Thesis. 1978. E.A.A.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND AERONAUTICS. / Bibliography: leaves 130-133. / by C.W. Acree, Jr. / E.A.A.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Arye R. Ephrath. / Ph.D.

One of the ways of business activities based on selling rights to use a trademark for private enterprise is franchising. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on franchising features and everything related to this type of business such as legal framework of this business activity, the differences in comparison to other kinds of business, activities of associations supporting franchising and all specifics that franchising includes: piloting, operating manual, providing the license, fees and know how itself. The practical part deals with the model situation of a Canadian franchise entering the Czech market. The franchise is the existing Waves Coffee franchise providing Café services. We will try to answer the most important questions such as why and how to use this type of business -- accompanying advantages and disadvantages.

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In South Africa, the issue of lack of black pilot skills is a most talked about topic in commercial airlines. Airlines need to find the right set of skills and attitude to operate safely and successfully. Airline safety remains a topic of discussion, therefore airlines need ensure robustness of their selection processes. There are many requirements that a person has to meet before s/he can be offered a first officer job at an airline. The majority of the pilots in South Africa are white males. The study aimed to determine if there are statistically significant differences in cognitive ability test results between Black and White applicants for pilot positions with a South Africa airline. The test battery included a verbal reasoning test, numerical reasoning test, visual thinking, abstract reasoning test, spatial reasoning test, short term memory test, monitoring ability test, hand-eye coordination, sense of orientation test, reactivity test, and a multi-tasking test. The data were extracted with permission from a database maintained on behalf of the airline by an online test provider and subjected to a statistical analysis using measures of central tendency, and spread, in order to report on the significance of the differences between the groups. There is strong evidence that the White group performed better than the Black group on the majority of the tests. It is recommended that further research is done in order to determine the causes of these differences. A comparative study of results on other airlines’ recruitment selection tests and an exploratory study of the impact of socio-economic factors, education quality and language on cognitive ability tests are recommended.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la manière d’optimiser l’apprentissage du pilotage par l’amélioration de l’éducation du comportement oculaire. Dans divers domaines (e.g., médical, aéronautique), différentes méthodes d’éducation du comportement oculaire ont démontré leur efficacité quant à leur capacité à optimiser le temps d’apprentissage d’une tâche. Toutefois, dans le domaine du pilotage, cela n’a reçu que très peu de validation empirique (Ziv, 2016) notamment à cause de difficultés de mise en œuvre technique et méthodologique inhérentes à la nature dynamique et complexe de l’activité de pilotage (Eyrolle et al., 1996). Dans le but d’éduquer le comportement oculaire des élèves-pilotes, nous avons tout d’abord modélisé les caractéristiques du comportement oculaire à adopter. Puis nous avons conçu, développé et validé expérimentalement un outil spécifique, le PilotGazeTrainer, permettant de mettre en œuvre une nouvelle méthode originale d’éducation du comportement oculaire basée sur deux principes essentiels : l’analyse permanente du regard du participant, et l’affichage en temps-réel de feedbacks visuels ou sonores. Afin d’évaluer cette nouvelle méthode, nous avons réalisé plusieurs expérimentations sur un simulateur de vol et sur un micromonde développé pour l’occasion (l’AbstractFlyingTask). Les premiers résultats montrent que notre méthode permet, en très peu de temps, une modification durable du comportement oculaire bénéfique pour les personnes concernées. Ces résultats comportementaux ont également révélé le potentiel des outils développés – le micromonde AbstractFlyingTask et le PilotGazeTrainer – pour éduquer le comportement oculaire. / This thesis focuses on how to optimize the learning of piloting by improving the ocular behavior educationIn several fields (e.g., medical, aeronautics), various methods of ocular behavior educating have demonstrated their effectiveness in their ability to optimize the learning of a task. However, the education of ocular behavior has received few empirical validations in the field of piloting training (Ziv, 2016) especially because of difficulties in the technical and methodological implementation (e.g., real-time analysis of the gaze location) inherent in the dynamic and complex nature of the piloting situation (Eyrolle, Mariné & Mailles, 1996). In order to educate the ocular behavior of the pilot students, we first modeled the characteristics of the ocular behavior to be adopted. Then we designed, developed and validated experimentally a first specific tool, the PilotGazeTrainer (a software), which allows the implementation of a new and original method of ocular behavior education based on two essential principles: the permanent analysis of the participant's ocular behavior, and the production in real-time of visual or sound feedbacks. In order to evaluate this new method, we conducted several experiments on a flight simulator and on a microworld developed for the purposes of this evaluation (the AbstractFlyingTask). The first results show that our method allows a lasting modification of the ocular behavior in a very short intervention time. These behavioral results also revealed the potential of the developed tools - the AbstractFlyingTask microworld and the PilotGazeTrainer - to educate ocular behavior.

Since human errors are one of the major causes of flight accidents, the design and operation of the modern aircraft system deals with them seriously. Particularly, the pilot workload on aviation causes human errors. Whenever new procedures are introduced and operated, the aircraft capabilities have been checked in every aspect. However, there has been little study on the impact of the new procedures such as LDLP, SCDA, SATS, and Steep Angle approach on the pilot performance, workload, and stress. In this study, different methods have been tried to understand the relationship between new procedures and the pilots in terms of performance, workload, and stress. The flight factors (e.g. flight experience, gliding angle, and approach area) were examined by the pilot performance, workload, and stress at the "Final Approach to L/D" phase using the single engine Cessna 172R type flight simulator. Five students and five instructor pilots from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Dayton Beach, Florida, participated and they flew under four different simulation tasks of gliding angle and approach area. Their Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) were measured to determine their stress level and subjective workload, respectively. In addition, Landing Performance (LP) data (e.g. landing distance, landing speed) and Above Glide Path Tracking Performance (AGPTP) data were also collected to evaluate pilot performance. As a result, the type of approach area showed a significant effect on pilot performance, workload, and stress determined by ANOVA (HRV, TLX, LP, AGPTP: all are p < .05). Flying over "Populated" area (e.g. a large city) resulted in lower pilot performance and higher pilot workload and stress than that over "Non-Populated" area (e.g. a grass field). Similarly, the levels of a gliding angle showed the statistical difference on the performance, workload, and stress (HRV, TLX, and LP: all are p < .05). During the flight with 4.5 degree, the pilots showed lower performance with higher workload and stress. However, the levels of the flight experience did not have any influence on the performance, workload, and stress levels (AGPTP, LP, TLX, HRV: all are p > .05). In conclusion, flying in Populated area and flying with a 4.5 degree gliding angle increases the workload and stress level of the pilots. In addition, when the pilots were flying over Populated area at Final Approach to L/D phase, they showed lower performance on tracking the glide path. Based on the results, stresses and workload can have a significant impact on flight performance. Therefore, in order to reduce the workload and stress that can cause human errors, it is highly recommended to carefully examine the impact of new flight procedures on pilot workload and stress before they are implemented.

O problema do desenvolvimento do \"Software\" para a pilotagem automática de embarcações é tratado através da aplicação de conceitos de controle estocástico. O movimento da embarcação é descrito de forma aproximada através do modelo clássico das derivadas hidrodinâmicas. A partir do Princípio da Separação desenvolve-se um procedimento sequencial em que os problemas de estimação do estado e de controle são tratados concomitantemente com as identificação de efeitos não modelados da dinâmica adotada para o piloto automático. A estimação de estados realiza-se através do filtro estendido de Kalman, que opera sobre informações de posição e velocidade da embarcação. O controlador, de natureza sequencial, atua sobre a embarcação em tempo discreto, sendo o leme o único elemento de controle. O piloto automático proposto foi testado através de simulação digital e alguns resultados obtidos são apresentados e discutidos. / The software development problem for the ship automatic steering is considered through the application of stochastic control concepts. Ship motion is described in an approximate way by the classical hydrodynamic derivatives model. A sequential procedure based on the Separation Principle is developed, being state estimation and control problems handled simultaneously with the identification of unmodeled effects of automatic pilot ship dynamics. State estimates are provided by the extended Kalman filter by using ship position and velocity measurements. The rudder is the only control element for the sequential, discrete-time controller. Digital simulation is employed for testing of the proposed automatic pilot, and some results are presented and discussed.

The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to prevent mid-air collisions. During an advisory, danger is imminent, and TCAS is assumed to have better, more up-to-date information than the ground operated air traffic control (ATC) facility. Following a TCAS RA is generally the safe course of action during an advisory. However, pilot compliance with RAs is surprisingly low. Results from a TCAS monitoring study show pilots are not complying with many TCAS advisories. As revealed by pilot-submitted Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) reports, this noncompliance could be attributed, in part, to pilot confusion to TCAS operation as well as misunderstandings of the appropriate response to a TCAS issued advisory. This thesis details the development and evaluation of a TCAS training program intended to improve pilots' understanding of TCAS use for collision avoidance in a range of traffic situations. The training program integrated Demonstration Based and Event Based Training techniques. Its efficacy was analyzed in an integrated ATC-cockpit simulator study in which eighteen commercial airline pilots were asked to complete the TCAS training program and afterwards experienced twelve experimental traffic events. The trained pilots' performance was compared to the performance of 16 baseline pilots who did not receive the modified training. Overall, the training program did have a significant impact on the pilots' behavior and response to TCAS advisories. The measure Time Pilots First Achieved Compliance decreased with the trained pilots, as did the measure Autopilot Disconnect Time After RA Initiation. Trained pilots exhibited less aggressive performance in response to a TCAS RA (including a decrease in the measures Altitude Deviation Over Duration Of RA, Average Vertical Rate Difference, Maximum Vertical Rate Difference, and Maximum Vertical Rate). The measure Percent Compliance did not significantly vary between trained and baseline pilots, although trained pilots had a more consistent response in the traffic event with conflicting ATC guidance. Finally, on the post-experiment questionnaires, pilots commented on their increase in understanding of TCAS as well as an increase in their trust in the advisory system. Results of this research inform TCAS training objectives provided by the FAA as well as the design of TCAS training. Additionally, conclusions extend more broadly to improved training techniques for other similar complex, time-critical situations.

In the last decade, the development and deployment of Uninhabited Airborne Vehicles (UAVs) has increased dramatically. This has in turn increased the desire to operate UAVs in civilian-airspace. Current UAV platforms can be integrated into civilian-airspace, with other air traffic, however they place a high burden on their human operators in order to do so. In order to meet the competing objectives of improved integration and low operator workload it will be necessary to increase the intelligence on-board the UAV. This thesis presents the results of the research which has been conducted into increasing the on-board intelligence of the UAV. The intent in increasing the on-board intelligence is to improve the ability of a UAV to integrate into civilian-airspace whilst also reducing the workload placed upon the UAV's operator. The research has focused upon increasing the intelligence in two key areas: mission planning; and mission piloting. Mission planning is the process of determining how to fly from one location to another, whilst avoiding entities (eg. airspace boundaries and terrain) on the way. Currently this task is typically performed by a trained human operator. This thesis presents a novel multidisciplinary approach for enabling a UAV to perform, on-board, its own mission planning. The novel approach draws upon techniques from the 3D graphics and robotics fields in order to enable the UAV to perform its own mission planning. This enables the UAV's operator to provide the UAV with the locations (waypoints) to fly to. The UAV will then determine for itself how to reach the locations safely. This relieves the UAV's operator of the burden of performing the mission planning for the UAV. As part of this novel approach to on-board mission planning, the UAV constructs and maintains an on-board situational awareness of the airspace environment. Through techniques drawn from the 3D graphics field the UAV becomes capable of constructing and interacting with a 3D digital representation of the civilian-airspace environment. This situational awareness is a fundamental component of enabling the UAV to perform its own mission planning and piloting. The mission piloting research has focused upon the areas of collision avoidance and communications. These are tasks which are often handled by a human operator. The research identified how these processes can be performed on-board the UAV through increasing the on-board intelligence. A unique approach to collision avoidance was developed, which was inspired by robotics techniques. This unique approach enables the UAV to avoid collisions in a manner which adheres to the applicable Civil Aviation Regulations, as defined by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) of Australia. Furthermore, the collision avoidance algorithms prioritise avoiding collisions which would result in a loss of life or injury. Finally, the communications research developed a natural language-based interface to the UAV. Through this interface, the UAV can be issued commands and can also be provided with updated situational awareness information. The research focused upon addressing issues related to using natural language for a civilian-airspace-integrated UAV. This area has not previously been addressed. The research led to the definition of a vocabulary targeted towards a civilian-airspace-integrated UAV. This vocabulary caters for the needs of both Air Traffic Controllers and general UAV operators. This requires that the vocabulary cater for a diverse range of skill levels. The research established that a natural language-based communications system could be applied to a civilian-airspace-integrated UAV for both command and information updates. The end result of this research has been the development of the Intelligent Mission Planner and Pilot (IMPP). The IMPP represents the practical embodiment of the novel algorithms developed throughout the research. The IMPP was used to evaluate the performance of the algorithms which were developed. This testing process involved the execution of over 3000 hours of simulated flights. The testing demonstrated the high performance of the algorithms developed in this research. The research has led to the successful development of novel on-board situational awareness, mission planning, collision avoidance and communications capabilities. This thesis presents the development, implementation and testing of these capabilities. The algorithms which provide these capabilities go beyond the existing body of knowledge and provide a novel contribution to the established research. These capabilities enable the UAV to perform its own mission planning, avoid collisions and receive natural language-based communications. This provides the UAV with a direct increase in the intelligence on-board the UAV, which is the core objective of this research. This increased on-board intelligence improves the integration of the UAV into civilian-airspace whilst also reducing the operator's workload.