the use of the pigment developed does not interfere in the microstructural characteristics of pigmented material. / Recentemente, na indústria cerâmica tradicional, tem havido um interesse crescente na obtenção da inclusão de pigmentos na qual a temperatura de queima seja estável de tal forma que ação dos vidros fundidos não interfiram no produto final. No setor de revestimento, cuja seleção é fortemente influenciada pelo aspecto visual da superfície decorada, a cor passa a ser uma importante característica. Com o intuito de buscar novos pigmentos que substituam ou otimizem os já conhecidos, novos métodos de síntese estão sendo pesquisados, bem como novos sistemas pigmentantes e a incorporação de matérias primas alternativas. Desta forma, no presente trabalho, procurou-se estudar a possibilidade de aproveitamento de subprodutos industriais, ricos em ferro, na síntese de pigmentos encapsulados em matriz de vidro. O subproduto que é proveniente, do processo de tratamento superficial de chapas metálicas foi avaliado. O subproduto foi caracterizado quanto a sua composição química, fases cristalinas presentes e morfologia das partículas. O resíduo foi adicionado à matriz vítrea, sendo posteriormente homogeneizados, utilizando moagem convencional e seguidos de calcinação nas temperaturas de 700°C até 900°C por 15 minutos. As caracterizações dos pigmentos obtidos foram realizadas através de difratometria de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os pigmentos foram aplicados em esmalte cerâmico e em massa porcelânica. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados evidenciaram que o desenvolvimento da cor torna-se efetivo quando o pigmento é incorporado em massa porcelânica, por se tratar de um meio menos agressivo. A coloração desenvolvida é influenciada por variáveis como o teor de óxido empregado, condições de moagem e temperatura de processamento. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a utilização do pigmento desenvolvido não interfere nas características microestruturais do material pigmentado.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1 CAPA.pdf: 1097898 bytes, checksum: c48262de273117c396790b5a6e1ef4a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the ceramic industry of wall and floor tiles, whose selection is strongly influenced by the visual aspect of the decorated surface, the color becomes one of the most important characteristics. With the purpose to search for new pigments that replace or optimize the already known, news method to synthesis are being researched, such as new pigments system and the incorporation of new raw materials. In this work was investigated the possibility of use of a waste industrial rich in iron in the synthesis of encapsulated pigments. It was selected five wastes, four from casting surfacing process and one waste from sheet metal treatment process. The wastes was characterized by chemical composition, cristalline phases present and morphology of the particles. The waste that introduced more percentage of hematite were added to the silica matrix, crystalline and amorphous and then homogenized using conventional milling and high energy followed by calcination at temperatures of 1050 to 1300ºC for 2 hours. The characterizations of pigments obtained were made through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The pigments were applied in ceramic enamel and porcelain body. Afterwards, it was carried out by colorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the development of color becomes effective when the pigment is incorporated in ceramic body, because it is less aggressive. The color developed is influenced by variables such as the oxide content employed, conditions of milling and processing temperature. The results have showed that the use of developed don t interfere in microstructural characteristics of pigmented material. / Na indústria da cerâmica de revestimento, cuja seleção é fortemente influenciada pelo aspecto visual da superfície decorada, a cor passa a ser uma importante característica. Com o intuito de buscar novos pigmentos que substituam ou otimizem os já conhecidos, novos métodos de síntese estão sendo pesquisados, bem como novos sistemas pigmentantes e a incorporação de matérias primas alternativas. Desta forma, no presente trabalho, procurou-se estudar a possibilidade de aproveitamento de subprodutos industriais, ricos em ferro, na síntese de pigmentos encapsulados em matriz de sílica. Foram avaliados cinco subprodutos, sendo quatro provenientes do processo de acabamento de peças fundidas e um gerado no processo de tratamento superficial de chapas metálicas. Os subprodutos foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição química, fases cristalinas presentes e morfologia das partículas. O subproduto que apresentou maior percentual de hematita foi adicionado à matriz de sílica, na forma cristalina (quartzo) e amorfa, sendo posteriormente homogeneizados, utilizando moagem convencional e de alta energia seguidos de calcinação nas temperaturas de 1050 a 1300ºC por 2 horas. As caracterizações dos pigmentos obtidos foram realizadas através de difratometria de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os pigmentos foram aplicados em esmalte cerâmico e em massa porcelânica. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises colorimétrica e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados evidenciaram que o desenvolvimento da cor torna-se efetivo quando o pigmento é incorporado em massa porcelânica, por se tratar de um meio menos agressivo. A coloração desenvolvida é influenciada por variáveis como o teor de óxido empregado, condições de moagem e temperatura de processamento. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a utilização do pigmento desenvolvido não interfere nas características microestruturais do material pigmentado.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-18T19:03:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TADRIA CRISTIANE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2016.pdf: 1674149 bytes, checksum: 0fdd10430fee76dc5ec09dd880c9bbda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T19:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TADRIA CRISTIANE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT 2016.pdf: 1674149 bytes, checksum: 0fdd10430fee76dc5ec09dd880c9bbda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / A caracterização das transformações que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento do fruto possibilita identificar o período em que os frutos reúnem o maior número de características que expressam a qualidade do fruto para a comercialização in natura ou industrial. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar as mudanças nas características físicas, físico-químicas e atividade antioxidante do suco e rendimento de óleo e amido da semente da romã cv.‗Molar‘, durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, cujos tratamentos foram constituídos pela idade dos frutos (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 e 100 dias após a antese), com quatro repetições constituídas por cinco frutos por parcela totalizando 20 frutos por tratamento. Após a colheita os frutos foram transportados para o Laboratório de Análises de Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus de Pombal-PB, onde foram realizadas as análises físicas, físico-químicas, atividades antioxidantes do suco. A análise de rendimento de óleo e amido das sementes foi realizada pelo Laboratório Instituto Tamanduá, Patos-PB. Ao longo do desenvolvimento ocorreram alterações nas características físicas, físico-química, atividade antioxidante e de rendimento do óleo e amido da semente. Romãs cv. ‗Molar‘ tiveram uma massa de 200 g, formato oblíquo, no que diz respeito a variável volume do fruto constatouse aumento até os 100 dias de idade. Os frutos apresentaram alteração na coloração da casca a partir dos 50 dias sendo que aos 90 dias os frutos apresentaram coloração amarelo-alaranjado. No suco houve evolução da cor para um rosa avermelhado com redução da intensidade com o avanço da idade. Para as análises químicas constatou-se redução da acidez titulável (AT) a partir dos 80 dias enquanto que no mesmo período houve aumento no teor de SS, SS/AT, açúcares totais e redutores e vitamina C com o desenvolvimento do fruto. No que diz respeito aos pigmentos, fenólicos, antocianinas e carotenoides, verificou-se que com o aumento da idade dos frutos, a concentração de fenólicos diminui linearmente, enquanto que a concentração de antocianinas ocorreu um aumento polinomial atingido concentração máxima aos 90 dias apresentando-se uma coloração avermelhada, ao mesmo tempo os carotenoides apresentaram a menor concentração aos 90 dias de idade com valor de 0,18 µL/100 mL-1 . O tratamento de 90 dias foi o que apresentou a maior capacidade antioxidante com valores de 3501,00 g.polpa.100 mL de DPPH e 10546,52 uM Trolox/g polpa para os métodos DPPH e ABTS respectivamente, revelando alta atividade antioxidante dos frutos nesse período. Rendimento do óleo e amido da semente alterou-se significativamente durante o desenvolvimento do fruto da romã. Houve acréscimo de 11,57% no rendimento de óleo dos 60 para os 100 dias após a antese, em contra partida ocorreu um decréscimo no rendimento de amido tendo o menor rendimento nos frutos colhidos aos 100 dias (12,97%). Diante dos resultados obtidos observa-se que os frutos colhidos aos 90 dias reuniram o maior número de características de qualidade, que juntas possibilitaram identificar a idade na qual os frutos encontram-se aptos a serem colhidos, nas condições de cultivo das Várzeas de Sousa, PB. / The characterization of the transformations that take place during the fruit development of the result makes possible to identify the period in which the results join the biggest number of characteristics that express the quality of the result for the marketing in natura or industrial. So the objective of this study quantified the changes in the physical characteristics, chemicalphysically and antioxidant activity of the juice and profit of oil and starch of the seed of the pomegranate hp.'Molar‘, during the development of the result. The experimental delineation was it completely casualizado, whose treatments were constituted by the age of the results (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 days after the antese), with four repetitions constituted by five results by piece totalizing 20 results for treatment. After the harvest the results were transported for the Laboratory of Analyses of Foods of the Federal University of Big Prairie (UFCG), Campus Of - PB, where the physical analyses were carried out, chemical-physically, antioxidant activities of the juice. The analysis of profit of oil and starch of the seeds was carried out by the Laboratory Institute Anteater, - PB. Along the development alterations took place in the physical characteristics, chemical-physically, antioxidant activity and of profit of the oil and starch of the seed. Pomegranates hp. ‗Molar‗ they had a mass of 200 g, oblique format, what concerns variable volume of the result increase was noted up to 100 days of age. The results presented alteration in the coloration of the bark from 50 days being that to 90 days the results presented coloration orangey-yellow. In the juice there was evolution of the color for a rose reddened with reduction of the intensity with the advancement of the age. For the chemical analyses (AT) noted reduction of the acidity titulável from 80 days whereas in the same period there was increase in the tenor of SS, SS/AT, total and reducing sugars and vitamin C with the development of the result. What concerns the pigments, fenólicos, antocianinas and carotenoides, happened what with the increase of the age of the results, the concentration of fenólicos reduces linearly, whereas the concentration of antocianinas took place an increase polinomial when the very concentration was reached to 90 days when a reddish coloration is showing up, at the same time the carotenoides presented the least concentration to 90 days of age with value of 0,18 µL/100 mL-1. The treatment of 90 days was what pulp presented the biggest antioxidant capacity with values of 3501,00 g.polpa.100 mL of DPPH and 10546,52 a Trolox/g for the methods DPPH and ABTS respectively, revealing high antioxidant activity of the results in this period. Profit of the oil and starch of the seed was altered significantly during the development of the result of the pomegranate. There was addition of 11,57 % in the profit of oil of the 60 for 100 days after the antese, in against departure a decrease took place in the starch profit having the least profit in the results gathered to 100 days (12,97 %). Before the obtained results it is noticed that the results gathered to 90 days joined the biggest number of quality characteristics, which boards made possible to identify the age in which the results are suitable to be gathered, in the conditions of cultivation of the Meadows of Sousa, PB.