Prostaglandin E 2 vaginal suppositories are a highly effective method of second-trimester pregnancy termination. Management of a failed prostaglandin abortion must include a search for the cause of the failure. This case report is the first description of a failed prostaglandin abortion associated with placenta accreta.

Introdução: Acretismo placentário é condição pouco frequente na qual há aderência anormal do tecido trofoblástico à parede uterina. É uma causa importante de hemorragia puerperal, associada a altas taxas de morbimortalidade maternofetal, grande necessidade de transfusão de hemoconcentrados. Os tratamentos propostos variam desde conduta conservadora até a histerectomia pós-parto, associada ou não a procedimentos endovasculares. Objetivo: O presente estudo visa descrever a técnica endovascular de balonamento temporário e embolização das artérias ilíacas internas durante o parto cesáreo, avaliar sua eficácia em reduzir o sangramento materno relacionado ao acretismo placentário, bem como relatar a segurança e o índice de complicações relacionadas ao tratamento endovascular. Materiais e métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com diagnóstico pré-natal de acretismo placentário submetidas a tratamento endovascular de balonamento temporário e embolização das artérias ilíacas internas, seguido de histerectomia puerperal no nosso serviço, no período de janeiro de 2012 até novembro de 2016. Foram analisados dados relativos aos antecedentes gestacionais e cirúrgicos, achados de exames de imagem, achados histológicos, níveis de hemoglobina prévios, durante e após o parto, bem como volumes de hemoconcentrados administrados e taxa de complicações relacionadas ao procedimento endovascular. Resultados: Trinta e Siqueira FM 7 cinco pacientes foram submetidas ao manejo proposto durante o período estudado. Foi observado um volume médio de transfusão relacionado ao procedimento e perda sanguínea estimada de 540 ml e 1229 ml, respectivamente. Ocorreram complicações relacionadas ao procedimento endovascular em quatro pacientes, sendo um caso de necrose muscular glútea, um de lesão isquêmica cutânea superficial e dois casos de trombose arterial aguda de membros inferiores. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que o balonamento temporário e embolização das artérias ilíacas internas reduziu significativamente as necessidades transfusionais relacionadas ao parto nas pacientes com acretismo placentário, quando comparado com casos da literatura nos quais não foram realizadas intervenções endovasculares, com baixo índice de complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. / Introduction: Placenta accreta (PA) is the infrequent condition in which there is abnormal adherence of the trophoblastic tissue to the uterine wall. It\'s considered a major cause of puerperal bleeding, associated with high maternal morbimortality and need for blood products transfusion. Proposed treatments range from conservative to postpartum hysterectomy, combined or not to endovascular techniques. Objectives: to describe the detailed endovascular technique of temporary balloon occlusion followed by embolization of the internal iliac arteries (IIA) during cesarean section, evaluate the ability in reducing birth-related blood loss in patients with diagnosed PA and to assess safety and complications related to the endovascular procedure. Materials and methods: retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with PA submitted to temporary balloting and embolization of the IAA followed by puerperal hysterectomy in our institution from January 2012 to November 2016. We recorded patient data such as gestational and surgical history, pre-natal radiological image findings, histopathological description, pre e postoperative hemoglobin levels and volume of blood products transfused in all patients. Follow up accounted for possible complications related to the procedure. Results: thirty-five patients were submitted to the approach during the study period. The median volume of packed red blood cells (RBC) and estimated blood loss were 540 ml and 1229 ml respectively. A total of 4 patients had complications attributed to the endovascular procedure - one case of Siqueira FM 9 deep glute tissue necrosis, one of superficial tissue necrosis and two cases of acute arterial thrombosis of the inferior limbs. Conclusion: the present study demonstrated that temporary ballooning and embolization of the IAA was able to significantly reduce birth-related blood loss and transfusion needs in patients with PA when compared to other literature series where no endovascular procedures were performed, with a low rate of procedure-related complications.

Introdução: Acretismo placentário é condição pouco frequente na qual há aderência anormal do tecido trofoblástico à parede uterina. É uma causa importante de hemorragia puerperal, associada a altas taxas de morbimortalidade maternofetal, grande necessidade de transfusão de hemoconcentrados. Os tratamentos propostos variam desde conduta conservadora até a histerectomia pós-parto, associada ou não a procedimentos endovasculares. Objetivo: O presente estudo visa descrever a técnica endovascular de balonamento temporário e embolização das artérias ilíacas internas durante o parto cesáreo, avaliar sua eficácia em reduzir o sangramento materno relacionado ao acretismo placentário, bem como relatar a segurança e o índice de complicações relacionadas ao tratamento endovascular. Materiais e métodos: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com diagnóstico pré-natal de acretismo placentário submetidas a tratamento endovascular de balonamento temporário e embolização das artérias ilíacas internas, seguido de histerectomia puerperal no nosso serviço, no período de janeiro de 2012 até novembro de 2016. Foram analisados dados relativos aos antecedentes gestacionais e cirúrgicos, achados de exames de imagem, achados histológicos, níveis de hemoglobina prévios, durante e após o parto, bem como volumes de hemoconcentrados administrados e taxa de complicações relacionadas ao procedimento endovascular. Resultados: Trinta e Siqueira FM 7 cinco pacientes foram submetidas ao manejo proposto durante o período estudado. Foi observado um volume médio de transfusão relacionado ao procedimento e perda sanguínea estimada de 540 ml e 1229 ml, respectivamente. Ocorreram complicações relacionadas ao procedimento endovascular em quatro pacientes, sendo um caso de necrose muscular glútea, um de lesão isquêmica cutânea superficial e dois casos de trombose arterial aguda de membros inferiores. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que o balonamento temporário e embolização das artérias ilíacas internas reduziu significativamente as necessidades transfusionais relacionadas ao parto nas pacientes com acretismo placentário, quando comparado com casos da literatura nos quais não foram realizadas intervenções endovasculares, com baixo índice de complicações relacionadas ao procedimento. / Introduction: Placenta accreta (PA) is the infrequent condition in which there is abnormal adherence of the trophoblastic tissue to the uterine wall. It\'s considered a major cause of puerperal bleeding, associated with high maternal morbimortality and need for blood products transfusion. Proposed treatments range from conservative to postpartum hysterectomy, combined or not to endovascular techniques. Objectives: to describe the detailed endovascular technique of temporary balloon occlusion followed by embolization of the internal iliac arteries (IIA) during cesarean section, evaluate the ability in reducing birth-related blood loss in patients with diagnosed PA and to assess safety and complications related to the endovascular procedure. Materials and methods: retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with PA submitted to temporary balloting and embolization of the IAA followed by puerperal hysterectomy in our institution from January 2012 to November 2016. We recorded patient data such as gestational and surgical history, pre-natal radiological image findings, histopathological description, pre e postoperative hemoglobin levels and volume of blood products transfused in all patients. Follow up accounted for possible complications related to the procedure. Results: thirty-five patients were submitted to the approach during the study period. The median volume of packed red blood cells (RBC) and estimated blood loss were 540 ml and 1229 ml respectively. A total of 4 patients had complications attributed to the endovascular procedure - one case of Siqueira FM 9 deep glute tissue necrosis, one of superficial tissue necrosis and two cases of acute arterial thrombosis of the inferior limbs. Conclusion: the present study demonstrated that temporary ballooning and embolization of the IAA was able to significantly reduce birth-related blood loss and transfusion needs in patients with PA when compared to other literature series where no endovascular procedures were performed, with a low rate of procedure-related complications.

Abstract Although in Finland the incidence of maternal and neonatal mortality in labor is very low, labor carries some risks. This study focused on two major complications in labor: fetal asphyxia and maternal hemorrhage. The roles of fetal electrocardiographic ST-analysis (STAN) and pelvic artery embolization in the prevention and management of these complications were investigated. Intrapartum fetal monitoring aims at a timely detection of fetal hypoxemia. When non-selected parturients were randomly assigned to be monitored during labor either by STAN or conventional cardiotocography, no differences between the groups were detected in terms of neonatal outcome and operative delivery rates. Only the incidence of fetal blood sampling was lower in the STAN group. In the interpretation of the STAN tracings according to the guideline matrix provided by the STAN manufacturer, the interobserver agreement was moderate; in terms of clinical decision -making as to whether to intervene in the labor, this agreement varied from moderate to good among STAN-trained obstetricians. The aim of prophylactic pelvic artery occlusion balloon catheterization, with or without embolization, is to reduce hemorrhage in elective cesarean operations in patients with placenta accreta. Furthermore, pelvic arterial embolization may be performed post partum if bleeding continues after cesarean hysterectomy, or may serve as an alternative to hysterectomy. In the present study, pelvic artery catheterization and embolization did not reduce blood loss during cesarean delivery, nor did it decrease the need to perform hysterectomy in patients with placenta accreta. In the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage, pelvic artery embolization was most successful in patients with uterine atony, with a success rate of 75% in achieving hemostasis. However, the angiographic method included risk of complications, the most hazardous being thromboembolic complications. To conclude, STAN does not provide improvement in intrapartum fetal monitoring when compared to cardiotocography, but the need for fetal blood sampling is reduced. This may relate to the fact that subjective interpretation of STAN data is moderate at best. Prophylactic catheterization and embolization of pelvic arteries does not improve the surgical outcome of patients with placenta accreta. In the management of postpartum hemorrhage, pelvic artery embolization should be considered, especially in cases with uterine atony.

Objectifs : Développer un traitement HIFU (High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound) des anomalies placentaires au moyen d’un transducteur torique. Les essais ont été menés à partir d’un modèle ex-vivo, puis la faisabilité, l’efficacité et l’innocuité du traitement a été évaluée sur un modèle de guenons gestantes. Les premières applications thérapeutiques envisagées à l’échelle humaine, concernent le traitement du syndrome transfuseur-transfusé (STT) et les accrétions placentaires pour lesquelles un protocole d’essai clinique a été établi. Matériels et méthodes : Un transducteur torique fonctionnant à 3 MHz et muni d’une cellule d’imagerie échographique intégrée fonctionnant à 7,5 MHz ont été utilisés. Des simulations numériques de séquences de traitement HIFU ont été menées à partir d’une étude préliminaire sur la caractérisation acoustique du tissu placentaire humain. Ces séquences ont été testées au cours d’une étude ex-vivo sur des placentas humains. Deux modèles ex-vivo ont été conçus. Dans un premier temps, un modèle de traitement extracorporis. Dans un second temps, des traitements HIFU ont été réalisés à des distances variables du transducteur, par modification de la taille du ballonnet, afin de simuler un traitement per-césarienne. Le transducteur était placé au contact de la face foetale du placenta afin de simuler la séreuse utérine. A partir des résultats issus de ces essais ex-vivo, un protocole in-vivo sur des guenons gestantes a été mené afin de valider la faisabilité, l’efficacité et l’innocuité de la réalisation de lésions HIFU dans le placenta de guenons gestantes de manière totalement non-invasive. La qualité du monitoring échographique était évaluée au cours des trois études, et corrélée à l’analyse macroscopique. Une étude histologique a également été menée. Résultats : L’atténuation placentaire a été mesurée à partir de 12 échantillons placentaires humains pour un âge gestationnel compris entre 17 et 40 semaines d’aménorrhées (SA). L’atténuation augmentait en fonction de l’âge gestationnel et était compris entre 0,072 et 0,098 Np.cm-1.MHz-1. Lors d’un premier essai ex-vivo, 33 échantillons placentaires humains ont été inclus et soumis à une séquence HIFU, le temps d’insonification était de 55 secondes, la puissance acoustique utilisée était de 90 Watts. Au total, vingt-cinq lésions élémentaires étaient produites pour un diamètre et une profondeur moyens respectifs de 7,1 ± 3,2 et de 8,0 ± 3,1 millimètres. Huit lésions HIFU ont également été produites à partir de la juxtaposition de 6 tirs, pour un diamètre et une profondeur moyenne respectifs de 23,0 ± 5,0 et 11,0 ± 4,7 millimètres. Aucune lésion située en amont de la lésion produite n’a été observée pour une épaisseur de paroi abdominale similaire à celle d’une guenon gestante (10,8 ± 1,7 millimètres). Dans un second temps, 8 placentas humains pour un âge gestationnel compris entre 39 et 40 SA, ont été soumis à une séquence de traitement HIFU sans interposition de paroi abdominale. Le temps d’exposition était de 75 secondes pour une puissance acoustique de 90 Watts. Les lésions placentaires ont été produites à 2 (n=4), 6 (n=4), 7 (n=4) et 8 (n=7) millimètres de la surface du placenta. Au total, 19 lésions placentaires ont été produites, pour un diamètre et une profondeur moyenne respectifs de 14,6 ± 2,1 et de 14,1 ± 2,3 millimètres. Au cours de l’étude in-vivo, 8 guenons ont été incluses pour un âge gestationnel moyen de 72 ± 4 jours. Les puissances acoustiques utilisées étaient de 65, 80, 110 et 120 Watts pour un temps de traitement de 30, 15, 20 et 20 secondes respectivement. Au total 6 lésions placentaires ont été produites à l’issu de 13 insonifications pour des diamètres moyens de 6,4 ± 0,5 mm, 7,8 ± 0,7 mm et une profondeur moyenne de 3,8 ± 1,5 mm [etc…] / Objectives: To develop a High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for placental abnormalities. Trials were first conducted using an ex-vivo model. Then the safety, feasibility and efficacy were demonstrated using a pregnant monkey model. The first therapeutic applications for human concern the treatment of the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and placenta accreta, for which, a clinical trial has already been established. Materials and Methods: A toroidal HIFU transducer, with an integrated ultrasound imaging probe was used. Numerical simulations have allowed identifying HIFU treatment parameters based on a preliminary experiment measuring the acoustic attenuation of human placentae. These HIFU parameters were tested during an ex-vivo study on human placentae. Two models were used. First, an extracorporis model of treatment was developed. Second, a percesarean model was developed. HIFU lesions were performed at different distances from the transducer, by adjusting the quantity of water between the transducer and tissues. The transducer was placed in contact with the fetal side of the placenta in order to simulate the uterine serosa. Using the results of these studies, an in-vivo study was conducted in a pregnant monkey model. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility, the efficacy and the harmlessness of the HIFU treatment applied to the placenta non invasively. The ultrasound monitoring was assessed during these three studies, and was correlated to the macroscopic examination. A histological study was also performed. Results: The placental attenuation was measured using 12 placental samples for a gestational age from 17 to 40 weeks of gestation (WG). The attenuation coefficient increased according to the gestational age, and was ranged from 0,072 to 0,098 Np.cm-1.MHz-1. During the first experimental ex-vivo study, 33 human placental samples were included and treated with HIFU. The treatment parameters were an exposure time of 55 seconds and an acoustic power of 90 Watts. Twenty-five HIFU singles lesions were created with an average diameter and depth of 7.1 ± 3.2 and 8.0 ± 3.1 millimeters, respectively. Eight HIFU lesions were also created by juxtaposing 6 single HIFU lesions. The average diameter and depth of these juxtaposed lesions were 23.0 ± 5.0 and 11.0 ± 4.7 millimeters, respectively. No secondary lesion was observed in overlying abdominal tissues. The thickness of these intervening tissues was similar to a pregnant monkey (10.8 ± 1.7 millimeters). In a second set of experiments, 8 human placentae for a gestational age ranging between 39 and 40 weeks were treated without intervening tissues. The time of exposure was 75 seconds and the acoustic power was 90 Watts. The placental lesions were created at 2 (n=4), 6 (n=4), 7 (n=4) and 8 (n=7) millimeters from the surface of the placenta. In total, 19 placental lesions were created with an average diameter and depth of 14.6 ± 2.1 and 14.1 ± 2.3 millimeters, respectively. Eight pregnant monkeys were included in the in-vivo experiments. The average gestational age was 72 ± 4 days. The placenta was treated non-invasively with acoustic powers of 65, 80, 110 and 120 Watts for a time of exposure of 30, 15, 20 and 20 seconds, respectively. In total, 6 placental lesions were created from 13 insonifications. The average diameters and depths of these lesions were 7.8 ± 0.7 and 3.8 ± 1.5 mm, respectively. No significant variation in maternal or fetal parameters was observed. All placental lesions appear hyperechoic in sonograms and well correlated with the macroscopic measurements. The ultrasound monitoring was better invivo when compared with ex-vivo results. The histological examination demonstrated a well delimited lesion of coagulation in all cases

O decorim e o biglicam são membros da família dos pequenos proteoglicanos ricos em leucina e possuem importantes funções no controle da proliferação, migração e invasão do citotrofoblasto extraviloso (TEV). O objetivo deste trabalho foi de caracterizar a expressão diferencial e a imunolocalização de decorim e biglicam em placentas humanas normais a termo (PNT), na placenta acreta (PA), na mola invasora (MI) e no coriocarcinoma (CO). Na PNT, as células deciduais apresentaram positividade para o decorim, enquanto o TEV foi negativo. O decorim foi fracamente expresso na matriz endometrial, mas negativo no fibrinoide do tipo matriz, enquanto foi positivo para biglicam. Na PA e na MI, o TEV mostrou positividade para decorim e biglicam. No CO, somente o citotrofoblasto foi positivo para ambos proteoglicanos. Portanto, o decorim e o biglicam são expressos diferencialmente em placentas normais e patológicas, sugerindo que os padrões de expressão desses proteoglicanos nas patologias estudadas indicam um papel na modulação da migração e da invasão do trofoblasto. / Decorin and biglycan are family members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans family, and they have many functions as controlling proliferation, migration and invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT). The aim of this study was to characterize decorin and biglycan differential expression and immunolocalization in human normal term placenta (NTP), in placenta accreta (PA), in invasive mole (IM), and in choriocarcinoma (CH) samples. In PNT, deciduas cells were positive to decorin whereas EVT was negative. Decorin was faintly stained at endometrial matrix, but negative at matrix-type fibrinoid, although it was positive for biglycan. In PA and IM, the EVT was positive for decorin and biglycan. In CH, only cytotrophoblast cells were positive for both proteoglycans. Therefore, decorin and biglycan are differentially expressed in normal placenta and in placenta pathologies, suggesting that the expression patterns of the proteoglycans in studied pathologies indicate a role in modulating trophoblast migration and invasion.

O decorim e o biglicam são membros da família dos pequenos proteoglicanos ricos em leucina e possuem importantes funções no controle da proliferação, migração e invasão do citotrofoblasto extraviloso (TEV). O objetivo deste trabalho foi de caracterizar a expressão diferencial e a imunolocalização de decorim e biglicam em placentas humanas normais a termo (PNT), na placenta acreta (PA), na mola invasora (MI) e no coriocarcinoma (CO). Na PNT, as células deciduais apresentaram positividade para o decorim, enquanto o TEV foi negativo. O decorim foi fracamente expresso na matriz endometrial, mas negativo no fibrinoide do tipo matriz, enquanto foi positivo para biglicam. Na PA e na MI, o TEV mostrou positividade para decorim e biglicam. No CO, somente o citotrofoblasto foi positivo para ambos proteoglicanos. Portanto, o decorim e o biglicam são expressos diferencialmente em placentas normais e patológicas, sugerindo que os padrões de expressão desses proteoglicanos nas patologias estudadas indicam um papel na modulação da migração e da invasão do trofoblasto. / Decorin and biglycan are family members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans family, and they have many functions as controlling proliferation, migration and invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT). The aim of this study was to characterize decorin and biglycan differential expression and immunolocalization in human normal term placenta (NTP), in placenta accreta (PA), in invasive mole (IM), and in choriocarcinoma (CH) samples. In PNT, deciduas cells were positive to decorin whereas EVT was negative. Decorin was faintly stained at endometrial matrix, but negative at matrix-type fibrinoid, although it was positive for biglycan. In PA and IM, the EVT was positive for decorin and biglycan. In CH, only cytotrophoblast cells were positive for both proteoglycans. Therefore, decorin and biglycan are differentially expressed in normal placenta and in placenta pathologies, suggesting that the expression patterns of the proteoglycans in studied pathologies indicate a role in modulating trophoblast migration and invasion.