In Peru, the Textile sector generates between 350 and 400 thousand direct jobs, representing 1.9% of Gross domestic product (GDP) and just over 10% of manufacturing. SMEs are characterized by being formed by family businesses, low levels of investment in new technologies and limited financial resources. This context has made SMEs are delayed compared to large companies in implementing Lean Manufacturing. Manufacturing textile companies that have problems with low productivity, excessive use of physical space, unnecessary movement and transport, use the tools of Lean Manufacturing and distribution plant for solving these problems. Many of the problems found in companies are related to the disorganization of processes, material flow and layout. Therefore, companies have seen the need to apply different strategic tools to help them increase the efficiency of their processes and become more competitive in their market. Among the strategic tools is the Lean Manufacturing. Several authors conclude that the plant distributions that SMEs have are not correct for increased productivity, however, the improvement models presenting lack information on how to create step by step a new layout of the company. Because of this, this article details the steps that SMEs can follow in search for a plant distribution model under the SLP tool.

The reciprocal effects of vegetation and soils have long been a subject of speculation and conjecture. In the management of any natural land area the problem of interpreting vegetational expression is especially important. The effects of native vegetation on soils and the effects of the soil on the vegetation have been studied and observed for many years. The arid-desert range lands have been studied and observed for many years. The arid-desert range lands have been studied least and as a result are not well understood. As human populations increase there will be additional need for agricultural production, and these lands may be put to higher use, perhaps even to irrigated crop production. Basic to increasing the productivity of these lands is an understanding of the vegetation they are now supporting, what they supported prior to their use by domestic livestock, and why the present vegetation grows to the exclusion of other vegetation types.

The intimate relationship between vegetation and soil has long been a subject of interest. Ecologists, soil surveyors, and ranchers have recognized that vegetation differences are often accompanied by variation in soil types.

Tetrad vascular plant data from Staffordshire (VC 39), accumulated 1995 - 2009, were analysed using Two Way Indicator Species Analysis and Principal Components Analysis, explored using GIS, to examine major floristic distribution patterns. Environmental data were also examined using Redundancy Analysis. The strongest floristic trend was a human influence axis, arranged south—north, with the south being most anthropocentric and the north having a high proportion of semi-natural habitats. Indicator species for different parts of the County showed a corresponding strong biogeographic element, with ‘Southern-temperate’ and ‘Boreo-temperate’ characteristics in south and north respectively. The next most important factor in the distribution of plant species in Staffordshire was habitat quality and richness, which separated intensively-managed farmland from areas with seminatural habitats and from human influenced urban areas. Environmental variables associated with the main division in the data were mainly climate and altitude and the extent of developed land. Historic field patterns, identified by Staffordshire County Council, were associated with semi-natural habitats, linking an historical landscape characterisation with vascular plant analysis for the first time in the UK. The investigation set out to characterise and classify spatial units in terms of biodiversity importance, and to produce an objective ecological classification of the Staffordshire region based on botanical and physical features. The resulting classification characterises different areas of the County in terms of plant species composition, and has many potential applications in terms of nature conservation strategy development, targeting of resources and monitoring. A further aim was to facilitate the selection of indicator species for high quality habitats – the study has enabled revision of Staffordshire’s axiophyte plant list. Both the ecological classification and indicator species will be of strategic value because the information provided is authenticated by being based on objective analysis of a wide range of data. In Staffordshire, further work is required to develop environmental data, especially an effective dataset for hedges, while comparison of the data with historical botanical data could provide further information about the County’s previous environment. The techniques developed in the study could be used more widely to: produce of lists of key species, provide information for environmental modeling, climate change monitoring, target nature conservation activity, and to develop landscape strategies.

Plant invasions are becoming increasingly more discussed issue, primarily due to a negative impact on global biodiversity. It has also an economic impact and it affects human health. It is therefore important to study the introduction of plant species and their distribution, and monitor them in some way. This is particularly applied to protected areas, where rare species of plants are often endangered. In this work were described factors that affect distribution of alien plant species in the level of plant communities, landscape and large territories. For the practical part of the work has been selected the Křivoklátsko PLA as a model area, mainly because of detailed botanical mapping. There were analysed diversity, origin and distribution of alien plant species. Also the effect of selected factors on distribution of alien plant species in the Křivoklátsko PLA were assessed. The average altitude is the strongest factor. The second strongest factor is the fraction of anthropogenic habitats and moderate factor is the habitat diversity. The length of rivers is weak predictor and the length of roads is very weak predictor of number of alien plant species.

Submitted by DIEGO FELISBINO FRAGA null (diegofraga@fazu.br) on 2016-03-08T21:00:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Diego_Felisbino_Fraga.pdf: 1816202 bytes, checksum: 645838702bb204f2d81827bcc74d32f0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-09T18:05:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fraga_df_dr_jabo.pdf: 1816202 bytes, checksum: 645838702bb204f2d81827bcc74d32f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-09T18:05:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fraga_df_dr_jabo.pdf: 1816202 bytes, checksum: 645838702bb204f2d81827bcc74d32f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O Controle Biológico Natural, ou Conservativo, é uma ferramenta indispensável para o sucesso do Manejo Integrado de Pragas, pois permite uma interação entre os componentes do ambiente, o que o coloca na linha de frente das táticas e estratégias de manejo de pragas em agroecossistemas. Basicamente, esta interação, denominada interação tritrófica, envolve as plantas, os organismos fitófagos e seus inimigos naturais. Neste contexto, diversos fatores são importantes para o controle biológico, tais como condições abióticas e bióticas, destacando-se características das plantas (compostos metabólitos secundários e arquitetura, por exemplo) e potenciais presas/hospedeiros (semioquímicos, etc.). Inimigos naturais podem utilizar estes recursos durante o seu processo de busca e localização do hospedeiro, de modo que o conhecimento sobre o comportamento de inimigos naturais em função da fenologia e arquitetura das plantas, bem como sobre o potencial de voláteis emitidos por plantas e presas é fundamental para um programa de manejo integrado de pragas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos: a) avaliar a dinâmica populacional e a distribuição vertical de ovos de Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) e de seus ovos parasitados por Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) na cultura da soja; b) determinar a resposta comportamental do percevejo predador Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) para voláteis associados à Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Sendo assim, em Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, durante as safras agrícolas de 2012/13 e 2013/14, foram realizadas coletas de ovos de C. includens presentes em diferentes terços das plantas de soja, durante diferentes estádios fenológicos da cultura. Semanalmente, o número de ovos presentes nas plantas foi anotado e os mesmos eram coletados e levados para laboratório para aguardar a emergência de lagartas ou de adultos de Trichogramma spp. O número de adultos do parasitoide emergido por ovo era registrado, bem como a razão sexual. Os adultos foram identificados ao nível específico, encontrando-se a espécie Trichogramma pretiosum presente na cultura da soja. Fêmeas de C. includens preferiram ovipositar com mais intensidade nos terços médio e inferior das plantas, principalmente durante os estádios reprodutivos da cultura. O parasitismo de ovos por T. pretiosum apresentou uma tendência semelhante, em que a medida que se aumentou a densidade de ovos de C. includens nas plantas, também elevou-se o número médio de ovos parasitados, indicando uma forte correlação positiva entre a praga e o inimigo natural. Para atingir o segundo objetivo desta tese, e fornecer alternativas para o controle biológico de H. halys, um pentatomídeo invasor nos EUA, foram conduzidos experimentos para testar a atratividade de O. insidiosus para voláteis emitidos pela presa e por plantas de feijoeiro atacadas por ela. Foram conduzidos experimentos em casa-de-vegetação, laboratório e em campo, em que foi identificado altas concentrações do composto tridecano. Foi avaliado a atratividade de O. insidiosus para diferentes concentrações deste composto, bem como os efeitos desta atração na predação de ovos. Foi observado que O. insidiosus é atraído por tridecano, no entanto, esta atração não afeta a predação de ovos, em casa de vegetação e no campo. / Natural ou Conservative Biological Control is a valuable tool for the success of Integrated Pest Management as it allows a natural interaction between the components of the environment, which places it at the forefront of the tactics and pest management strategies in agroecosystems. This interaction, so-called tritrophic interaction, involves plants, phytophagous organisms and their natural enemies. In this context several factors are important for biological control, such as biotic and abiotic conditions, highlighting plant characteristics (secondary metabolites compounds and plant architecture, for example) and possible prey/hosts (semiochemicals, etc.). Natural enemies can use this information during the its host foraging behavior, so the knowledge of the behavior of natural enemies according to the phenology and plant architecture as well as potential volatiles emitted by prey plants and potential is key for an integrated pest management program. Thus, this study aimed to: a) assess the population dynamics and vertical distribution of natural biological control of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs by Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in soybean field; b) determine the behavioral response of the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) for volatile associated with Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Thus, in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, during the growing seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, samples were taken from C. includens eggs present on different thirds of soybean plants during different phenological stages of the crop. Weekly, number of eggs present in plants was recorded and the eggs were collected ant taken to the laboratory to await the emergence of larvae or adult Trichogramma spp. The number of adult Trichogramma spp. emerged per egg was noted, as was the sex ratio. The adults were identified to species level, finding Trichogramma pretiosum as the main species present in soybeans. Females of C. includens intensively preferred to lay eggs in the middle and lower thirds of the plants, especially during the reproductive stages of soybean plants. Egg parasitism by T. pretiosum presented a similar tendency, which as the C. includens eggs density increased in plants, also increased the average number of parasitized eggs, indicating a strong positive correlation between the pest and the natural enemy. To achieve the second objective of this thesis, and provide alternatives for the biological control of H. halys (an invasive pentatomid in the US). experiments were conducted to test the attractiveness of O. insidiosus to volatiles emitted by the prey and bean plants attacked by it. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse, laboratory and field conditions. It was identified that tridecane was the major compound in damage-bean pods as well as on H. halys. The attractiveness of O. insidiosus was evaluated for different concentrations of this compound as well as the effects of this attraction as predators of eggs. It was observed that O. insidiosus is attracted to tridecane, however, this attraction not poisitivamente affected the predation of eggs in the greenhouse and in the field. / CNPq: 164869/2014-0

Fallopiajaponica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene (Japanese knotweed), an introduced, invasive, rhizomatous perennial plant, has become an increasing problem for nature conservation and land management in both rural and urban areas in the British Isles. In the native range of the plant, Japan, Taiwan and northern China, a number of varieties are recorded. Three congeners of F. japonica are present in the British Isles, F. sachalinensis, F. japonica var. conipacta and F. baldschuanica in addition to a hybrid F. x bohemica. An investigation by postal survey of the distribution of the hybrid F. x bohemica has identified 131 records for the British Isles. Both male and female plants of F. x bohemica have been recorded. Current understanding suggests that only female plants of F. japonica are present in the British Isles, inferring that the only means of reproduction is through vegetative regeneration. High rates of regeneration were recorded in this study for stem and rhizome material for both F. japonica and F. x bohemica in an aquatic and terrestrial environment. Implications of vegetative regeneration are discussed in terms of current management practices and future methods of control. A combination of digging with a mechanical excavator followed by spraying with the herbicide glyphosate decreased the time required to achieve an effective level of control of F. japonica compared to spraying alone. Fragmentation of the rhizome system through digging resulted in an increase in stem density allowing a more effective delivery of herbicide. Implications in terms of costs for F. japonica treatment on sites awaiting re-development are discussed. Analysis of data collated from surveys of F. japonica in Swansea using a Geographical Information System suggest that the primary habitats infested are waste ground and stream and river banks. Results suggest that disturbance, both by natural means and by human intervention has been the primary cause of spread of F. japonica in the British Isles. Management strategies are proposed which take account of these results and measures are put forward to help prevent future infestations.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz) is one of the most important foods for man and for animals, especially in poor and emergent countries. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third cereal more produced worldwide. These two crops are often grown in small farms of Rio Grande do Sul. The objectives this study were to estimate the phyllochron and to identify a morphological indicator based on the accumulated number of leaves (NF) on the main stem for the beginning of starch accumulation (IAA) in de fibrous roots of cassava grown in several planting dates, and to quantify growth, development and yield of cassava and maize in different plant spacing in monocropping and intercropping, considering two sowing dates of maize. Two field experiments were carried out in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil during 2005/2006. One experimental was with cassava variety RS 13, with four planting dates (28/09/2005; 11/10/2005; 16/11/2005 and 27/12/2005) and planted in 12 l pots, buried in the soil and spaced 0.8 m. Daily degree days (STd, °C day) were calculated starting at emergency. IAA was determined on the plants when one root reached a diameter of 0.01 m. NF on the date of IAA and the main sterm final leaf number (NFF) up to the first sympodial braches were determined. The phyllochron varied from 20.3 to 29.5 °C day leaf-1 with larger values in the two later planting dates. The NFF varied among the planting dates, increasing as planting was delayed. The NF at IAA was similar for the four planting dates and occurred when NF = 20,9 (±1,0)leaves. The other experiment was carried using the cassava variety RS 13 that was planted on 27/09/2005 and the maize variety BRS Missões sown on two dates: when 50% of the cassava plants were emerged and when the cassava presented five visible leaves. Twelve treatments were used characterizing different plants spacing in the monocropping and intercropping. Several growth, development and yield parameters of both crops were analyzed. Thermal time (Tb=14°C for cassava and Tb=10°C for maize) of some developmental phases and the phyllochron were calculated. Growth and development were not affected by plant spacing in both monocropping and intercropping. The greatest land use efficiency was obtained with intercropping cassava and maize, with cassava planted in a double row spacing of 1.6 x 0.5 x 0.6 m and a single row of maize spaced 0.8 x 0.21 m or two rows of maize spaced 0.4 x 0.42 m between the double row of cassava and maize sowed at cassava emergence. / A mandioca é um dos mais importantes alimentos para o homem e para os animais, especialmente em países pobres e emergentes. O milho (Zea mays L.) é o 3º cereal mais produzido no mundo. Na pequena propriedade familiar do Rio Grande do Sul, é freqüente o cultivo de mandioca e milho. Os objetivos dessa dissertação foram estimar o filocrono e identificar um indicador morfológico baseado no número de folhas acumuladas (NF) na haste principal para o início de acumulação de amido (IAA) em mandioca cultivada em diferentes épocas e quantificar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e o rendimento da mandioca e do milho em diferentes arranjos de plantas em cultivo solteiro e consorciado considerando-se duas épocas de semeadura do milho. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, em 2005/2006. Um experimento utilizou a mandioca variedade RS 13 em quatro épocas de plantio (28/09/2005; 11/10/2005; 16/11/2005 e 27/12/2005), plantados em baldes de 12 litros, enterrados no espaçamento com 2,0 x 0,8 m. A soma térmica diária (STd, °C dia) foi calculada a partir da emergência. O IAA foi determinado nas plantas quando uma raiz atingia um diâmetro de 0,01 m. O NF na data do IAA e o número final de folhas (NFF) até o primeiro simpódio também foram determinados. O filocrono variou de 20,3 a 29,5 oC dia folha-1 e seus valores foram maiores quanto mais tardio foi o plantio. O NFF variou entre as épocas de plantio, aumentando com o atraso do plantio. O NF no IAA foi similar nas quatro épocas de plantio e ocorreu quando em média o NF= 20,9 (±1,0) folhas. Outro experimento foi conduzido com as culturas de mandioca variedade RS 13 que foi plantada em 27/09/2005 e o milho variedade BRS Missões que foi semeado em duas épocas: quando 50% das plantas de mandioca estavam emergidas e quando a mandioca apresentava cinco folhas visíveis. Doze tratamentos foram usados caracterizando diferentes arranjos de plantas nas culturas solteiras e consorciados. Várias variáveis de crescimento, desenvolvimento e componentes do rendimento das duas culturas foram analisadas. Foi calculada a soma térmica (Tb=14°C para mandioca e Tb=10°C para milho) de algumas fases e determinado o filocrono. O crescimento e o desenvolvimento das duas culturas não foram afetados pelo arranjo de plantas, tanto em cultivo solteiro como em consórcio. O maior uso eficiente da terra (UET) foi obtido no consórcio em que a mandioca foi cultivada em fileiras duplas de 1,6 x 0,5 x 0,6 m e milho em uma fileira de 0,8 x 0,21 m ou em duas fileiras de 0,4 x 0,42 m entre as fileiras duplas de mandioca, sendo o milho semeado na emergência da mandioca.

El siguiente trabajo de investigación busca aumentar la capacidad de producción en una Mype de confección de polos, con el fin de reducir el incumplimiento de pedidos, lo cual abarca la entrega incompleta y el retraso en la entrega. Por lo tanto, se realiza un diagnóstico y se identifican tiempos muertos por transporte innecesarios, búsqueda de materiales y exceso de merma por realizar el corte de la tela de manera errónea, para estas causas de la problemática se buscan herramientas indicadas para que puedan adaptarse y mejorar la capacidad. Por ello, se adaptaron herramientas de ingeniería industrial como las 5’s, distribución de planta y estudio de métodos. Sin embargo, para garantizar que los objetivos se realicen se plantea identificar y mejorar la cultura organizacional para que sirva como base del modelo de optimización. Mediante la validación se logrará comprobar si la adaptabilidad de las herramientas operacionales con la mejora de la cultura ayude con el crecimiento de la producción. / This paper proposes an optimization model that seeks to increase the production capacity in a Mype of t-shirt manufacturing to reduce the failure of orders, which includes incomplete delivery and delay in delivery. Therefore, we do a diagnostic, and dead times are identified by: unnecessary transport, search for materials, and excess loss by cutting the fabric in the wrong way; for these causes, suitable tools seek to adapt and improve capacity. Then, we adopted tools such as the 5’s, plant distribution, and method study. However, to ensure to meet objectives are, it is proposed to identify and improve the organizational culture to serve as the basis of the optimization model. Through the validation process, it will be possible to verify whether the adaptability of operational tools with the improvement of culture helps with the growth of production. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional