Submitted by Juliana Trindade Martins null (juliana29martins@gmail.com) on 2018-03-21T13:08:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Repositório UNESP- Dissertação.pdf: 2932839 bytes, checksum: 2016e2ee453462c30401fa630f5c6f98 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-03-21T18:09:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_jt_me_ilha.pdf: 2932839 bytes, checksum: 2016e2ee453462c30401fa630f5c6f98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T18:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_jt_me_ilha.pdf: 2932839 bytes, checksum: 2016e2ee453462c30401fa630f5c6f98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de reguladores de crescimento como técnica que permite redução na estatura da planta e consequente fortalecimento dos colmos pode ser uma opção para minimizar o acamamento em plantas, evitando assim, perdas na cultura. Assim propôs o estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de etil-trinexapac (zero; 37,5; 75,0; 112,5 e 150,0 g ha-1 do i.a) e épocas de aplicação (6ª, 7ª e 8ª folha completamente formada no colmo principal) durante o desenvolvimento da cultura do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, disposto em esquema fatorial 5x3, com quatro repetições. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na área experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia – UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira - SP, localizada no município de Selvíria – MS, durante o ano agrícola de 2016/17, utilizando o cultivar BRS Esmeralda. Foram avaliados os componentes de produção, altura de plantas, acamamento, produtividade dos grãos, rendimento industrial e viabilidade econômica. Devido a fatores climáticos como chuvas e ventos fortes as vésperas da colheita, parcelas em que não receberam a aplicação do regulador acamaram totalmente. Aplicações por ocasião da oitava folha além de promover maior número de grãos chochos, as doses de 75,0; 112,5 e 150,0 g ha-1 propiciam menores valores para altura de plantas, massa de cem grãos, massa hectolítrica, rendimento de benefício e grãos inteiros, reduzindo a produtividade de grãos, e influenciando negativamente na rentabilidade econômica. Conclui-se que o etil-trinexapac deve ser aplicado por ocasião da sétima folha na dose de 75 g ha-1 do i.a., considerando a redução da altura de plantas, minimização do acamamento e a produtividade de grãos. O etil- trinexapac quando aplicado por ocasião da sexta ou sétima folha na dose de 75 g ha-1 do i.a., proporciona maiores valores de receita bruta, lucro operacional e índice de lucratividade, e menores valores para preços de equilíbrio, garantindo maior rentabilidade ao produtor. Não é recomendado aplicações por ocasião da oitava folha nas doses de 75,0; 112,5 e 150,0 g ha-1, por propiciar efeitos negativos nos componentes de produtividade e não ser rentável economicamente ao produtor. / The use of growth regulators as a technique that allows reduction in plant height and consequent strengthening of the stalks might be an option for elimination of lodging in plants, thus avoiding losses of the crop. However, the information on the subject is still scarce. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of doses (zero; 37,5; 75,0; 112,5 e 150,0 g ha-1 of active ingredient) and times of application of ethyl-trinexapac (6th leaf, 7th leaf and 8th leaf completely formed in the main stem) during the development of the upland rice crop irrigated by sprinkler. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, arranged in a 5x3 factorial scheme, with four repetitions. It was developed in the experimental area of Engineering University- UNESP at the Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil – Campus, located in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, during the season of 2016/17, using the cultivar BRS Esmeralda. The components of production, plant height, lodging, grain yield, industrial yield and economic viability were evaluated. Due to climatic factors like rains and strong winds on the eve of the harvest, plots in which they did not receive the application of the regulator completely lodging. Applications for the eighth leaf in addition to promoting higher number of dry grains, the doses of 75.0, 112.5 and 150.0 g ha-1 of active ingredient provide lower values for plant height, weight of 100 grains, hectoliter weight, yield of benefit and whole grains, reducing the productivity of grains, and negatively influencing economic profitability. It was observed that ethyl-trinexapac should be applied on the occasion of the seventh leaf at the dose of 75 g ha-1 of active ingredient, considering the reduction of plant height, lodging decrease and grain yield. Ethyl-trinexapac when applied on the occasion of the sixth or seventh leaf in the dose of 75 g ha-1 of active ingredient, provides higher values of gross revenue, operating profit and profitability index, and lower values for break-even price, ensuring greater profitability to the producer. Applications for the eighth leaf at doses of 75.0, 112.5 and 150.0 g ha-1 are not recommended, because it has negative effects on the components of productivity and is not economically profitable to the producer.

Submitted by Allan Lopes Bacha null (allan_lb@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-13T00:04:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Allan_Lopes_Bacha.pdf: 1553490 bytes, checksum: abd4c622d45b58fff7b494c3dedd3026 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T13:16:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bacha_al_me_jabo.pdf: 1553490 bytes, checksum: abd4c622d45b58fff7b494c3dedd3026 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T13:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bacha_al_me_jabo.pdf: 1553490 bytes, checksum: abd4c622d45b58fff7b494c3dedd3026 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / Plantas de eucalipto são sensíveis a estresses abióticos em seu desenvolvimento inicial, sendo as deficiências hídrica e nutricional dois dos mais recorrentes dentre eles. O maturador etil-trinexapac pode afetar positivamente o eucalipto, resposta caracterizada como hormese, conferindo às plantas maior tolerância aos estresses. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do etil-trinexapac no crescimento inicial do eucalipto em condições de estresse hídrico e nutricional. Quatro experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 15 L, sendo dois sob deficiência hídrica e dois sob deficiência nutricional (NPK). Nas duas condições, foram utilizadas duas épocas de aplicação de etil-trinexapac (antes do plantio - AP; e depois do plantio - DP) em mudas de Eucalyptus urophylla (clone I-144). Avaliou-se: trocas gasosas, teor de clorofila total, altura, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, matéria seca e relação raiz/parte aérea. Para a deficiência hídrica, conduziu-se dois experimentos simultaneamente, durante 74 dias após o plantio (DAP) do eucalipto. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de três doses de etil-trinexapac (0,0; 30 e 60 g i.a. ha-1) e duas condições hídricas (sem estresse e com deficiência hídrica – conduzido a 20% da capacidade de campo). Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com cinco repetições. Na época de aplicação AP, a pulverização de etil-trinexapac ocorreu aos 0 DAP e na época de aplicação DP, aos 24 DAP. Houve efeito positivo para a taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 aos 27 e 40 DAP, para o DP e AP, respectivamente. As plantas de eucalipto na ausência de deficiência hídrica apresentaram maior crescimento, independentemente da época de aplicação. Conclui-se que o etil-trinexapac não ocasionou efeito hormético no eucalipto, independentemente da condição hídrica, e as épocas de aplicação influenciaram de formas distintas as características avaliadas, não havendo efeito prejudicial em nenhuma delas. Para a deficiência nutricional, conduziu-se dois experimentos simultaneamente, durante 81 DAP. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de três doses de etil-trinexapac (0,0; 30 e 60 g i.a. ha-1) e quatro variações da solução nutritiva de Hoagland e Arnon (solução completa, -N, -P e -K). Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x4, com cinco repetições. Na época de aplicação AP a pulverização do maturador ocorreu aos 0 DAP, enquanto no DP, aos 33 DAP. As plantas em solução –K não diferiram das cultivadas em solução completa. O tratamento –N proporcionou maior relação raiz/parte aérea, mas resultou em menor crescimento, seguido pelo –P. Quando em –P, o etil-trinexapac teve efeito positivo para a matéria seca total (AP) e área foliar (DP). O maturador afetou positivamente algumas características fotossintéticas do eucalipto. / Eucalyptus plants are sensitive to abiotic stresses in their initial development, and water and nutritional deficiencies are two of the most recurrent among them. Trinexapac-ethyl can positively affect eucalyptus, a response known as hormesis, possible providing plants greater tolerance to stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of trinexapac-ethyl on the initial growth of eucalyptus under conditions of water and nutritional stress. Four experiments were conducted in greenhouse, in 15 L pots. Two in the water deficiency condition and two in nutritional deficiency (NPK). In both deficiency conditions, two trinexapac-ethyl application times (before planting - BP and after planting - AP) in Eucalyptus urophylla (clone I-144) were used. The following variables were evaluated: gas exchange, total chlorophyll content, height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry matter and root/shoot ratio. For water deficiency, two experiments were conducted simultaneously, during 74 days after planting (DAP) of eucalyptus. The treatments consisted of three doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0.0, 30 and 60 g i.a. ha-1) and two water conditions (no stress and water deficiency - conducted at 20% field capacity). A randomized complete block design was used in a 3x2 factorial scheme with five replications. In the BP application time, trinexapac-ethyl was sprayed at 0 DAP and in AP mode at 24 DAP. We found a positive effect for net assimilation rate at 27 and 40 DAP, for AP and BP, respectively. Eucalyptus plants in the absence of water deficiency showed higher growth, regardless application time. We concluded that trinexapac-ethyl did not cause hormesis on eucalyptus, regardless water status, and the application time influenced the characteristics evaluated in different ways, with no harmful effect in any of them. For nutritional deficiency, two experiments were conducted simultaneously, for 81 DAP. The treatments consisted of three doses of trinexapac-ethyl (0.0, 30 and 60 g i.a. ha-1) and four variations of the nutrient solution of Hoagland and Arnon: complete solution, -N, -P and -K. A randomized complete block design was used in a 3x4 factorial scheme with five replications. In the BP application time, trinexapac-ethyl was sprayed at 0 DAP, while in AP, at 33 DAP. Plants in -K solution did not differ from those grown in complete solution. The treatment -N provided a higher root/shoot ratio, but resulted in lower growth, followed by -P. In -P solution, trinexapac-ethyl had a positive effect on total dry matter (BP) and leaf area (AP). Trinexapac-ethyl positively affected some photosynthetic characteristics of eucalyptus.

As espécies Cattleya labiata Lindley e a Cattleya eldorado Linden, nativas da Mata Atlântica e Amazônia, respectivamente, encontram-se sob forte risco de desaparecimento na natureza, sendo, portanto, necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos eficientes de propagação de suas mudas, dentre os quais se destaca a micropropagação. A eficiência do cultivo in vitro de orquídeas está associada aos meios de cultura utilizados e, principalmente, aos reguladores de crescimento. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de paclobutrazol (PBZ) no desenvolvimento das microplântulas cultivadas in vitro. Plântulas provenientes de germinação in vitro, com 1,0 ± 0,2 cm de comprimento, foram utilizadas no estudo. No primeiro experimento, utilizou-se como controle o meio de cultura MS isento de reguladores de crescimento vegetal. Nos tratamentos, o meio MS foi suplementado com quatro concentrações de PBZ 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 mg.L-1; com ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) 1,0 mg.L-1 associado a 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) 1,0 mg.L-1 e com a combinação de 4,0 mg.L-1 PBZ, com 1,0 mg.L-1 ANA e 1,0 mg.L-1 BAP. As avaliações morfológicas, número de brotos, comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), comprimento da maior raiz (CMR) e comprimento da lâmina foliar (CLF), foram realizadas no início do experimento e nos subcultivos a cada 40 dias, durante 160 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo trifatorial com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com seis repetições por tratamento. Um segundo experimento foi realizado utilizando a técnica de pulse. Como controle foi utilizado meio de cultura MS, e para os tratamentos foi utilizado o mesmo meio acrescido de concentrações crescentes de PBZ com diferentes tempos de exposição, sendo: T0= controle (MS); T1= 1,0 mg.L-1 PBZ por 40 dias; T2= 10,0 mg.L-1 PBZ por 4 dias e T3= 100,0 mg.L-1 PBZ por 4 horas. Foram feitas as avaliações de CPA, CLF, CMR, número de raízes, massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e massa seca de raiz, massa fresca e massa seca total, contagem e caracterização estomática e avaliação anatômica do tecido radicular. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado totalizando quatorze repetições por tratamento. O tratamento com 1,0 mg.L-1 de PBZ por 40 dias promoveu maior desenvolvimento e vigor do sistema radicular, aumentando a espessura das raízes, podendo contribuir para a fase de aclimatização das microplântulas. Os tratamentos com pulse reduziram significativamente a parte aérea das microplântulas, não sendo recomendado na micropropagação da C. labiata. / The Species Cattleya labiata Lindley and Cattleya eldorado Linden, native to the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, respectively, are under high risk of extinction in nature, therefore, necessary to develop efficient methods of spreading their seedlings, among which highlights micropropagation. The efficiency of in vitro cultivation of orchids is associated with culture media, and especially the growth regulators. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of paclobutrazol (PBZ) in the development of in vitro microplantlets. Seedlings from germination in vitro, with 1.0 ± 0.2 cm in length, were used in the study. In the first experiment, we used to control the MS culture medium free of plant growth regulators. In the treatments, MS medium was supplemented with four concentrations of PBZ 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg L-1, with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 1.0 mg L-1 associated with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 1.0 mg L-1 and with the combination of 4.0 mg L-1 PBZ with 1.0 mg.L-1 NAA and 1.0 mg L-1 BAP. The morphological evaluations, number of shoots, shoot length (CPA), longest root length (CMR) and leaf blade length (CLF) were performed at the beginning of the experiment and in subcultures every 40 days during 160 days. The experimental design was completely randomized in three-factor split-plot arrangement in time, with six replicates per treatment. A second experiment was performed using the technique of \"pulse\". It was used as control MS medium, and the treatments we used the same medium plus increasing concentrations of PBZ with different exposure times, as follows: T0 = control (MS), T1 = 1.0 mg L-1 PBZ for 40 days, T2 = 10.0 mg L-1 PBZ for 4 days and T3 = 100.0 mg L-1 PBZ for 4 hours. Assessments were made CPA, CLF, CMR, number of roots, fresh and dry mass of shoots, fresh weight and dry weight of root, fresh weight and total dry matter, stomatal counting and characterization and evaluation of the anatomic root tissue. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized a total of fourteen replicates per treatment. Treatment with 1.0 mg L-1 of PBZ for 40 days promoted further development and vigor of the root system, increasing the thickness of the roots and may contribute to the acclimatization phase of microplantlets. Treatments with \"pulse\" significantly reduced the shoot microplantlets and Its not recommended to the micropropagation of C. labiata.

O emprego de reguladores vegetais como maturadores da cana-de-açúcar tem sido uma prática bem utilizada, em virtude da necessidade de antecipação da colheita e da otimização do planejamento agrícola. Contudo, com a freqüente disponibilidade de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar pelos programas de melhoramento, pouca informação se tem das interações entre novos genótipos e produtos sobre a qualidade tecnológica. Este estudo objetivou determinar a resposta de sete genótipos de cana-de-açúcar à aplicação de dois reguladores vegetais quanto à influência na qualidade da matéria prima. O ensaio foi instalado em março de 2004 e conduzido na APTA Regional Centro-Oeste, Jaú (SP). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em parcelas sub-divididas, com quatro repetições, constituído pela combinação dos genótipos IAC87-3396, IAC87-3410, IAC89-3124, IAC91-2195, IAC91-5155, PO88-62 e SP80-1842, e de três manejos de condução da maturação sulfometuron metil, 20 g p. c. ha-1; etefon, 2,0 l p. c. ha-1 e testemunha. A qualidade tecnológica foi determinada através dos atributos Brix no caldo, pol no caldo, pureza do caldo, fibra da cana, pol na cana, açúcares redutores no caldo, açúcares redutores na cana e açúcar total recuperável (ATR) aos 0, 21, 42, 63, 84, 105 e 126 dias após a aplicação (DAA), além dos atributos florescimento, “isoporização”, produtividade de colmos e de açúcar aos 126 DAA. Observou-se que, para a maioria dos genótipos, o emprego dos maturadores antecipou a colheita em 21 dias em relação à testemunha, sendo o etefon indicado para colheita entre 42 e 84 DAA, e o sulfometuron metil para o período entre 105 e 126 DAA. O IAC91-5155 não respondeu aos maturadores, o PO88-62 apresentou melhor resposta ao sulfometuron metil, e os demais genótipos ao uso de etefon, quanto à qualidade tecnológica. Os dois produtos, etefon e sulfometuron metil, controlaram o florescimento. Os genótipos IAC91-5155 e PO88-62, apesar de não florescidos, apresentaram “isoporização”. Para a maioria dos genótipos a aplicação dos maturadores não afetou a produtividade de colmos, exceto para o sulfometuron metil que reduziu a do genótipo SP80-1842, e para etefon que aumentou a do IAC91-2195. O sulfometuron metil e o etefon aumentaram a produtividade de açúcar do genótipo IAC89- 3124. O IAC91-2195 apresentou produtividade de açúcar maior com a aplicação de etefon. A produtividade de açúcar foi menor no SP80-1842 com o emprego de sulfometuron metil. / Use of plant growth regulators as sugarcane ripeners has been a practice well used, because of the need of early harvest and the agricultural planning optimization of the crop. However, with the frequent release of genotypes by breeding programs, little information is available about of the interactions among new genotypes and products over the technological quality. This study aimed to determine the response of seven sugarcane genotypes to the application of two ripeners in the raw material quality. The experiment was installed in march 2004 and carried out in the APTA Regional Center West, Jaú (SP). The experimental design was the randomized complete blocks, in split-plot, with four repetitions, constituted by the genotypes IAC87-3396, IAC87-3410, IAC89-3124, IAC91- 2195, IAC91-5155, PO88-62 and SP80-1842, and by three ripening manegement sulfometuron methyl, 20 g p. c. ha-1; ethephon, 2,0 l p.c. ha-1 and control. The technological attributes evaluated were Brix in the juice, pol in the juice, purity of the juice, fiber of the cane, juice reducing sugars, stalks reducing sugars and recoverable total sugars (ATR) to 0, 21, 42, 63, 84, 105 and 126 days after the application (DAA) besides flowering, pith, productivity of stalks and sugar attributes to 126 DAA. It was observed that for the most of the genotypes the use of ripeners antecipated the harvest in 21 days in relation to control, being ethephon recomendable for harvest between 42 and 84 DAA, and sulfometuron methyl for the period between 105 and 126 DAA. The genotype IAC91-5155 didn't answer to the ripeners, PO88-62 presented better answer to sulfometuron methyl and the others genotypes to ethephon to technological quality. Both products, ethephon and sulfomethuron methyl, controlled the flowering. The genotypes IAC91-5155 and PO88-62, in spite of no flowering, presented pith. For most of the genotypes the application of the ripeners didn't affect the productivity of stalks, except to sulfomethuron methyl that reduced it in SP80- 1842, and to ethephon that increased it in IAC91-2195. Sulfomethuron methyl and ethephon increased the productivity of sugar of the genotype IAC89-3124. IAC91-2195 presented bigger sugar productivity with ethephon application. The productivity of sugar was smaller in SP80-1842 with sulfomethuron methyl use.

Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento fenológico, morfológico e produtivo de cultivares de algodoeiro com diferentes arquiteturas de plantas em diferentes espaçamentos, através do manejo com regulador de crescimento, foi realizado o presente trabalho, na área experimental da ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, no ano agrícola de 2000/01. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas sub-subdivididas e 4 repetições. As parcelas constituíram-se dos espaçamentos de 0,76 e 1,01 m, as subparcelas das três cultivares (IAC 23, DeltaOpal e CD 401) e as sub-subparcelas em presença ou ausência de regulador de crescimento. Em seis plantas marcadas de cada parcela foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: acompanhamento das fases fenológicas (emergência, aparecimento do primeiro botão floral, antese da primeira flor e abertura do primeiro capulho) e caracteres agronômicos de campo (altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, número de ramos vegetativos e frutíferos, conformação da planta, número de capulhos por planta e altura de inserção do primeiro ramo frutífero). Na área útil de cada parcela foi determinada, a produção de algodão em caroço por hectare e a precocidade de colheita. Em amostras de 20 capulhos tomadas aleatoriamente em cada parcela foram realizadas as análises dos caracteres agronômicos de laboratório (massa de 100 sementes, porcentagem de fibras e massa média de um capulho) e das características tecnológicas da fibra (comprimento, uniformidade de comprimento, maturidade, tenacidade e índice micronaire). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que não houve interações significativas para as cultivares x espaçamentos x regulador de crescimento, para a produção de algodão em caroço, precocidade de colheita, caracteres agronômicos de laboratório e características tecnológicas das fibras, com exceção da tenacidade. Desta forma, as cultivares avaliadas, independente da arquitetura da planta, apresentaram capacidade de ajustar-se às variações dos espaçamentos testados e aplicação de regulador de crescimento com relação a estas características. Os caracteres agronômicos de campo como: a altura das plantas e o diâmetro de caule, de modo geral, apresentaram médias reduzidas com a redução do espaçamento e aplicação do regulador de crescimento, para as cultivares de desenvolvimento mais vigoroso (IAC 23 e DeltaOpal), não influenciando, porém, a cultivar de plantas morfologicamente mais compactas (CD 401). / The purpose of this work was to study the phenological, morphological and productive behavior of cotton cultivars presenting different plant shapes under different spacing layouts managed with the use of plant growth regulator. The experiment was established in the experimental field of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, during the 2000/01 growing season and was arranged in a randomized block experimental design with subdivided plots and 4 replications. The plots represented spacing layouts of 0.76 and 1.01 m, subplots consisted of the IAC 23, DeltaOpal and CD 401 cultivars, while the sub-subplots were characterized by the use or absence of growth regulator. Six plants per plot were labeled and analyzed for the phenological phases (emergence, appearance of the first flower bud, anthesis of the first flower, opening of the first cotton boll) and field agronomical characteristics (plant height, stem diameter, number of vegetative and fruit branches, plant shape, number of cotton boll per plant and insertion height of the first fruit branch). The harvest early and raw cotton yield per hectare were determined considering the effective plot area. The agronomical lab characteristics (mass of 100 seeds, fiber percentage and cotton boll mass), as well as the fiber technological characteristics (length, length uniformity, maturity, strength, and micronaire) were analyzed using a sample of 20 bolls taken at random. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that there were no significant interactions among cultivars x spacing x growth regulator, as to cotton yield, harvest early, agronomical lab characteristics and fiber technological characteristics, except for stremgth. The analyzed cultivars, regardless of the plant shape, showed good adaptation to the variation in spacing layouts, as well as to the application of growth regulator, considering the analyzed characteristics. The field agronomical characteristics, such as plant height and stem diameter, generally decreased with the reduction in spacing and with the application of growth regulator, considering the most vigorous cultivars (IAC 23 and DeltaOpal). On the other hand, the cultivar presenting a more compact plant (CD 401) pattern was not influenced by spacing or use of growth regulator.

Abstract Plant Growth Regulator Sprays and Girdling: Potential Horticultural Techniques to Increase Fruit Retention and Yield of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Trees in California Leila Graves June 2009 The longan is a subtropical fruit tree whose popularity is growing quickly among American consumers, and thus, could become a lucrative niche market for California growers. Trees planted as part of an initial variety trial conducted in commercial California orchards are beginning to bear fruit. However, fruit retention and yields are low due to excessive abscission during early fruit set. Horticultural techniques, such as plant growth regulator (PGR) sprays and girdling, often increase fruit retention and yield of fruit tree crops, though effects are typically dependent on treatment timing and PGR concentration. The objective of this study was to identify PGR and girdling techniques that result in increased longan fruit retention. The experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard using a randomized complete block design with whole-tree experimental units and five replications per treatment. Treatments included foliar applications of two synthetic auxins, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 20, 60, or 100 ppm or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 5, 25, or 45 ppm, each applied during early or late fruit set. Girdling was also conducted at early or late fruit set, for a total of 15 treatments, including an untreated control. Factors examined at harvest included fruit number and mass per inflorescence and individual fruit mass and diameter. During the on-crop year, a significant increase in the number and mass of fruit per inflorescence was observed in response to 25 ppm 2,4-D applied at late fruit set, as compared to the control. Despite this increase in fruit number, 25 ppm 2,4-D applied at late fruit set did not result in decreased diameter and mass of individual fruit. Late fruit set applications of 25 ppm 2,4-D appear to mitigate the effects of alternate bearing in the off-crop year. Fruit abscission during early and/or late fruit set decreased in response to 5 ppm 2,4-D at early fruit set, 25 or 45 ppm 2,4-D at early or late fruit set, or 100 ppm NAA at early fruit set. Fruit loss occurred as a result of Santa Ana winds during both growing seasons. Neither leaf nor fruit nutrient concentrations of treated trees were significantly different from that of untreated controls. Results indicate that properly-timed PGR applications have the potential to be used commercially to increase yield and profit to longan growers in California.

Com o objetivo geral de verificar o efeito do uso de reguladores de crescimento, via tratamento de sementes e foliar, sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura de algodão foram desenvolvidos cinco experimentos durante os anos de 2009 e 2010 (quatro desenvolvidos em Piracicaba, SP e o quinto em Pedra Preta, MT) com os seguintes objetivos específicos: (Experimento 1): verificar o efeito de dois reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat associado ou não a ciclanilida) e doses (0,00+0,00; 1,60+0,40; 4,50+0,00 e 4,50+1,13 g de cloreto de mepiquat + ciclanilida por kg de sementes) sobre o desenvolvimento de diferentes cultivares de algodão (FMT-523, FMT-701, NuOpal, FM-993 e FM-910); (Experimento 2): verificar o efeito de diferentes reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat associado ou não a ciclanilida) e doses (0,00+0,00; 0,75+0,19; 1,50+0,00; 1,50+0,38; 2,25+0,56; 3,00+0,00; 3,00+0,75; 3,75+0,94; 4,50+0,00 e 4,50+1,13 g de cloreto de mepiquat + ciclanilida por kg de sementes), aplicado via tratamento de sementes, sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura de algodão; (Experimento 3): verificar o efeito do uso do regulador de crescimento cloreto de mepiquat via tratamento de sementes (doses de 0,0 e 4,5 g de cloreto de mepiquat por kg de sementes), combinado com diferentes doses foliares (doses de 0, 63, 126 e 189 g.ha-1 de cloreto de mepiquat aplicadas em duas épocas, sendo a primeira aplicação: [1] em V4 - aplicação precoce - e [2] em B1 - aplicação padrão), no desenvolvimento e na produtividade da cultura de algodão; (Experimento 4): verificar o efeito do uso do regulador de crescimento cloreto de mepiquat via tratamento de sementes (doses de 0,0 e 4,5 g de cloreto de mepiquat por kg de sementes), combinado com diferentes doses foliares (0, 125, 250, 375 e 500 g.ha-1 de cloreto de mepiquat), na produtividade da cultura de algodão; e (Experimento 5): verificar o efeito de diferentes reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat associado ou não a ciclanilida) e doses (0,00+0,00; 0,75+0,19; 1,13+0,00; 1,50+0,38; 2,25+0,00; 2,25+0,56; 3,00+0,75; 3,38+0,00; 3,75+0,94; 4,50+0,00 e 4,50+1,13 g de cloreto de mepiquat + ciclanilida por kg de sementes), aplicados via tratamento de sementes, no desenvolvimento da cultura de algodão. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso do cloreto de mepiquat, via tratamento de sementes e foliar, interfere retardando o desenvolvimento e reduzindo o crescimento e a produtividade da cultura de algodão, e que a ciclanilida, via tratamento de sementes, potencializa o efeito do cloreto de mepiquat. / With the general purpose of verifying the growth regulators (applied by seed treatment and foliar) effect on cotton crop development and productivity five experiments were carried out during 2009 and 2010 (four in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, and one in Pedra Preta, State of Mato Grosso) with the following specific objectives: (Experiment 1): verify the effect of two growth regulators (mepiquat chloride in association with cyclanilide) and doses (0.00+0.00, 1.60+0.40, 4.50+0.00 and 4.50+1.13 g of mepiquat chloride + cyclanilide per kg of seeds) on the development of different cultivars of cotton (FMT-523, FMT-701, NuOpal, FM-993 e FM-910); (Experiment 2): verify the effect of different growth regulators (mepiquat chloride in association with cyclanilide) and doses (0.00+0.00, 0.75+0.19, 1.50+0.00, 1.50+0.38, 2.25+0.56, 3.00+0.00, 3.00+0.75, 3.75+0.94, 4.50+0.00 and 4.50+1.13 g of mepiquat chloride + cyclanilide per kg of seeds), applied by seed treatment, on the crop cotton development; (Experiment 3): verify the effect of mepiquat chloride (growth regulator) by seed treatment (doses of 0.0 and 4.5 g of mepiquat chloride per kg of seeds), associated to different foliar doses (0, 63, 126 and 189 g.ha-1 of mepiquat chloride applied in two periods, being the first application: [1] in V4 - precocious application - and [2] in B1 - standard application), on the development and productivity of cotton crop; (Experiment 4): verify the effect of mepiquat chloride (growth regulator) by seed treatment (doses of 0.0 and 4.5 g of mepiquat chloride per kg of seeds), associated to different foliar doses (0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 g.ha-1 of mepiquat chloride), on the cotton crop productivity; and (Experiment 5): verify the effect of different growth regulators (mepiquat chloride in association with cyclanilide) and doses (0.00+0.00, 0.75+0.19, 1.13+0.00; 1.50+0.38, 2.25+0.00, 2.25+0.56, 3.00+0.75, 3.38+0.00, 3.75+0.94, 4.50+0.00 and 4.50+1.13 g of mepiquat chloride + cyclanilide per kg of seeds), applied by seed treatment, on the cotton crop development. According to the results, we conclude that the use of mepiquat chloride, by seed treatment and foliar, slows the development and reduces the growth and yield of cotton crop, and the cyclanilide, applied by seed treatment, enhances the negative effect of chloride mepiquat.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Pasqualini.pdf: 1305407 bytes, checksum: e0a308695b165383f1cd7da356df3b66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / In recent years, the cultivation of blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) has attracted the attention of producers, traders and consumers. However, its expansion is limited by unavailability of appropriate varieties to the different Brazilian regions, difficulties in their propagation and shortage of seedlings of quality. Understanding the processes involved in seed germination is important when seeking to obtain genetic variability and new cultivars adapted to different edaphoclimatic conditions. Yet, the micropropagation is an alternative for obtaining a large number of healthy plants, in a short time, through clonal propagation. In this context, aiming to support the crop establishment in the Campos Gerais region, it was sought in this paper to study the seminiferous propagation and micropropagation of the blueberry, being its objectives to evaluate the germination behavior and viability levels of Vaccinium ashei Reade seeds, Briteblue and Climax cultivars, by means of germination and tetrazolium tests; elaboration of protocol for establishing blueberry in vitro (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cv. Brightwell, in WPM medium, in the presence of 2iP and evaluate the influence of silver thiosulfate in this initial phase of tissue culture. In relation to the seminiferous propagation, it was observed through the germination test that blueberry seeds of cultivars Briteblue and Climax submitted to treatments derived from the combination of variables - exposure or not to KOH, substrates (SP and MS/2) and temperatures (10⁰C and 25⁰C) - requires over 46 days for the issuing of the first normal seedling, and after 6 months from the beginning of the test the germination percentage does not exceed 40%. Otherwise, the tetrazolium test, based on staining of tissues, allows the establishment of different levels of viability for seeds of cvs Briteblue and Climax. In the micropropagation of blueberry cv. Brightwell, the use of medium culture WPM, added of 5 mg.L-1 2iP, in the in vitro establishment stage from nodal segments allows to obtain primordial leaves and shoots after 30 days of cultivation, whereas the use of 45 mM of STS at this stage supports the development of vegetative buds and leaves. / Nos últimos anos, o cultivo do mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Reade) tem despertado a atenção de produtores, comerciantes e consumidores. No entanto, a sua expansão é limitada em razão da indisponibilidade de variedades adequadas às diferentes regiões brasileiras, dificuldades de propagação e escassez de mudas de qualidade. Entender os processos envolvidos na germinação das sementes é importante quando se busca obter variabilidade genética e novas cultivares adaptadas a condições edafoclimáticas distintas. Já a micropropagação é uma alternativa para a obtenção de um grande número de mudas sadias, em curto espaço de tempo, através de propagação clonal. Nesse contexto, visando favorecer o estabelecimento da cultura na região dos Campos Gerais, buscou-se neste trabalho estudar a propagação seminífera e a micropropagação do mirtileiro, sendo seus objetivos determinar o comportamento germinativo e níveis de viabilidade de sementes de Vaccinium ashei Reade cultivares Briteblue e Climax por meio dos testes de germinação e de tetrazólio; elaborar protocolo para estabelecimento in vitro de mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cv. Brightwell, em meio WPM, na presença de 2iP e avaliar a influência do tiossulfato de prata nesta fase inicial da cultura de tecidos. Em relação à propagação seminífera, observou-se através do teste de germinação que sementes de mirtilo das cultivares Briteblue e Climax submetidas a tratamentos oriundos da combinação das variáveis - exposição ou não ao KOH, substratos (SP e MS/2) e temperaturas (10⁰C e 25⁰C) - demandam acima de 46 dias para a emissão da primeira plântula normal e, após 6 meses do início do teste, a porcentagem de germinação não ultrapassa 40%. Já o teste de tetrazólio, baseado na coloração dos tecidos, permite o estabelecimento de diferentes níveis de viabilidade para sementes das cvs Briteblue e Climax. Na micropropagação do mirtileiro cv. Brightwell, o uso do meio de cultura WPM, acrescido de 5 mg.L-1 de 2iP, no estágio de estabelecimento in vitro a partir de segmentos nodais, permite a obtenção de primórdios foliares e brotações após 30 dias de cultivo, sendo que o uso de 45 μM de STS nesta fase favorece o desenvolvimento das gemas vegetativas e folhas.

Com o objetivo geral de verificar o efeito do uso de reguladores de crescimento, via tratamento de sementes e foliar, sobre o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura de algodão foram desenvolvidos cinco experimentos durante os anos de 2009 e 2010 (quatro desenvolvidos em Piracicaba, SP e o quinto em Pedra Preta, MT) com os seguintes objetivos específicos: (Experimento 1): verificar o efeito de dois reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat associado ou não a ciclanilida) e doses (0,00+0,00; 1,60+0,40; 4,50+0,00 e 4,50+1,13 g de cloreto de mepiquat + ciclanilida por kg de sementes) sobre o desenvolvimento de diferentes cultivares de algodão (FMT-523, FMT-701, NuOpal, FM-993 e FM-910); (Experimento 2): verificar o efeito de diferentes reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat associado ou não a ciclanilida) e doses (0,00+0,00; 0,75+0,19; 1,50+0,00; 1,50+0,38; 2,25+0,56; 3,00+0,00; 3,00+0,75; 3,75+0,94; 4,50+0,00 e 4,50+1,13 g de cloreto de mepiquat + ciclanilida por kg de sementes), aplicado via tratamento de sementes, sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura de algodão; (Experimento 3): verificar o efeito do uso do regulador de crescimento cloreto de mepiquat via tratamento de sementes (doses de 0,0 e 4,5 g de cloreto de mepiquat por kg de sementes), combinado com diferentes doses foliares (doses de 0, 63, 126 e 189 g.ha-1 de cloreto de mepiquat aplicadas em duas épocas, sendo a primeira aplicação: [1] em V4 - aplicação precoce - e [2] em B1 - aplicação padrão), no desenvolvimento e na produtividade da cultura de algodão; (Experimento 4): verificar o efeito do uso do regulador de crescimento cloreto de mepiquat via tratamento de sementes (doses de 0,0 e 4,5 g de cloreto de mepiquat por kg de sementes), combinado com diferentes doses foliares (0, 125, 250, 375 e 500 g.ha-1 de cloreto de mepiquat), na produtividade da cultura de algodão; e (Experimento 5): verificar o efeito de diferentes reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat associado ou não a ciclanilida) e doses (0,00+0,00; 0,75+0,19; 1,13+0,00; 1,50+0,38; 2,25+0,00; 2,25+0,56; 3,00+0,75; 3,38+0,00; 3,75+0,94; 4,50+0,00 e 4,50+1,13 g de cloreto de mepiquat + ciclanilida por kg de sementes), aplicados via tratamento de sementes, no desenvolvimento da cultura de algodão. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso do cloreto de mepiquat, via tratamento de sementes e foliar, interfere retardando o desenvolvimento e reduzindo o crescimento e a produtividade da cultura de algodão, e que a ciclanilida, via tratamento de sementes, potencializa o efeito do cloreto de mepiquat. / With the general purpose of verifying the growth regulators (applied by seed treatment and foliar) effect on cotton crop development and productivity five experiments were carried out during 2009 and 2010 (four in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, and one in Pedra Preta, State of Mato Grosso) with the following specific objectives: (Experiment 1): verify the effect of two growth regulators (mepiquat chloride in association with cyclanilide) and doses (0.00+0.00, 1.60+0.40, 4.50+0.00 and 4.50+1.13 g of mepiquat chloride + cyclanilide per kg of seeds) on the development of different cultivars of cotton (FMT-523, FMT-701, NuOpal, FM-993 e FM-910); (Experiment 2): verify the effect of different growth regulators (mepiquat chloride in association with cyclanilide) and doses (0.00+0.00, 0.75+0.19, 1.50+0.00, 1.50+0.38, 2.25+0.56, 3.00+0.00, 3.00+0.75, 3.75+0.94, 4.50+0.00 and 4.50+1.13 g of mepiquat chloride + cyclanilide per kg of seeds), applied by seed treatment, on the crop cotton development; (Experiment 3): verify the effect of mepiquat chloride (growth regulator) by seed treatment (doses of 0.0 and 4.5 g of mepiquat chloride per kg of seeds), associated to different foliar doses (0, 63, 126 and 189 g.ha-1 of mepiquat chloride applied in two periods, being the first application: [1] in V4 - precocious application - and [2] in B1 - standard application), on the development and productivity of cotton crop; (Experiment 4): verify the effect of mepiquat chloride (growth regulator) by seed treatment (doses of 0.0 and 4.5 g of mepiquat chloride per kg of seeds), associated to different foliar doses (0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 g.ha-1 of mepiquat chloride), on the cotton crop productivity; and (Experiment 5): verify the effect of different growth regulators (mepiquat chloride in association with cyclanilide) and doses (0.00+0.00, 0.75+0.19, 1.13+0.00; 1.50+0.38, 2.25+0.00, 2.25+0.56, 3.00+0.75, 3.38+0.00, 3.75+0.94, 4.50+0.00 and 4.50+1.13 g of mepiquat chloride + cyclanilide per kg of seeds), applied by seed treatment, on the cotton crop development. According to the results, we conclude that the use of mepiquat chloride, by seed treatment and foliar, slows the development and reduces the growth and yield of cotton crop, and the cyclanilide, applied by seed treatment, enhances the negative effect of chloride mepiquat.

Fruit of Capsicum annuum L. (capsicum or pepper) are one of the major sources of red food colourant and pungency for spice production. In the spice production industry, fruit are mechanically harvested at different ripeness stages and fruit colour needs to be synchronised before being processed. However, even though capsicum ripens normally on the plant it often fails to ripen fully and turn red once harvested at the green stage. Attempts to promote ripening of harvested fruits have had limited success and the reason for this has been unclear. This project, therefore, investigated ripening behaviour on and off the plant of capsicum fruit grown in Australia and examined effects of pre- and postharvest applications on ripening of green harvested fruit. To examine ripening behaviour on and off the plant, capsicum fruit from three different cultivars (a mild paprika type cv. “Papri Queen”, a cayenne chilli cv. “Caysan”, and a sweet type bell pepper cv. “Aries”) were either allowed to ripen naturally on the plant or harvested at three different maturity stages: light green, deep green and breaker. Harvested fruit were stored individually at room temperature and several ripening characteristics including internal ethylene (C2H4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, extractable colour, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and oxidase activity, and total soluble solid content (TSSC) were studied during storage. There was very limited involvement of C2H4 during ripening of capsicum and the change in ACC synthase and ACC oxidase (two enzymes in C2H4 biosynthesis pathway) activity was not closely related to that of C2H4. However, it appeared that colour development in cv. “Papri Queen” was closely associated with what C2H4 production did occur while a climacteric-like peak of C2H4 could be observed in all fruit from cv. “Caysan”. For all three cultivars, the level of internal CO2 concentration, extractable colour and TSSC were greater in fruit ripened on the plant followed by fruit harvested at the breaker, deep green and light green stage, respectively. Fruit harvested at the light green stage failed to change colour properly and had very low levels of internal CO2 concentration and TSSC while fruit harvested from the breaker stage onwards ripened normally and developed sufficient colour for spice processing. This may suggest a role of external carbon-supply during ripening. To study the effect of the external-carbon supply during ripening, the stem of fruit were cinctured when fruit reached the light green stage and fruit were left to ripen on the plant. Cincturing delayed colour development of fruit by approximately five days but cinctured fruit were still able to turn red and develop extractable colour higher than the acceptable level of 140 ASTA units. Cincturing did not significantly alter other ripening behaviour such as CO2 concentration or TSSC. The lack of external carbon-supply is, therefore, unlikely to play a major role in the failure of green harvested fruit to ripen. To study the effect of application of plant growth regulators (both pre- and postharvest), an effective method of solution application utilising cincturing was firstly developed. Different plant growth regulator solutions including ethephon, naphthalene acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, sucrose, and different combinations of these were applied to fruit at the light green stage to study preharvest effects on ripening parameters during storage. Only treatment with high concentrations of ethephon increased the extractable colour higher than the acceptable level of 140 ASTA units and induced the complete degradation of chlorophyll. To study effects of postharvest application, 10 µL of various plant growth regulators was dropped into the hole created on the stem of harvested fruit for ten consecutive days. Treatment with ethephon significantly increased extractable colour and degraded chlorophyll content of fruit. Pre- and postharvest ethephon treatment strongly up-regulated Capsanthin-capsorubin synthase (Ccs) gene expression in a manner similar to the up-regulation of Ccs observed in fruit ripened on the plant. This explains the effect of C2H4 on colour development and also indicates the possible reason for the failure of green harvested fruit to ripen. However, the Ccs gene expression and chlorophyll degradation induced by ethephon was not visible until 14 days after harvest which indicated it may not be a direct effect and other signal transduction factors may be involved. When fruit are ripened on the plant, colour development may, therefore, be induced by ripening-related factors (other than C2H4) which is possibly inhibited or inactivated when fruit are harvested at the green stage. C2H4 application to fruit at this stage may help to reactivate or recover these factors which in turn induce colour development. Thus, although capsicum fruit show typical non-climacteric behaviour, C2H4 appears to be involved in some aspects of the ripening process. / http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1294648 / Thesis(Ph.D.)-- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2007