Phytoplankton produce allelochemicals; excreted chemical substances that are affecting other microorganisms in their direct environment. In my thesis, I investigated strain specific variability in the expression of allelochemicals of the harmful flagellate Prymnesium parvum, that is euryhaline but mainly bloom forming in brackish water. I found a large variation among strains, but further showed that all strains of P. parvum were more allelopathic in brackish water compared to marine water. In a marine microbial community, allelochemicals can affect prey, competitors and grazers both, directly and indirectly. For instance, in a food web where grazing controls prey abundance, the negative direct effect of allelochemicals on grazers will positive affect their prey. During my thesis, I investigated how marine microbial communities respond to the addition of allelochemicals. I performed field experiments with microbial communities from seawater collected from different places over Europe, and tested how this communities respond to the addition of allelochemicals from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. Before I incubated the microbial communities for several days with A. tamarense algal filtrate, I evaluated the allelopathic efficiency of the algal filtrates with an algal monoculture of Rhodomonas spp. This allowed me to compare the effect of A. tamarense filtrate between the different microbial communities. In general, bacteria reached higher abundances when allelochemicals were present. As allelochemicals also inhibited nanoflagellates and ciliates, we concluded, that allelochemicals indirectly benefit bacteria by reducing grazing pressure. In microbial food webs with many heterotrophic grazers, allelochemicals further benefitted other phytoplankton by inhibiting grazers. It was also shown that bioavailable DOM is released from a microbial community when allelochemicals are present. As most DOM was released from the seawater fraction > 60 μm, we concluded, that larger microorganisms are more affected by allelochemicals than smaller microorganisms. The results can be explained by the surface to volume ratio of microorganisms: Larger organisms provide more contact surface for allelochemicals, and therefore, are probably more vulnerable towards allelochemicals. In conclusion, the effect of allelochemicals on a microbial community depends among others on the structure of the microbial food web, the amount of available DOM, the particle density in the seawater and the composition of the phytoplankton community.

Periodic monitoring of contaminant levels in fish from the Yukon Territory indicated that organochlorine (OC) contaminants had rapidly declined since the early 1990s. This study examined OC concentrations, including chlordane (sigma-CHL), sigma-DDT, hexachlorocyclohexane (sigma-HCH), toxaphene (sigma-CHB), sigma-PCB and chlorinated benzenes (sigma-CBz) in sentinel fish (species of consistent annual observation and collection) from two Yukon lakes (Kusawa, Quiet), and from the aquatic food web of a focus lake (Lake Laberge) across several temporal points between 1993 and 2003. OC analysis and phytoplankton counts from dated sediment cores as well as climate data were also collected. Population, morphological (length, weight, age), biochemical (lipid content, delta-13C, delta-15N) and OC contaminant data for fish and invertebrates (zooplankton, snails, clams) were reviewed to elucidate the primary causes for these OC declines. Although some spatial differences in contaminant levels exist between the Yukon lakes, OC concentrations were declining for lake trout in all three lakes, with declines also noted for burbot from Lake Laberge. Several other fish species as well as zooplankton from Lake Laberge exhibited decreases in contaminant levels except northern pike, which registered consistently higher levels from 1993 to 2001. There was no evidence to support the hypotheses of changes in fish trophic levels or food sources with the exception of burbot, which marginally decreased, and northern pike, which climbed a half trophic level. Through OC flux analysis in dated sediments, the hypothesis that declines in abiotic deposition affected the contaminant levels in the food web was also negated. The closure of the Lake Laberge commercial fishery resulted in faster fish growth and larger fish populations, which are contributing to biomass dilution of OC concentrations, higher OC biomagnification factors for some species and likely changes in predator-prey interactions as resource competition increases. The large ratio of OC decreases in the lower vs. higher trophic levels of Lake Laberge have increased food web magnification factors (FWMF) for all six OC groups. It is also suspected that above-average temperatures and below-average precipitation in the lower Yukon region over the 1990s may have contributed towards an increase in lake primary production resulting in biomass dilution of contaminants in zooplankton for all three study lakes. Concurrently, shifts in the Lake Laberge zooplankton community, from climate fluctuations or increased fish predation, have gone from an abundance of Cyclops scutifer in 1993 to dominance by Diaptomus pribilofensis in 2001, although sample sites were limited. Characteristics specific to each species (e.g. body size, composition and metabolism) likely play a role in the significant OC declines measured in zooplankton. Fluctuations in population dynamics, species characteristics and OC contaminant concentrations in the Lake Laberge ecosystem may continue for several years to come. Sentinel species such as lake trout, burbot, whitefish, cisco and plankton should continue to be monitored in all three Yukon lakes for future temporal correlations with contaminants or climate change.

Typescript. / Bibliography: leaves 563-582. / xiii, 593 leaves ill. (some col.), map

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii. 1967. / Bibliography: leaves 211-218. / xi, 218 l illus., maps, tables

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 5, 2009). Advisor: Robert T Heath. Keywords: bacterioplankton, phosphorus dynamics, bacterial bioenergetics, labile dissolved organic carbon, bacterial productivity, bacterial respiration, bacterial growth efficiency, Lake Erie, hypoxia. Includes bibliographical references (p. 357-397).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2011. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-79). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-05-23T12:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1933896 bytes, checksum: b0b1871a7575744c7578f10900648224 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T12:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1933896 bytes, checksum: b0b1871a7575744c7578f10900648224 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Life support in various ecosystems is made possible by a group of organisms, called primary producers. Because they are mostly photoautotrophic, these individuals secure the middle nutrients (in higher carbon part) through the process of photosynthesis. In aquatic ecosystems phytoplankton (microalgae) is responsible for most of the primary production. As a link between individuals of the first trophic level and individuals of higher trophic levels are the organisms belonging to the zooplankton. Thus, the study of the biochemical composition of the zooplankton community can be used as an indicator of nutritional status in aquatic ecosystems. Thus, this study aimed to build PLS multivariate calibration models for the simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of neutral and polar lipid classes. In order to simplify the procedures involved in the construction of models, commercial standards were used to perform the calibration mixtures. These solutions were previously defined by conducting a Brereton mixture design of three levels and two factors. In a preliminary step, the models built were used to predict the concentrations of the two commercial lipids, triolein (TO) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), a set of external standards. In evaluating the performance parameters related to this step, it was observed that the models were in an acceptable condition for application to real samples. However, when evaluating the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the samples (macro and mesozooplankton), it was observed that máx the band corresponding to the neutral lipids varies between samples, so that the proposed method can not be applied to real system. / A sustentação da vida nos mais diversos ecossistemas é possibilitada por um grupo de organismos, denominados produtores primários. Por serem em sua maioria fotoautotróficos, esses indivíduos fixam os nutrientes do meio (em maior parte carbono) através do processo de fotossíntese. Nos ecossistemas aquáticos o fitoplâncton (microalgas) é responsável pela maior parcela da produção primária. Como elo entre os indivíduos do primeiro nível trófico e os indivíduos dos níveis tróficos superiores estão os organismos pertencentes ao zooplâncton. Dessa forma, o estudo da composição bioquímica da comunidade zooplanctônica pode ser usado como um indicador da condição nutricional nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo a construção de modelos de calibração multivariada PLS para a determinação espectrofluorimétrica simultânea das classes de lipídios neutros e polares. A fim de simplificar o procedimento envolvido na construção dos modelos, foram utilizados padrões comerciais para a realização das misturas de calibração. Estas soluções foram previamente definidas mediante a realização de um planejamento de misturas Brereton de três níveis e dois fatores. Em uma etapa preliminar, os modelos construídos foram usados para prever as concentrações dos dois lipídios comerciais, trioleína (TO) e fosfatidilcolina (PC), em um conjunto de padrões externo. Ao avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho relacionados a esta etapa, observou-se que os modelos estavam em condições aceitáveis para aplicação em amostras reais. Entretanto, ao avaliar os espectros de fluorescência sincrônica das amostras analisadas (macro e mesozooplâncton), foi observado que máx da banda correspondente aos lipídios neutros varia entre as amostras, de modo que o método proposto não pode ser aplicado em sistema real.

Submitted by FABIANA DA SILVA FRANÇA (fabiana21franca@gmail.com) on 2017-12-07T14:12:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 5656794 bytes, checksum: cd6b716d0f23c645134652a09b9cddc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T14:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 5656794 bytes, checksum: cd6b716d0f23c645134652a09b9cddc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Zooplankton dynamics on a deep reservoir of Brazilian semiarid region: influence of weather, water quality an phytoplankton community. The semiarid region around the world are characterized by low rainfall, high temperatures throughout the year followed by long periods of drought, making them often temporary; it directly affects the quality of water and hence the diversity and abundance of organisms. Several aquatic systems in the semiarid region especially in Brazil, are shallow and so the planktonic studies were conducted at these sites. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the dynamics of zooplankton in a deep dam in the northeastern semi-arid, and to observe the influence of environmental variables, phytoplankton community and seasonal climate on it. This study was conducted in four parts: the first was about the relationship between phytoplankton and zooplankton over two hydrological cycles. There was a predominance of cyanobacteria over all other phytoplankton groups, which resulted in low diversity zooplankton of the dam; rotifers were the most diverse and most abundant species during the rainy season; copepods were recorded throughout the collections in special juvenile stages; cladocerans had very low densities, and only appeared when environmental conditions have improved. Chapter 2 deals with the spatial differences in the distribution of zooplankton community and the influence of rainy and dry seasons on the distribution of these species; it was observed that the density of both planktonic groups were higher at the inlet, especially cyanobacteria and rotifers; microcrustaceans were especially abundant in the dry season; Chapter 3 analyzed the vertical distribution of zooplankton community and the influence of seasonality; what is observed is that while the rotifers shows a more homogeneous distribution while the microcrustaceans showed a typical distribution of vertical migration, especially in the dry season; Finally, Chapter 4 presents a simulation of artificial nutrient accumulation caused by the reduction of the water volume in case of prolonged drought; for that it were installed in the dam a bioassay mesocosm with tanks where treatment has been enriched with nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus and the other served as a control. An unexpected result was the formation of a biofilm in periphyton treatment enriched with nutrients, which has the power of reducing the density of cyanobacteria, to the point of bringing the total transparency of the water at the end of the experiment; this suggests a breakdown of nutritional resources in the dam waters, due to the residence time of the water. The phytoplankton and zooplankton communities responds to this difference. The calanoid and cladocerans only appeared at the end of the study, namely the enriched treatments, while cyclopoids lowered their densities. From the study one can conclude that the difference in shallower environments, the deeper reservoirs shows an increased residence time of the water, which is reflected in the low zooplankton diversity, especially microcrustaceans and the occurrence of blooms of cyanobacteria; while shallow lakes show a concomitant ecological succession evolution of the hydrological cycle, reflecting a larger zooplankton diversity, the deeper reservoirs exhibit greater stability and that succession occurs is required higher rainfall regimes. / A dinâmica do zooplâncton em um reservatório profundo do semiárido brasileiro: influência do clima, da qualidade da água e da comunidade fitoplanctônica. As regiões semiáridas no mundo são caracterizado por poucas chuvas, altas temperaturas o ano todo, seguidos por longos períodos de estiagem, tornando-os muitas vezes temporários; isto afeta diretamente a qualidade das águas e, consequentemente a diversidade e abundância dos organismos ali presentes. A maioria dos sistemas aquáticos no semiárido, especialmente no Brasil, são rasos e por isso os estudos planctônicos foram conduzidos nesses locais. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a dinâmica do zooplâncton num açude profundo no semiárido nordestino, e observar a influência das variáveis ambientais, da comunidade fitoplanctônica e da sazonalidade do clima sobre ela. Este estudo foi conduzido em quatro partes: o primeiro foi sobre a relação entre fitoplanctônica e zooplanctônica ao longo de dois ciclos hidrológicas. Observou-se o predomínio das cianobactérias sobre todos os demais grupos fitoplanctônicos, o que refletiu na baixa diversidade zooplanctônica do açude; os rotíferos foram as espécies mais diversas e mais abundantes durante as chuvas; os copépodos foram registrados durante toda as coletas, em especiais os estágios juvenis; cladóceros apresentaram densidades baixíssimas, e só apareceram quando a condições do ambiente se tornaram menos eutrofizadas. O capítulo 2 tratou das diferenças espaciais na distribuição da comunidade zooplanctônica e a influência dos períodos chuvosos e seco sobre a distribuição desta comunidade; observou-se que a densidade de ambos os grupos planctônicos foram maiores na entrada, especialmente de cianobactérias e de rotíferos; os microcrustáceos foram especialmente mais abundantes na época seca; no capítulo 3 analisou-se a distribuição vertical da comunidade zooplanctônica e a influência da sazonalidade sobre esta; o que se observou é que enquanto os rotíferos tiveram um distribuição mais homogênea, os microcrustáceos apresentaram uma distribuição típica de migração vertical, especialmente na época seca; por fim, o capítulo 4 apresentou a simulação artificial do acúmulo de nutrientes provocada pela diminuição da do volume hídrico, no caso de uma seca prolongada; para isso foram instalados no açude um bioensaio em mesocosmo, com taques, onde um tratamento foi enriquecido com nutrientes, nitrogênio e fósforo e outro serviu como controle. Como resultado inesperado, ocorreu a formação de um biofilme de perifiton no tratamento enriquecido com nutrientes, que teve o poder de diminuir as densidades de cianobactérias, ao ponto de trazer transparência total da água no fim do experimento; isso sugere um esgotamento de recursos nutritivos nas águas do açude, devido ao tempo de residência da água. As comunidades fitoplanctônicas e zooplanctônicas responderam a essa diferença. Os calanóides e cladóceros só apareceram no fim do estudo, nos tratamentos enriquecidos, enquanto que os ciclopóides baixaram suas densidades. Com o estudo podemos concluir que à diferença dos ambientes mais rasos, o os açudes mais profundos apresentam um tempo maior de residência da água, que se reflete na baixa diversidade zooplanctônica, especialmente dos microcrustáceos e na ocorrência de blooms de cianobactérias; enquanto que os lagos rasos mostram um sucessão ecológica concomitante a evolução do ciclo hidrológico, refletindo uma maior diversidade zooplanctônica, os reservatórios mais profundos exibem uma estabilidade maior e para que essa sucessão ocorra é necessário maiores regimes pluviométrico.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1180585 bytes, checksum: 01c4c350b4c07783116ec08ec12b9325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / One alternative for water reuse is the utilization of estabilishing/polishing lagoons wastewater treated to supply pisciculture tanks. In estabilishing/polishing lagoons integrated to pisciculture system, the lagoons produce natural feed (plankton) to the fishes, and pisciculture tanks contribute with the better discarded water quality, reducing the eutrofization process in water receiver system. The knowledge of physical and chemistry parameters and the constitution of plankton community in this systems is very important, already that to production viability, is necessary determinate not only the quantity, but the quality from food, thus like evaluate the digestible efficiency of this natural food on culture fish species. In this research, a polishing lagoons system integrated to pisciculture tanks in pilot scale was evaluated with the objectives to (i) identify and quantify the most important phytoplankton and zooplankton organisms groups finding on wastewater treatment and pisciculture systems; (ii) identify which organisms are ingested, digested (all or partially), or no digested, by different sizes of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia); and (iii) evaluate the effluent quality after its use in pisciculture tanks. Concluded that, the majority phytoplankton and zooplankton organisms finding on effluent treated were consume and digested, constituting fountain of natural food to Nile Tilapia; and that, the pisciculture system integrated to polishing lagoons system, act like one phase to the treatment, contributing with the final effluent s better water quality. / Uma das alternativas para o reúso de água é a utilização de efluentes sanitários tratados para o abastecimento de tanques de piscicultura. Em sistemas integrados de lagoas de estabilização/polimento e piscicultura, as lagoas promovem a produção de alimento natural (plâncton) para os peixes, e os tanques de piscicultura podem contribuir com a melhoria de qualidade da água descartada, minimizando o processo de eutrofização nos corpos d´água receptores. O conhecimento dos parâmetros físicos e químicos e da composição da comunidade planctônica nestes sistemas torna-se relevante para a prática da piscicultura, uma vez que, para a viabilidade de produção, é necessário determinar não só a quantidade, mas também a qualidade do alimento, bem como avaliar o aproveitamento do alimento natural pelas espécies de peixes de interesse de criação. Neste trabalho, um sistema integrado de lagoas de polimento e tanques de piscicultura em escala piloto foi avaliado com os objetivos de (i) identificar e quantificar os principais grupos de organismos fito e zooplanctônicos encontrados em efluentes sanitários tratados em lagoas de polimento e utilizados em tanques de criação de peixes; (ii) identificar quais desses organismos são ingeridos, digeridos (total ou parcialmente), ou não digeridos, por indivíduos da espécie Oreochromis niloticus (Tilápia do Nilo) de diferentes tamanhos; e (iii) avaliar a qualidade da água descartada como efluente final, após sua utilização em tanques de piscicultura. Concluiu-se que, a maior parte dos organismos fito e zooplanctônicos encontrados nos efluentes utilizados é consumida e aproveitada como fonte de alimento natural pelas tilápias; e que, o sistema de piscicultura contíguo às lagoas de polimento, atua como uma etapa de tratamento, contribuindo com a melhoria da qualidade da água descartada como efluente final.

Les relations symbiotiques entre organismes sont essentielles pour l’évolution de la bio- diversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. En milieu terrestre ou en milieu marin benthique les symbioses sont assez bien décrites. Si dans le plancton marin, les relations entre hôtes hétérotrophes et symbiontes photosynthétiques sont des phénomènes observés dès le 19ème siècle, les mécanismes fonctionnels qui régissent ces symbioses restent largement inconnus. C’est le cas de la symbiose entre certaines espèces de radiolaires et leurs symbiontes dinoflagellés. Il s’agit d’un modèle symbiotique, composé de deux unicellulaires eucaryotes, sur lequel je me suis concentré au cours de cette thèse. Ces deux organismes sont connus pour être largement répandus dans les océans et pour leur importance au sein des écosystèmes marins, et il est donc important de mieux caractériser ces symbioses afin d’approfondir nos connaissances de ces organismes. Grâce aux technologies de séquençage haut-débit il est désormais possible d’obtenir, pour ces organismes non cultivables mais isolés depuis l’environnement, une quantité sans précédent d’information génomique. Ces approches représentent une opportunité de décrypter les mécanismes à l’oeuvre dans ces interactions symbiotiques. Mon travail de thèse a combiné la création d’outils bioinformatiques dédiés à l’analyse de données de transcriptomique des holobiontes de radiolaires et dinoflagellés et l’étude de ce modèle de symbiose. Ce travail de doctorat contribue à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d’adaptation fonctionnelle et évolutive des organismes photosymbiotiques marins. / Symbiotic associations between organisms are essentials in biodiversity evolution and ecosystems functioning. In terrestrial environments or in the benthic marine environment, the symbioses encountered are fairly well described and studied. In the marine plankton, photosymbioses are phenomena described and observed since the 19th century. However, if the actors of these associations begin to be identified, the fundamental functional mechanisms for the establishment and the maintenance of these symbioses remain largely unknown. This is particularly true for the symbiotic association between symbiotic radiolarians and their dinoflagellate photosymbionts, two unicellular eucaryotes, which I was interested in during this thesis. These two organisms are known to be widespread in the oceans and for their key role in marine ecosystems, and it is therefore important to characterize these symbiotic events in order to deepen our knowledge of these organisms. Thanks to high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now possible to obtain an unprecedented amount of data for these unicellular organisms that are not cultivable and need to be directly isolated from the environment. These new technologies represent a unique opportunity to better characterized the mechanisms involved in these intimate cellular interactions. My Ph.D. work has combined the implementation of bioinformatics protocols and tools dedicated to the assembly and analysis of RNA-seq data as well as to the study of holobiont transcriptomes of radiolarians and dinoflagellates. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of functional and evolutionary adaptation of marine photosymbiotic organisms.