Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-17T14:23:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- German Andres Estrada Bonilla.pdf: 1652819 bytes, checksum: 24a4d4664a65dfad88ccdfe17b4a0c02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011- German Andres Estrada Bonilla.pdf: 1652819 bytes, checksum: 24a4d4664a65dfad88ccdfe17b4a0c02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major world crops, being widely consumed among people from five continents. In recent years research have increased in relation to the use of plant growth promoting diazotrophic bacteria (PGPB) as a possible solution to reduce the use of chemical nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological potential and inorganic phosphate (IP) solubilization capacity of different diazotrophic strains isolated from rice plants grown in different regions of Brazil as well as to evaluate their role in the development of rice plants. Firstly, the culture media employed to test the phosphate solubilization in petri dishes were standardized. In this study 49 strains were tested for their capability of solibilizing tricalcium phosphate in NBRIP and GL solid media. Afterwards, the soluble P, pH, population and the index of solubilization (IS) were quantified for 7 IP solubilizing strains grown in the NBRIP liquid medium. The IP solubilizing isolates were also tested for the production of indolic compounds (IAA) and the nitrogen fixation capacity through the acetylene reduction activity (ARA). The isolates were taxonomical identified through the amplification and partial sequencing of 16S RNAr and nifH genes. Three of these strains and the controls H. seropedicae ZAE94, G diazotrophicus PAL5 and A.chroochoccum AC1 were tested in greenhouse conditions in association with rice plants. All strains that solubilized IP in NBRIP liquid medium decreased the medium pH while the bacterial population remained around 108 cfu ml-1 for up to 15 days. All strains were capable to produce indole compounds and reduced acetylene. The partial analysis of 16S RNAr and nifH gene indicated the identification of the species Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Burkholderia vietnamiensis and B. kururiensis species. All strains showed an increase in the range of 33 and 47% in grain yield when tricalcium phosphate (PTC) was applied and between 18 and 44% when PSS (simple superphosphate) was used. In general, all of the strains stimulated an increase of total P in the grain and a greater harvest index. The use of these strains as bioinculant is promising and therefore it is necessary to test in the field conditions / O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) ? uma das principais culturas cultivadas, sendo amplamente consumida nos cinco continentes. Nos ?ltimos anos as pesquisas t?m aumentado em rela??o ao uso de bact?rias diazotr?ficas e promotoras de crescimento vegetal (BPCV), como uma poss?vel solu??o para diminuir o uso de fertilizantes qu?micos nitrogenados e fosfatados. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial fisiol?gico e a capacidade de solubiliza??o de fosfato inorg?nico (PI) de diferentes estirpes de bact?rias diazotr?ficas oriundas de plantas de arroz cultivadas em diferentes regi?es do Brasil e seu papel no desenvolvimento de plantas de arroz. Primeiramente foi padronizado o meio de cultura a ser empregado nos ensaios de solubiliza??o de fosfato inorg?nico em placas de petri. Neste estudo foram testadas 49 estirpes em quanto sua capacidade de solubilizar fosfato tric?lcico (PTC) nos meios s?lidos NBRIP e GL. Em seguida foi quantificado o P sol?vel, pH, a popula??o de bact?rias e ?ndice de solubiliza??o (IS) das 7 estirpes solubilizadoras de PI em meio l?quido NBRIP. As estirpes solubilizadoras de PI tamb?m foram testadas quanto ? produ??o de compostos ind?licos (AIA) e capacidade de fixar nitrog?nio atrav?s da atividade de redu??o e acetileno (ARA). As estirpes foram identificadas atrav?s da amplifica??o e do sequenciamento parcial dos genes 16S RNAr e gene nifH. Tr?s destas estirpes foram testadas em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o junto com os controles Herbaspirillum seropedicae BR11417 (ZAE94), Gluconacetobacter diazotophicus BR11281 (PAL5) e Azotobacter Chroochoccum AC1 quanto ? capacidade de aumentar o desenvolvimento e produ??o de plantas de arroz. Todas as estirpes que solubilizaram PI no meio de cultura NBRIP l?quido influenciaram na diminui??o do pH do meio enquanto que a popula??o se manteve em torno de 108 ufc.ml-1 por at? 15 dias. Todas as estirpes apresentaram capacidade de produzir compostos ind?licos e foram capazes de reduzir acetileno. A an?lise parcial do gene 16S RNAr e do gene nifH das sete estirpes possibilitou a identifica??o das esp?cies Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Burkholderia vietnamiensis e B. kururiensis. Todas as estirpes promoveram um aumento na produ??o de massa seca nos gr?os entre 33 e 47% quando foi utilizado o PTC e de 18 a 44% quando foi utilizado o fosfato super simples (PSS). Em geral, todas as estirpes estimularam um maior acumulo de N e P total no gr?o e um maior ?ndice de colheita. O uso dessas estirpes como bioinoculante ? bastante promissor e portanto torna-se necess?rio test?-las em condi??es de campo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz_Claudio_Offemann.pdf: 946925 bytes, checksum: 6e708b213cd6fa0ed040f9f73a3bc05e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined use of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation by seed and foliar application, associated to nitrogen fertilization on the agronomic characteristics of wheat. The experiment was installed in greenhouse on May 24th 2014, for this purpose, vases were used with capacity 15 dm3, in which were conducted 4 plants. The harvest proceeded on September 12th 2014, to 111 after emergence. The experimental design was a randomized block factorial 2 x 2 x 3, with four repetitions. The first factor was formed by the absence or presence of seed inoculation with A. brasilense. The second by nitrogen fertilization at doses of 70 and 140 Kg ha-1 (50 and 100% respectively). The third factor by application by foliar spraying of A. brasilense in the stages of tillering, booting and two applications, the first in the tillering and the second in booting. Were evaluated the biometric parameters of the culture at the end of the silking stage, the production components at the end of crop cycle. Were also evaluated gas exchange rates in the flag leaf and contents of macronutrients N, P and K in leaves and grains. It can be concluded that the use of A. brasilense, applied by foliar spraying, promotes increases in average internode length, average length of ears, dry leaves mass, ears and root, root volume and nitrogen content in leaves, besides maximize the effect of nitrogen fertilization. Gas exchange measurements and leaf nutrient content, were affected positively only by the higher nitrogen dose / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o uso combinado de inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense, via semente e pulverização foliar, associada à adubação nitrogenada, nas características agronômicas da cultura do trigo. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação no dia 24 de maio de 2014. Foram utilizados vasos com capacidade de 15 dm3, nos quais foram conduzidas 4 plantas. A colheita foi realizada no dia 12 de setembro de 2014, aos 111 dias após a emergência. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi formado pela ausência ou presença de inoculação das sementes com A. brasilense. O segundo pela fertilização nitrogenada nas doses de 70 e 140 kg ha-1 (50 e 100% respectivamente). O terceiro fator pela aplicação via pulverização foliar de A. brasilense nos estádios de perfilhamento, espigamento e duas aplicações, sendo a primeira no perfilhamento e a segunda no espigamento. Foram avaliados os parâmetros morfométricos ao final do estádio de espigamento, os componentes da produção ao final do ciclo. Também foram avaliadas as taxas de trocas gasosas na folha bandeira e teores dos macronutrientes N, P e K em folhas e grãos. Pode-se concluir que A. brasilense, aplicado via pulverização foliar, promove incrementos em comprimento médio de entrenós, comprimento médio de espigas, massa da matéria seca de folhas, espigas e raízes, volume de raízes e teor de nitrogênio nas folhas. As medidas de trocas gasosas e teor de nutrientes nas folhas foram influenciadas positivamente apenas pela maior dose de nitrogênio

En raison de leur capacité à former une symbiose avec des bactéries du sol appelées Rhizobium, ces bactéries fixent l’azote atmosphérique et leurs plantes-hôtes n’ont donc pas besoin de fertilisant azoté, les légumineuses jouent un rôle important dans l'agriculture. En outre, certaines souches de Rhizobium ont la capacité de solubiliser le phosphate, fournissant ainsi du phosphore assimilable aux plantes hôtes. Une aptitude à lutter contre certains agents pathogènes a aussi été démontrée dans plusieurs études. La présente étude évalue l’efficacité symbiotique de rhizobiums tunisiens, leur capacité à solubiliser le phosphate, et leur aptitude à lutter contre la verticilliose ainsi que d’autres champignons pathogènes chez Medicago truncatula. Trente-six isolats de rhizobiums prélevés sur des nodules racinaires de M. truncatula provenant de différentes régions de Tunisie ont été obtenus pour ce travail. Environ 60% de ces isolats étaient capables de solubiliser le phosphate in vitro. Dans une seconde étape, trois rhizobiums solubilisant le phosphate et un isolat incapable de solubiliser le phosphate in vitro ont été utilisés pour des essais en phytotron afin de voir l’effet de la présence des rhizobiums sur les paramètres de croissance des plantes en présence de phosphate inorganique sous forme de CaHPO4 et rocheux sous forme brute. Les résultats de l’essai montrent que les plantes de la lignée A17 traitées au CaHPO4, ont tendance à produire plus de nodules et de biomasse aérienne que la lignée F83005.5 et que la forme du phosphate utilisé, soluble ou non soluble, affecte les paramètres étudiés. L'inoculation de quatre lignées de M. truncatula avec 16 isolats de rhizobium sélectionnés auparavant a montré une interaction significative entre les isolats et les lignées pour la symbiose visible par la formation de nodules. Tous les isolats de rhizobium testés ont augmenté la biomasse aérienne des plantes, réduit la biomasse racinaire et entraîné une teneur plus élevée en azote mais l’effet dépendait de l’isolat de rhizobium et de la lignée de M. truncatula utilisés. Enfin, ces isolats ont été testés pour leur capacité à protéger des plantes de M. truncatula contre une maladie racinaire, la verticilliose. Des activités antagonistes in vitro contre divers champignons pathogènes dont Verticillium et Fusarium ont également été recherchées permettant d’identifier un isolat efficace pour la lutte biologique. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que des isolats de rhizobium sélectionnés pourraient être utilisés comme biofertilisants dans les sols pauvres pour réduire l'utilisation d'engrais chimiques azotés et phosphorés mais pas pour lutter contre la verticilliose. / Because of their ability to form a symbiosis with soil bacteria called Rhizobium, legumes play an important role in agriculture. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen; hence their host plants do not need nitrogen fertilizers. In addition, some strains of Rhizobium have the ability to solubilize phosphate, thus providing phosphorus to host plants. An ability to control certain pathogens has also been demonstrated in several studies. The present study evaluates the symbiotic efficiency of Tunisian rhizobia, their ability to solubilize phosphate, and their ability to control Verticillium wilt and other pathogenic fungi in Medicago truncatula. Thirty-six rhizobial isolates were obtained from root nodules of M. truncatula from different parts of Tunisia were used in this work. About 60% of these isolates were able to solubilize phosphate in vitro. In a second step, three phosphate solubilizing rhizobia and one isolate unable to solubilize phosphate in vitro were used for phytotron assays to see the effect of the presence of rhizobia on plant growth parameters in the presence of soluble and insoluble forms of phosphate. The results of the experiment show that A17 plants treated with CaHPO4, tend to produce more nodules and shoot biomass than F83005.5 and that the phosphate form used, soluble or non-soluble, affects parameters studied. Inoculation of four M. truncatula lines with 16 previously selected rhizobial isolates showed significant interaction between isolates and lines for symbiotic abilities as visualised by nodule formation. All rhizobial isolates tested increased above-ground biomass, reduced root biomass, and increased nitrogen content with strains effects of plant genotype and bacterial isolate. Finallly, these isolates were tested for their ability to protect M. truncatula plants against Verticillium wilt, and to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi such as Verticillium and Fusarium in vitro. However, no isolate could be identified as effective for biological control. The results of this study suggest that selected rhizobial isolates could be used as biofertilizers in poor soils to reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers but not to control Verticillium wilt.

Les plantes se développent et évoluent en interaction avec les organismes du sol. L'impact des vers de terre sur la croissance des plantes, généralement positif, a été attribué à des modifications physiques, chimiques ou biochimiques du sol, souvent sans démonstration rigoureuse. Dans ce travail, les techniques développées en sciences du végétal (culture in vitro, utilisation de mutants et transcriptomique) ont été utilisées afin de comprendre les mécanismes à l'origine de l'effet des vers de terre sur les plantes. Nos résultats apportent de nouvelles connaissances fondamentales: (1) la production de molécules-signal à l'intérieur des déjections de vers de terre a un impact significatif sur la croissance d'Oryza sativa et Lolium perenne. (2) Ces molécules agissent sur la voie de signalisation fortement liée à l'auxine, comme suggéré par l'effet significatif du ver de terre sur la croissance du double mutant d'A. thaliana aux1-7;axr4-2. (3) L'abondance de ces molécules-signal en présence de vers de terre pourrait être liée à la stimulation de certaines populations bactériennes capables de synthétiser de l'auxine. (4) Le ver de terre induit une accumulation de transcrits pour des gènes sous contrôle de l'acide jasmonique et de l'éthylène. Ces hormones sont notamment impliquées dans un mécanisme de résistance systémique induite (ISR), connu pour être induit par certaines rhizobactéries promotrices de la croissance des plantes. Enfin, (5) le piétin échaudage, maladie due à un champignon pathogène, déclenche chez le blé (Triticum aestivum) une réaction d'hypersensibilité et une modification de la signalisation hormonale, qui sont considérées comme des mécanismes de contrôle du métabolisme de la plante qui facilitent l'infection du pathogène. La sévérité de cette maladie est réduite en présence de vers de terre. La synthèse de ces résultats indique que les vers de terre, comme d'autres organismes du sol, modifient l'équilibre hormonal de la plante. L'homéostasie hormonale apparaît comme un élément incontournable pour prédire l'issue des interactions multiples que les plantes entretiennent avec les organismes du sol / Plants develop and evolve in interaction with soil organisms. The impact of earthworms, likely positive, has been attributed to modifications of physical, chemical or biochemical soil properties, without rigorous demonstration. In this work, techniques developed in plant science (in vitro culture, use of mutant plants and trancriptomic analysis) were used to understand the mechanism involved in the effect of earthworms on plants. Our results bring new fundamental knowledge: (1) production of signal-molecules within earthworm dejections has a positive impact on the growth of Oryza sativa and Lolium perenne. (2) These molecules act on auxin signaling, as suggested by the positive impact of the earthworm on the growth of A. thaliana double mutant aux1-7;axr4-2. (3) The abundance of these signal-molecules in presence of the earthworms could be related to the stimulation of bacterial communities able to produce auxin. (4) Earthworms induce an accumulation of gene transcripts known to be under control of jasmonic acid and ethylene. These two hormones are most notably involved in the defense mechanism called induced systemic resistance (ISR), known to be induced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Finally, (5) Take-all disease, due to a pathogenic fungus, induced in wheat (Triticum aestivum) a hypersensitive response and a modification on hormone signaling, which are known as manipulations of plant metabolism in a way that facilitates pathogen infection. The severity of take-all disease was alleviated in the presence of earthworms. Synthesis of these results showed that earthworms, like other soil organisms, modify the hormone balance in the plant. Hormone homeostasis appeared to be an important element to predict the issue of the multiple interactions that plants established with soil organisms

Le sol possède un capital naturel qui lui confère la capacité à produire des services écosystémiques aussi bien culturel que de régulation ou d’approvisionnement, il est indispensable à la Vie telle que nous la connaissons et au développement des activités humaines. Cependant les activités anthropiques et les pollutions, notamment par les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs) tel que le mercure (Hg), perturbent les sols et modifient en profondeur l’organisation des écosystèmes. Face à ces enjeux, des projets de remédiation et de gestion des sites et sols pollués se sont multipliés durant les dernières décennies en vue de futures ré-exploitations de ces sols. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des projets ANR-BIOFILTREE et EC2CO FREIDI-Hg gérés par le laboratoire Chrono-Environnement. Mes travaux ont permis l’exploration de la diversité des communautés de microorganismes associées à une plantation de peuplier sur un site contaminé par le Hg et géré par phytomanagement, via les approches combinées de séquençage à très haut débit et par l’approche culture dépendante. Ces méthodes combinées ont permis de révéler i) la diversité des communautés bactériennes et fongiques de la peupleraie ; ii) les groupes de microorganismes particulièrement résistant au Hg (Trichoderma et Pseudomonas) ; et iii) des bactéries promotrices de croissance des plantes (PGPB). Par ailleurs, la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires liés à l’accumulation de Hg par les microorganismes a été un de mes sujets d’étude en partenariat avec le LIEC (Université de Lorraine). Les modèles eucaryotes Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Podospora anserina ont été utilisés pour tester le rôle potentiel de certains transporteurs d’ions dans l’entrée du Hg dans les cellules fongiques. Les résultats ont montré que le transporteur de magnésium Alr1 situé sur la membrane plasmique pourrait participer au transport du Hg. En outre, une approche de transcriptomique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae après une courte exposition au Hg des souches mutantes et sauvages a été mise en œuvre. Pour conclure, ce travail de thèse ambitionne d’être un travail de référence pour les futurs projets de phytomanagement en milieux contaminé par le Hg, qui met en avant les communautés de microorganismes et leurs rôles fondamentaux. / Soil has a natural capital that gives it the capacity to produce ecosystem services, cultural as well as regulation or supply, it is essential to the Life as we know it and the development of human activities. However, anthropogenic activities and pollution, in particular by trace elements (ETs) such as mercury (Hg), disrupt the soil and modify in depth the organization of ecosystems. Facing these challenges, remediation and management projects for polluted sites and soils have emerged during the last decades with a view to future re-exploitation of these soils. This thesis is part of the ANR-BIOFILTREE and EC2CO FREIDI-Hg projects managed by the Chrono-Environnement laboratory. My Ph-D work explored the diversity of microorganism communities associated with a poplar plantation at a Hg-contaminated site managed by phytomanagement, combining approaches such as very high-throughput sequencing and conventional culture-based techniques. These combined methods revealed i) the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities of the poplar plantation; ii) the groups of microorganisms particularly resistant to Hg (Trichoderma and Pseudomonas); and iii) plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). In addition, understanding the cellular mechanisms related to the accumulation of Hg by microorganisms was one of my objectives carried out in collaboration with the LIEC (University of Lorraine). The eukaryotic models Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Podospora anserina were used to test the potential role of some ion transporters in the entry of Hg into fungal cells. The results showed that the magnesium transporter Alr1 located on the plasma membrane could participate in the transport of Hg. In addition, a transcriptomic approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after a short exposure to Hg of mutant and wild strains has been implemented. To conclude, this work aims to be a reference work for future phytomanagement projects in Hg-contaminated environments, which highlights micro-organism communities and their fundamental roles.

Submitted by CARLOS HENRIQUE BARBOSA SANTOS null (carlosufrb@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-18T12:25:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Carlos_Henrique_Barbosa_Santos.pdf: 953644 bytes, checksum: 56603e75ff2fec6f11d766aa8ee7d73a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-10-23T17:35:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_chb_dr_jabo.pdf: 953644 bytes, checksum: 56603e75ff2fec6f11d766aa8ee7d73a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-23T17:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_chb_dr_jabo.pdf: 953644 bytes, checksum: 56603e75ff2fec6f11d766aa8ee7d73a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de microrganismos promotores do crescimento de plantas (MPCP) tem sido aceita como alternativa a redução do uso de adubos químicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois métodos de encapsulamento de diferentes MPCP para verificar o estabelecimento destes microrganismos no solo e, consequentemente, o efeito do uso dos MPCP no crescimento de mudas de espécies frutíferas. O inóculo microbiano continha as seguintes espécies: Azospirillum brasilense, Burkolderia cepacia, Bacillus thuringienses, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Tricoderma spp. e Isolado 411. As espécies frutíferas avaliadas foram: Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) O. Berg (jabuticaba); Myrciaria glazioviana (Kiaersk.) G. Barros & Sobral (cabeludinha); Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh (camu-camu); Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. (grumixama); Diospyros kaki L. (caqui); Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. (bacupari); Annona muricata L. (graviola); Duguetia lanceolata A. St. – Hil. (pindaíba); Chrysophyllum cainito L. (caimito); Anacardium occidentale L. (caju); Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (nêspera) e Litchi chinensis Sonn. (lichia). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 3 (controle, alginato de sódio e argila) x 2 (presença e ausência de inóculo microbiano) com cinco repetições (uma muda por repetição). As mudas foram mantidas em 50% de iluminação à temperatura média de 22,5°C, durante noventa dias, sendo avaliada a altura da planta, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e de raiz, atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, determinação do amônio e nitrato, fosfato solúvel em bicarbonato, carbono da biomassa microbiana e número total de bactérias. O diâmetro do caule para as mudas de M. dubia foi maior quando não se utilizou os MPCP, sejam eles encapsulados ou não. A presença de MPCP, independentemente do encapsulante utilizado, promoveu melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de caimito (altura, diâmetro do caule e massa seca de raiz) e de lichia (diâmetro do caule e massa seca da planta). Desta forma, os MPCP favorecem o crescimento das mudas destas espécies. A atividade microbiana no substrato não foi influenciada pela adição de microrganismos encapsulados. Os agentes encapsulantes argila e alginato de sódio, com ou sem inóculo microbiano, podem modificar a atividade enzimática da desidrogenase, o nitrogênio e o carbono da biomassa microbiana no solo, porém são dependentes da espécie frutífera cultivada. / The use of plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM) has been accepted as an alternative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of encapsulation of different PGPM to verify the establishment of these microorganisms in the soil and, consequently, the effect of PGPM on the growth of seedlings of fruit species. The microbial inoculums contained the species: Azospirillum brasilense, Burkolderia cepacia, Bacillus thuringienses, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Tricoderma spp. and Isolado 411. The fruit species evaluated were: Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) O. Berg; Myrciaria glazioviana (Kiaersk.) G. Barros & Sobral; Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh; Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.; Diospyros kaki L.; Garcinia brasiliensis Mart.; Annona muricata L.; Duguetia lanceolata A. St. – Hil.; Chrysophyllum cainito L.; Anacardium occidentale L.; Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and Litchi chinensis Sonn. The experimental design was a completely randomized, in a factorial arrangement 3 (control, sodium alginate and clay) x 2 (presence and absence of microbial inoculum) with five replicates (one seedling per replicate). Seedlings were maintained in 50% illumination at an average temperature of 22.5 °C for ninety days, and evaluated for plant height, diameter, root shoot and stem dry shoot, enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, determination of ammonium and nitrate, bicarbonate soluble phosphate, carbon of the microbial biomass and total number of bacteria. The stem diameter of M. dubia seedlings was higher when PGPM was not used, either encapsulated or not. The presence of PGPM, regardless the encapsulant used, promoted a better development of C. cainito (height, stem diameter and root dry mass) and L. chinensis (stem diameter and plant dry mass) seedlings. In this way, the PGPM favor the growth of the seedlings of these species. Microbial activity in the substrate was not influenced by the addition of encapsulated microorganisms. The encapsulating agent clay and sodium alginate, with or without microbial inoculum, may modify the enzymatic activity of the dehydrogenase, the nitrogen and the carbon of the microbial biomass in the soil, but are dependent on the cultivated fruit species.

The inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense is one of the main strategies to supplement the inorganic inputs of nitrogen (N) and to increase the root development in maize. However, the beneficial inoculation effects are not always reached, which, in part, is due to genotypic variation in the plant host, resulting in different degrees of outcome. In this context, we aimed to study the genetic control and genomic prediction of maize traits related to the responsiveness to A. brasilense inoculation. For this, 118 maize hybrids were conducted under N stress and N stress plus A. brasilense treatments in controlled conditions over 2016 and 2017 seasons. We evaluated root and shoot traits and performed diallel analyses, association mapping, and genomic prediction methods considering 59,215 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. Our results revealed a quantitative inheritance of the partnership-related maize traits, with both additive and non-additive genetic effects involved in the genetic control. Furthermore, several candidate genes were identified for the maize-A. brasilense association, especially with heterozygous (dis)advantage effects. In general, the prediction accuracies were higher mostly for the inoculated treatment compared to the non-inoculated. Finally, our findings enable a deeper understanding towards the genetic basis of the maize responsiveness to A. brasilense and may support plant breeders to establish selection strategies aiming the development of superior genotypes for this association. / A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense é uma das principais estratégias para suplementar os insumos inorgânicos de nitrogênio (N) e aumentar o desenvolvimento radicular do milho. No entanto, os efeitos benéficos da inoculação nem sempre são alcançados, o que, em parte, é devido à variação genotípica da planta hospedeira, que ocasiona diferentes graus de resultados. Neste contexto, nosso objetivo foi estudar o controle genético e a predição genômica de caracteres de milho relacionados à responsividade para a inoculação com A brasilense. Para isso, 118 híbridos de milho foram conduzidos sob estresse de N e estresse de N mais A brasilense em condições controladas nos anos de 2016 e 2017. Nós avaliamos características de raiz e parte aérea e realizamos análises dialélicas, mapeamento associativo e métodos de predição genômica considerando 59.215 marcadores Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). Nossos resultados revelaram uma herança quantitativa das características do milho relacionadas à essa parceria, com efeitos genéticos aditivos e não-aditivos envolvidos no controle genético. Além disso, vários genes candidatos foram encontrados para a associação milho-A brasilense, especialmente com efeitos de (des)vantagens de heterozigotos. Em geral, as acurácias de predição foram mais maiores principalmente para o tratamento inoculado em comparação ao não inoculado. Finalmente, nossos resultados possibilitam uma compreensão mais aprofundada das bases genéticas da responsividade do milho à A. brasilense e podem auxiliar os melhoristas de plantas a estabelecerem estratégias de seleção visando o desenvolvimento de genótipos superiores para essa associação.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarah_Romano_Ortolan.pdf: 975526 bytes, checksum: d72ab61fc7bdc88b6ddbab0eb3a86e42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wheat is considered the main cereal diet of the world population, but in recent years has achieved some gain in productivity of this culture despite having increased the use of nitrogen fertilizer. The use of plant growth promoting bacteria such as Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 among others has been studied to obtain development of plants with less use of nitrogen fertilizers. However there is little information relating the effects of this interaction in plant development and grain yield. Objective of this study was to evaluate the carbon and nitrogen metabolism by certain enzymes, metabolites and indices related to the response to infectious stress on the wheat cultivars CD 104 and CD 120 in association with Herbaspirillum seropedicae bacteria. Two experiments were conducted. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications in a 4x2. The first factor relates to the conditions inoculation with bacteria and/or nitrogen source in coverage are: control without inoculation with bacteria or added nitrogen fertilizer (C); application of nitrogen fertilizer (50 kg.ha-1) 30 days after sowing (N); inoculation with 106 cells of the bacterium H. seropedicae/seed at planting (Hs) and inoculation with bacteria combined with the application of nitrogen fertilizer (Hs + N) and the second factor refers to the phenological stages (tillering and booting). The results indicated that inoculation with H. seropedicae in wheat seeds of cv.s CD 104 and CD 120 in the two growth stages answered in relation to the indices related to stress with the involvement of enzymes of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However prominent effect was not noticed to promote plant growth of wheat in late development, nor a deleterious effect of the bacterium for inoculation cv. CD 104 under the experimental conditions. For cv. CD 120 the differential effects indicate lower levels of stress and some level of association to positive effect on productivity when combined inoculation of bacteria to nitrogen fertilization. It was concluded that as well as pathogenic and stressors, H. seropedicae able to beneficially associate with wheat also provides similar interference pattern of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and stress levels / O trigo é considerado o principal cereal da dieta da população mundial, entretanto nos últimos anos tem se obtido pouco ganho de produtividade desta cultura apesar de se ter aumentado o uso de fertilizante nitrogenado. O uso de bactérias promotoras do crescimento vegetal, como Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 entre outras, tem sido estudado para se obter desenvolvimento de plantas com menor uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados. Entretanto existem poucas informações que relacionam os efeitos desta interação no desenvolvimento da planta e de produtividade de grãos. Objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio através de algumas enzimas, metabólitos e índices relacionados à resposta ao estresse infeccioso em trigo das cultivares CD 104 e CD 120 em associação com a bactéria Herbaspirillum seropedicae em dois estádios fenológicos. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com 4 repetições, em esquema fatorial 4x2. O primeiro fator refere-se às condições de inoculação com bactéria e/ou fertilização nitrogenada em cobertura, sendo: controle, sem inoculação com bactéria ou adição de fertilizante nitrogenado (C); aplicação de fertilizante nitrogenado (50 kg.ha-1) após 30 dias da semeadura (N); inoculação de 106 células da bactéria H. seropedicae/semente na semeadura (Hs) e inoculação com a bactéria combinada com a aplicação de fertilizante nitrogenado (Hs + N) e o segundo fator refere-se aos estádios fenológicos (perfilhamento e emborrachamento). Os resultados indicaram que a inoculação com H. seropedicae em sementes de trigo das cv.s CD 104 e CD 120 nos dois estádios fenológicos responderam em relação aos índices relacionados ao estresse com envolvimento das enzimas do metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio. Entretanto não foi percebido efeito proeminente de promoção do crescimento vegetal no final do desenvolvimento do trigo, tampouco efeito deletério da inoculação de bactéria para a cv. CD 104, nas condições experimentais. Para a cv. CD 120 os efeitos diferenciais indicam menor nível de estresse e algum nível de associação para efeito positivo na produtividade quando combinada a inoculação da bactéria com a fertilização nitrogenada. Foi possível concluir que assim como para agentes patogênicos e estressantes, a H. seropedicae, capaz de associar beneficamente com trigo também apresenta padrão semelhante de interferência do metabolismo de carbono e nitrogênio e índices de estresse

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is becoming a widely adopted technology for conversion of organic waste and nutrient-rich fertiliser production due to its cost-effectiveness and sustainability. In this study, a batch experiment was conducted using five different types of food waste and cow dung (CD). No significant difference was observed among the four substrates that produced the highest methane (P<0.05). Based on the batch experiment results, two substrates were selected for semi-continuous digestion and the highest methane yield (67%) was obtained from co-digestion (CO). PCR-DGGE results revealed higher bacterial and archaeal diversity indices in CO as compared to mono-digestion of CD and mixed food waste. The high-throughput sequence analyses revealed that the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, were dominant in all treatments. The enhanced methane production in CO could be attributed to the neutral pH and partial shift of archaea from Methanosaeta to Methanosarcina. The digestate and fresh CD were screened for plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), nutrient and heavy metal content. The dung contained higher concentrations of heavy metals (P<0.05) and potential pathogens in comparison to the digestate. The use of digestate may, therefore, enhance soil fertility with minimal negative environmental effects. / School of Agriculture and Life Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Orientador: Orivaldo Arf / Resumo: Devido ao crescimento e a importância da utilização do milho segunda safra, pacotes tecnológicos que favoreçam o uso dessa nova época de cultivo para o milho são de extrema importância para a consolidação dessa safra. O manejo adequado do solo, a utilização de coberturas vegetais e considerando também os dados pouco consistentes na utilização da inoculação com bactérias promotoras de crescimento na cultura do milho, são práticas fundamentais para a busca de uma produção econômica e ambientalmente viável. Diante do exposto o objetivo desse trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito das coberturas vegetais e dos modos de inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense nos diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, no desenvolvimento e produtividade do milho segunda safra. O experimento foi desenvolvido nos anos agrícolas de 2013/14 e 2014/15 em área experimental da Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria – MS. O solo do local é do tipo LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-ESCURO Epi-eutrófico álico, textura argilosa, originalmente sob vegetação de cerrado. A precipitação média anual é de 1.313 mm e a temperatura média anual de 25°C. A área teve como cultura anterior a soja, e foi constituído por três subprojetos envolvendo coberturas vegetais (Crotalária spectabilis, Urochloa ruziziensis e C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis), modos de inoculação com A. brasilense (testemunha - sem inoculação de A. brasilense, inoculação de A. bras... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to the growth and importance of the use of second crop maize, technological packages that enhance the use of this new maize season are extremely important for this crop consolidation. Adequate soil management, cover crops and also the inconsistent data on the use of inoculation with growth promoting bacteria in maize, are fundamental practices for the search for an economically and environmentally viable production. This study animed to evaluate the effect of plant cover and inoculation methods with Azospirillum brasilense on different soil preparation systems, on the development and productivity of second crop maize. The experiment was developed in the agricultural years of 2013/14 and 2014/15 in an experimental area of the Education and Research Farm belonging to the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira - UNESP, located in the municipality of Selvíria -MS. The soil of the site is of the type RED-DARK LATOSOL Epi-eutrophic alic, clayey texture, originally under cerrado vegetation. The average precipitation cancels out is 1313 mm and the average annual temperature is 25 ° C. The area was previously cultivated with soybean, and was constituted by three subprojects involving plant cover crops (Crotalaria spectabilis, Urochloa ruziziensis and C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis), inoculation methods with A. brasilense (control - without inoculation of A. brasilense , inoculation of A. brasilense on maize seeds, inoculation of A. brasilense on maize seed and foliar - V4 stage ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor