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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Biochemistry, physiology, and ecology of paper birch defenses to bronze birch borer and their responses to anthropogenic greenhouse gases

Muilenburg, Vanessa L. 17 December 2010 (has links)
No description available.
62

Interactions among biological control, cultural control and barley resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), in Colorado, Kansas and Nebraska

Sotelo-Cardona, Paola Andrea January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / C. Michael Smith / The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (RWA), is an important pest in the U.S. Western Plains, causing hundreds of millions of dollars of losses to wheat and barley production through reduced yields and insecticide application costs. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the performance of two RWA-resistant barley varieties planted approximately one month earlier than normal in experimental fields at Fort Collins, Colorado; Tribune, Kansas; and Sidney, Nebraska during 2007, 2008, and 2009. The experimental design was a split-plot design with two main plot treatments (early and normal planting dates), and four split plot treatments (barley varieties) that were randomized within each main treatment plot. The varieties included two RWA-barley resistant varieties, Sidney and Stoneham, and the susceptible variety, Otis, under thiamethoxam-protected and unprotected regimes. Sampling of RWA, other cereal aphids, and natural enemy populations was conducted on four dates from mid May through early July. RWA populations collected from early-planted plots (first week of March) were significantly lower than normal-planted plots in 2007-2009 at the Fort Collins, Colorado and Tribune, Kansas sites. In samples collected from early planting date plots, RWA-resistant varieties yielded RWA populations similar to those found on the insecticide-treated susceptible variety at both Fort Collins and Tribune. At the Sidney, Nebraska site, very low RWA populations were present and there were no differences between either planting date or varietal treatments. The combined effect of early planting and RWA-resistant varieties reduced RWA populations at the Fort Collins, Colorado site in all three years. Results were similar at the Tribune, Kansas site in 2007, but differences due to planting date or variety were not observed in 2008 or 2009. The lowest RWA populations occurred at the Sidney, Nebraska site, were independent of planting date and varietal treatments. The RWA-resistant barley varieties had no negative impact on populations of other cereal aphids compared to those found on the susceptible variety, Otis at any of the three research sites. The only treatment effective in reducing other cereal aphids was the insecticide, thiamethoxam. There was also no clear response of populations of other cereal aphids to different planting date. Neither the RWA-resistant barley varieties nor the systemic, short residual action insecticide treatment had adverse affects on the abundance of natural enemies.
63

Mining the Aegilops tauschii gene pool: evaluation, introgression and molecular characterization of adult plant resistance to leaf rust and seedling resistance to tan spot in synthetic hexaploid wheat

Kalia, Bhanu January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Genetics Interdepartmental Program / Bikram S. Gill / Leaf rust, caused by fungus Puccinia triticina, is an important foliar disease of wheat worldwide. Breeding for race-nonspecific resistant cultivars is the best strategy to combat this disease. Aegilops tauschii, D genome donor of hexaploid wheat, has provided resistance to several pests and pathogens of wheat. To identify potentially new adult plant resistance (APR) genes, 371 geographically diverse Ae. tauschii accessions were evaluated in field with leaf rust (LR) composite culture of predominant races. Accessions from Afghanistan only displayed APR whereas both seedling resistance and APR were common in the Caspian Sea region. Seventeen accessions with high APR were selected for production of synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW), using ‘TetraPrelude’ and/or ‘TetraThatcher’ as tetraploid parents. Six SHWs were produced and evaluated for APR to LR and resistance to tan spot at seedling stage. Genetic analysis and mapping of APR introgressed from accession TA2474 was investigated in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population derived from cross between SHW, TA4161-L3 and spring wheat cultivar, ‘WL711’. Genotyping-by-sequencing approach was used to genotype the RILs. Maximum disease severity (MDS) for LR was significantly correlated among all experiments and APR to LR was highly heritable trait in this population. Nine genomic regions significantly associated with APR to LR were QLr.ksu-1AL, QLr.ksu-1BS, QLr.ksu-1BL.1, QLr.ksu-1BL.2, QLr.ksu-2DS, QLr.ksu-2DL, QLr.ksu-5AL, QLr.ksu-5DL and QLr.ksu-6BL. Association of QLr.ksu-1BL.1 with marker Xwmc44 indicated this locus could be slow-rusting APR gene, Lr46/Yr29. QTLs detected on 2DS, 2DL and 5DL were contributed by TA4161-L3 and are novel, along with QLr.ksu-5AL. Tan spot, caused by necrotrophic fungus, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, has recently emerged as a damaging disease of wheat worldwide. To identify QTLs associated with resistance to Race 1 of P. tritici-repentis, F[subscript]2:3 population derived from cross between SHW, TA4161-L1 and winter wheat cultivar, ‘TAM105’ was used. Two major effect QTLs, QTs.ksu-1AS.1 and QTs.ksu-7AS were significantly associated with tan spot resistance and contributed by TA4161-L1. QTs.ksu-7AS is a novel QTL and explained 17% of the phenotypic variation. Novel QTLs for APR to LR and tan spot identified in SHWs add new variation for broadening the gene pool of wheat and providing resources for breeding of durable resistant cultivars.
64

Etude de l’activité et de la reconnaissance d’AVR-CO39, un effecteur du champignon pathogène Magnaporthe oryzae, agent causal de la pyriculariose du riz / Activity and recognition of AVR-CO39, an effector of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

Cesari, Stella 18 December 2012 (has links)
Le pouvoir pathogène des microorganismes repose sur leur capacité à manipuler des processus cellulaires de l'hôte à l'aide de protéines sécrétées dans le tissu végétal : les effecteurs. En plus de leur rôle primordial dans le pouvoir pathogène, les effecteurs sont centraux pour la résistance des plantes. La reconnaissance de certains d'entre eux par des récepteurs du système immunitaire végétal, nommées protéines de résistance (R), déclenche la résistance de la plante. Cette thèse a permis la caractérisation moléculaire d'AVR-CO39, un effecteur du champignon pathogène du riz Magnaporthe oryzae. Nous montrons qu'AVR-CO39 est transloqué dans le cytoplasme des cellules infectées par un mécanisme indépendant de facteurs fongiques et est reconnu dans ce même compartiment par le produit du locus R nommé Pi-CO39. La surexpression d'AVR-CO39 dans des plantes transgéniques révèle que cet effecteur influence des processus développementaux et physiologiques du riz. Un crible double hybride dans la levure a permis d'identifier 9 protéines du riz potentiellement ciblées par AVR-CO39. Une d'elles, nommée RGA5, confère la résistance Pi-CO39 avec une seconde protéine R du riz appelée RGA4. Nos résultats indiquent que RGA4 induit l'activation de la défense tandis que RGA5 agit comme récepteur de protéines Avr. En effet, RGA5 interagit physiquement avec AVR-CO39 et AVR-Pia, un autre effecteur de M. oryzae, via un domaine C-terminal homologue à des protéines de liaison au cuivre. Cette thèse a donc permis l'identification d'un nouveau domaine de reconnaissance de protéines Avr et le développement d'un modèle mécanistique pour le fonctionnement de paires de protéines R chez les plantes. / Pathogenic microorganisms secrete numerous proteins during infection into the plant tissue to manipulate host cellular processes. These proteins are called effectors and are central to pathogenicity. Certain effectors are recognized by receptors of the plant immune system called resistance (R) proteins and this recognition triggers plant resistance. The objective of the thesis was the molecular characterization of AVR-CO39, an effector of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Localization studies indicate that AVR-CO39 is translocated into the cytoplasm of infected rice-cells by a mechanism independent of fungal factors and that it is recognized within this compartment by the product of the corresponding R locus Pi-CO39. Overexpression of AVR-CO39 in transgenic rice plants suggests that the effector influences plant physiology and development. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified 9 rice proteins potentially targeted by AVR-CO39. One of them, called RGA5, interacts with a second R protein, RGA4, to confer Pi-CO39 resistance. Our results suggest that RGA4 activates plant defense while RGA5 represses RGA4 function in the absence of effectors proteins and acts as an Avr receptor protein. Indeed, RGA5 physically interacts with AVR-CO39 and another M. oryzae effector named AVR-Pia through a previously undescribed C-terminal domain displaying homology to copper-binding proteins. Therefore, this work identified a new Avr recognition domain in R proteins and generated a new mechanistic model for the action of R protein pairs in plant resistance.
65

Identificação e caracterização de genes induzidos por Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em cana-de-açúcar / Identification and characterization of genes induced by Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane

Medeiros, Ane Hackbart de 04 September 2008 (has links)
As plantas respondem ao ataque de insetos pela indução e acumulação de um conjunto grande de proteínas de defesa. Nesse trabalho foi feita uma investigação sobre as modificações transcricionais que ocorrem em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, em resposta ao ataque de lagartas de Diatraea saccharalis. A primeira abordagem foi o estudo detalhado da indução de duas isoformas do homólogo de cana-de-açúcar do gene de cevada induzido por dano barwin (barley woundinducible), chamado de sugarwin (sugarcane wound-inducible). A indução de transcritos de sugarwin ocorreu em resposta ao ferimento mecânico, dano provocado por D. saccharalis e tratamento com metil jasmonato. Além disso, sua expressão foi restrita ao local de dano. Sugarwins fazem parte do grupo de genes induzidos tardiamente por dano. A localização subcelular do peptídeo sinal fusionado à gfp (green fluorescent protein) mostra que essas proteínas são secretadas. Embora a função do domínio barwin não esteja completamente elucidada, atividades anti-patogênicas têm sido descritas para um grande número de homólogos. Alinhamentos múltiplos de seqüências do domínio barwin das proteínas de cana-de-açúcar e de outras proteínas de mono e dicotiledôneas revelaram altos índices de similaridade, sugerindo que sua função é conservada entre espécies. Esse é o primeiro relato da indução de uma proteína da família Barwin por herbivoria. A atividade dessas proteínas contra insetos nunca foi estudada. Os resultados apresentados aqui sugerem que as SUGARWINS fazem parte da estratégia de defesa de cana-de-açúcar. A segunda abordagem para estudar a resposta da cana-de-açúcar ao dano por D. saccharalis foi a análise em larga-escala, usando macroarranjos de DNA, de serino proteases e inibidores de serino proteases de cana-de-açúcar diferencialmente expressos em resposta a herbivoria. Enquanto que a função dos inibidores de proteases na defesa de plantas contra insetos e patógenos está bem estabelecida, o envolvimento de proteases na defesa tem sido proposto recentemente. O monitoramento de transcritos de serino proteases de cana-de-açúcar responsivos a herbivoria revelou vários genes cuja função precisa ser investigada. Uma das aplicações desses resultados é a identificação de genes para uso em estratégias biotecnológicas que visam aumentar a resistência de cana-de-açúcar a insetos. / Plants respond to insect damage by induction and accumulation of a large set of defense proteins. An investigation was undertaken to study the sugarcane transcriptional changes following Diatraea saccharalis damage. The first approach was a detailed study about the induction of two isoforms of a sugarcane homologue of a barley wound inducible gene, barwin, named sugarwin (sugarcane wound-inducible). Induction of sugarwin transcripts occurs in response to mechanical wounding, D. saccharalis feeding and methyl jasmonate treatment. Their expression is restricted to the site of damage. Sugarwins are members of the late wound-inducible genes. The subcellular localization of the signal peptide fused to the gfp (green fluorescent protein) shows that these proteins are secreted. Although the exact function of the barwin domain has not been completely elucidated, antipathogenic activities has been described for a number of homologues. Multiple sequence alignment of barwin domain-containing sugarcane proteins and of mono and dicotiledoneous proteins reveals high similarity, suggesting that their function is conserved among species. This is the first report of a barwin-like protein induced by herbivory. The activity of this type of proteins against insects has never been studied. Based on the results presented here, it can be concluded that SUGARWINS are part of the sugarcane defense response strategy. The second approach to study the sugarcane response to D. saccharalis damage was the large-scale analysis, using DNA macroarrays, of serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors differently expressed in response to herbivory. While the protease inhibitors function in defense is well-established, the involvement of proteases in defense has been recently proposed. The transcript monitoring of sugarcane serine proteases in response to herbivory revealed several candidate genes for further functional studies. One of the greatest applications of these results is the identification of genes for use in biotechnological strategies to improve sugarcane insect resistance.
66

Desenvolvimento de marcadores SSR-EST e construção de mapas genéticos em feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) / Development of EST-SSR markers and construction of genetic maps in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Hanai, Luiz Ricardo 04 September 2008 (has links)
O uso de marcadores moleculares tem contribuído para o estudo da domesticação das espécies de Phaseolus, origem e diversidade das cultivares atuais de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris), e do controle genético da resistência a diversas doenças. Mapas de ligação têm sido estabelecidos em feijão-comum com base em marcas de RFLP, RAPD, SCAR, isoenzimas e locos fenotípicos, sendo que alguns deles foram reunidos em um mapa mais denso e completo do genoma do feijão, chamado mapa núcleo. No entanto, para o uso efetivo de mapas de ligação em programas de melhoramento estes devem ser suficientemente saturados. O presente trabalho se insere neste contexto, visando saturar o mapa núcleo de P. vulgaris a partir do mapeamento de novos marcadores moleculares como AFLP e SSR baseados em EST. Assim, buscou-se desenvolver e caracterizar marcadores SSR oriundos de uma biblioteca de EST, testar a transferibilidade destes para outros cultivares e espécies relacionadas, gerar marcadores AFLP e integrá-los ao mapa consenso da espécie. Também, construir um mapa genético para uma população de interesse no Brasil (Carioca x Flor de Mayo), e promover o seu alinhamento com o mapa consenso, complementando desta forma, a caracterização genômica da espécie. Pares de primers foram desenhados para 156 SSR-EST. Destes, 138 SSR-EST amplificaram locos claros e reprodutíveis e foram caracterizados usando um conjunto de 26 genótipos de feijões cultivados. Dos locos analisados, 85 se mostraram polimórficos entre os genótipos estudados e apresentaram em média 2,96 alelos por loco e um PIC médio de 0,38. Entre todos os SSR-EST analisados, 50 locos segregaram na população de mapeamento Bat 93 x Jalo EEP558, 20 locos segregaram na população Carioca x Flor de Mayo e 12 locos foram polimórficos nas duas populações. Marcadores AFLP foram gerados e genotipados nas duas populações. Os 262 locos microssatélites e AFLP genotipados na população Bat 93 x Jalo EEP558 foram integrados ao mapa núcleo da espécie. Foi obtido um mapa de 1353 cM de comprimento total, contendo 357 marcas, incluindo 9 SSR-genômico, 47 SSR-EST e 190 AFLP. Além disso, outro mapa foi gerado a partir da análise de segregação de 252 marcadores na população Carioca x Flor de Mayo. Este mapa teve 807,5 cM de comprimento, com uma distância média de 5,3 cM entre marcas. Os marcadores microssatélites comuns foram usados como ponte para alinhar e comparar os mapas das duas populações estudadas. / The use of molecular markers has contributed to the studies regarding domestication of Phaseolus species, origin and diversity of current common bean cultivars (P. vulgaris), and the genetic control of resistance to several diseases. Linkage maps have been constructed for common bean by using RFLP, RADP, SCAR, isoenzymes and phenotypic markers, some of which were meeting in a more dense and complete map of bean genome, called core map. However, for the effective use of linkage maps in breeding programs they must be sufficiently saturated. This work fits in this context, aiming to saturate the core map of P. vulgaris from the mapping of new molecular markers as AFLP and SSR EST-based. Thus, it was tried to develop and characterize SSR markers from a EST library, to test the transferability of these markers to other cultivars and related species, to generate AFLP markers and integrate them to the consensus map of the species. Also, build a genetic map for a population of interest in Brazil ( \'Carioca\' x \'Flor de Mayo\'), and promoting its alignment with the consensus map, thus complementing the genomic characterization of the species. Pairs of primers were designed for 156 EST-SSR. Of these, 138 EST-SSR amplified clear and reproducible loci and were characterized using a set of 26 genotypes of cultivated beans. Of the loci tested, 85 were polymorphic between the genotypes studied and showed an average 2.96 alleles per locus and a PIC average of 0.38. Among all examined EST-SSR, 50 loci segregated in \'Bat 93\' x \'Jalo EEP558\' mapping population, 20 loci segregated in \'Carioca\' x \'Flor de Mayo\' population and 12 loci were polymorphic in both two populations. AFLP markers were generated and genotyped in the two populations. The 262 microsatellites and AFLP loci genotyped in \'Bat 93\' x \'Jalo EEP558\' population were integrated onto the core map of the species. A map of 1353 cM total length was obtained, containing 357 markers, including 9 genomic-SSR, 47 EST-SSR and 190 AFLP. Moreover, another map was generated from the analysis of segregation of 252 markers in \'Carioca\' x \'Flor de Mayo population. This map was 807.5 cM long, with an average distance of 5.3 cM between markers. The common microsatellites markers were used as a bridge to align and compare the maps of the two studied populations.
67

Identificação de genes envolvidos na defesa contra patógenos no banco de dados do CitEST e em macroarranjos da interação Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa / Identification of genes involved in defense against pathogens in the CitEST databank and in macroarrays of Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa interaction

Guidetti-Gonzalez, Simone 07 May 2009 (has links)
A citricultura brasileira concentra-se principalmente no Estado de São Paulo que contribui com 80,4 % da produção nacional, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores mundiais de citros. Um dos problemas enfrentados pela citricultura é a sua vulnerabilidade a pragas e doenças, devido principalmente a baixa diversidade genética nas variedades comerciais utilizadas, associada ao sistema de plantio em áreas extensas. Uma das doenças que vem causando crescentes prejuízos para a citricultura brasileira é a pinta preta ou mancha preta dos citros causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. O uso de conhecimentos de biologia molecular e métodos biotecnológicos devem ser considerados como importante alternativa para a produção de plantas geneticamente modificadas expressando genes de resistência. Para se obter plantas de citros resistentes a doenças, se faz necessário identificar genes que estejam relacionados com os mecanismos de defesa da planta. Na tentativa de identificar estes genes, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi a identificação de genes in silico no banco de dados do Projeto Millenium CitEST e a análise de expressão diferencial de genes envolvidos na defesa. Mais de 7600 sequencias foram identificadas nas buscas no CitEST com similaridade aos genes R e genes envolvidos na HR e defesa, MAPKs e SNF1. Destes, foram selecionados 273 sequencias para experimentos de macroarranjo para análise da interação Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa. A análise estatística revelou que 171 genes (62,63%) apresentaram expressão diferencial significativa ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Destes, 80 apresentaram expressão diferencial significativa maior do que duas vezes, dos quais 38 genes foram induzidos e 42 foram reprimidos no tecido infectado. Entre os genes induzidos estão MAPKs, genes de resistência (R), genes envolvidos na resposta de hipersensibilidade (HR) e na defesa da planta. Entre os transcritos reprimidos, há quatro similares a peroxidases e cinco similares a catalases, o que era esperado já que catalases e algumas peroxidases são capazes de remover H2O2, e assim a planta produz espécies reativa de oxigênio capaz de desencadear a ativação de genes de defesa. Os dados do macroarranjo foram validados via transcrição reversa seguida de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-PCRq) de 9 genes. As análises confirmaram a expressão diferencial de 8 deles sendo que somente um apresentou resultado contrastante ao macroarranjo, o que demonstra a eficiência da metodologia de macroarranjos para estudo de muitos genes simultaneamente. Os genes diferencialmente expressos identificados na interação C. sinensis-G. citricarpa são de grande importância, pois são fortes candidatos para serem utilizados na transformação genética de plantas com o objetivo de obter novas variedades de plantas com resistência a patógenos. / The Brazilian citrus industry is concentrated mainly in the State of Sao Paulo which contributes with 80.4% of national production, with Brazil being a leading world producer of citrus. One of the problems facing the citrus industry is its vulnerability to pests and diseases, mainly due to low genetic diversity of the commercial varieties used, linked to the system of planting in extensive areas. A disease that is causing increasing damage to the brazilian citrus industry is the black spot of citrus caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. The use of knowledge of molecular biology and biotechnological methods should be considered as an important alternative for the production of genetically modified plants expressing genes for resistance. In order to obtain citrus plants resistant to diseases it is necessary to identify genes that are related to the defense mechanisms of the plant. In an attempt to identify these genes, the general aim of this study was to identify genes in silico in the database of the Millennium CitEST Project and to perform differential expression analysis of genes involved in the defense mechanisms. More than 7600 reads were identified in the CitEST search with similarity to R genes, genes involved in HR and defense, MAPKs and SNF1. It was selected 273 reads for macroarray experiments to analysis of Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa interaction. Statistical analysis revealed that 171 genes (62.63%) showed significant differential expression at the level of 5% probability. From these, 80 showed significant differential expression higher than two fold, in which 38 genes were induced and 42 were repressed in infected tissue. Among the induced genes are MAPKs, resistance (R) genes, genes involved in hypersensitivity response (HR) and plant defense. Among the suppressed transcripts, there are four similar to peroxidases and five similar to catalases, which is expected because catalases and some peroxidases are able to remove H2O2, and so the plant produces reactive oxygen species capable of triggering the activation of defense genes. The macroarray data were validated by reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCRq) of 9 genes. The analysis confirmed the differential expression of 8 of them, and only one presented different result of macroarray which demonstrate the efficiency of the macroarray methodology to analyze several genes simultaneously. The genes differentially expressed in the interaction of C. sinensis x Guignardia citricarpa identified are of great importance because they are strong candidates for use in genetic transformation of plants with the objective of obtaining new varieties of plants resistant to pathogens.
68

Análise da expressão gênica induzida por Diatraea saccharalis em cana-de-açúcar via macroarranjos de colônias bacterianas. / Analysis of expressed genes induced by Diatraea saccharalis in sugarcane using bacterial colonies arrays.

Barsalobres, Carla Fernanda 03 September 2004 (has links)
O seqüenciamento em larga-escala e a aplicação da tecnologia de seqüências expressas (ESTs) permitiram a identificação de milhares de seqüências genômicas de vários organismos. Através de projetos como o de obtenção de ESTs de cana-de-açúcar (SUCEST - Sugarcane EST Project), a tecnologia de macro e microarranjos de DNA pôde ser aplicada para o monitoramento da expressão gênica. O primeiro passo deste trabalho foi otimizar a técnica de macroarranjos utilizando-se colônias bacterianas. Os arranjos foram construídos com o auxílio do robô Q-Bot. Células bacterianas contendo clones de cDNA de cana-de-açúcar foram arranjadas em duplicata em membranas de náilon e crescidas por 6 e 12 horas. Como resultado, concluiu-se que é possível estudar a expressão gênica em larga-escala usando macroarranjos de colônias bacterianas crescidas por 6 horas. Na segunda parte, o objetivo foi identificar genes de defesa em duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.), em resposta ao herbívoro Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). A cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a agricultura brasileira e para a economia geral de muitos países em desenvolvimento. Estas plantas são atacadas por D. saccharalis, a mais importante praga desta cultura, causando significativas perdas econômicas. Como é sabido, as plantas desenvolveram complexas estratégias para se protegerem do ataque de insetos-praga. As variedades SP80-3280 (susceptível) e SP81-3250 (tolerante) de cana-de-açúcar foram expostas à D. saccharalis. Plantas submetidas à lagarta e plantas controle foram coletadas em 0.5, 6, 12 e 24 horas de experimento. As análises permitiram a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos em resposta à lagarta nas duas variedades. Foram analisados o tempo, dinâmica e regulação da expressão de 3.840 clones do SUCEST, os quais foram crescidos na membrana de náilon por 6 horas. Estes ESTs foram agrupados em dezesseis classes: metabolismo de aminoácidos, crescimento/desenvolvimento, metabolismo de proteínas, metabolismo de RNA, metabolismo secundário, resposta à diferentes condições de estresse, transporte, bioenergética, transdução de sinal, dinâmica celular, metabolismo de DNA, metabolismo de lipídios, elementos móveis, metabolismo de nitrogênio, sulfato e fosfato, metabolismo de nucleotídeos e função não determinada (ND). Estes resultados ajudam elucidar as estratégias de defesa desenvolvidas pela cana-de-açúcar para evitar os danos causados por esta praga. Neste estudo, os dados do macroarray revelaram 580 ESTs com expressão aumentada, oriundos das duas variedades. Estes resultados são importantes não somente porque este é o primeiro estudo em larga-escala da expressão gênica de uma monocotiledônea em resposta ao ataque de herbívoros, mas também porque permite a comparação dos perfis de expressão entre genótipos susceptível e tolerante de cana-de-açúcar. Este estudo abre possibilidades para a engenharia genética de plantas de cana-de-açúcar inseto-resistentes e também para o uso destes genes como marcadores moleculares em programas de melhoramento assistido. / Large-scale sequencing and the application of expressed sequence tag (EST) technology has led to the identification of hundreds of thousands of genomic sequences from various organisms. Through projects like the Sugarcane Expressed Sequence Tag (SUCEST), DNA arrays technology could be applied in monitoring gene expression. The first step of this work was to optimize the macroarray technique with bacterial colonies. Arrays were robotically constructed (Q-Bot). Bacterial cells carrying sugarcane cDNA clones were arrayed in duplicate onto nylon membrane and grown for 6 and 12 hours. As a result, we conclude that is possible to study the gene expression in large-scale using macroarray through bacterial colony that grown for 6 hours. The second part of this work was to study how different two sugarcane varieties (Saccharum sp.) are in response resistance against Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Sugarcane is of great importance for Brazilian’s agriculture and for the general economy of many tropical developing countries. These plants are attacked by D. saccharalis, the most important insect pest of sugarcane, causing significant economic losses. As it is well known, plants have evolved complex defense strategies to protect them in opposition to attack by insects. The varieties SP80-3280 (susceptible) and SP81-3250 (tolerant) were exposed to D. saccharalis. Plants materials from plants with the borer and control plants (without the borer) were collected at 0.5, 6, 12 and 24 hours time points. The analysis revealed genes differentially expressed in response to sugarcane borer in both varieties. We analyzed the timing, dynamics, and regulation of the expression of 3,840 SUCEST clones, which were grown on a nylon membrane for 6 h. These ESTs was grouped into 16 broad categories: amino-acid metabolism, plant grow and development, protein metabolism, RNA metabolism, secondary metabolism, stress response, transport, bioenergetics, signal transduction, cellular dynamics, DNA metabolism, lipid, fatty-acid metabolism, mobile genetic elements, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and the group matched to unable to classify, which no indication of the function of the gene product are known. These results help to elucidate the defense strategies developed by sugarcane in order to prevent against insect damage. In this study, macroarray analyses revealed 580 ESTs with increased expression, from both varieties. These results are important not only because this is the first large-scale gene expression study of a monocot in response to insect attack, but also because it allows the comparison of the gene expression pattern between susceptible and tolerant genotypes. This study opens possibilities for genetically-engineering of insect-resistant sugarcane and for using these genes as molecular markers in conventional breeding programs.
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Aspectos biológicos e comportamentais de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em genótipos de tomateiro e sua relação com o Tomato severe rugose virus / Biological and behavioural aspects of Bemisia tabaci B biotype (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato genotypes and its relation to Tomato severe rugose virus

Narita, João Paulo Ziotti 24 June 2016 (has links)
Insetos vetores de fitopatógenos são responsáveis por causarem perdas significativas na agricultura, principalmente por disseminarem microrganismos que provocam doenças nas plantas hospedeiras. A mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B é um inseto praga de relevante importância na cultura do tomate, capaz de transmitir diversos vírus nessa cultura. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar a resistência à transmissão do begomovírus Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) por B. tabaci biótipo B em genótipos de tomateiro com e sem aplicação do inseticida sintético ciantraniliprole; conhecer melhor acerca das interações inseto-planta através de experimentos de atratividade quanto à alimentação e oviposição do inseto e de comportamento de prova de adultos virulíferos de B. tabaci biótipo B em genótipos de tomateiro monitorados por Electrical penetration graph (EPG). Foram selecionados cinco genótipos de tomateiro: \'Santa Clara\' (suscetível à mosca-branca), \'Ivety\' e \'Carina TY\' (resistentes a ToSRV), LA1335 e LA716 (resistentes à mosca-branca), para um experimento inicial para selecionar o genótipo mais suscetível ao inseto e ao vírus, o mais resistente ao vírus, e o mais resistente ao inseto para condução dos demais experimentos. Selecionou-se \'Santa Clara\' (suscetível a ambos os organismos), \'Ivety\' (resistente a ToSRV) e LA716 (resistente ao inseto). No experimento de atratividade, ficou demonstrado que LA716 repeliu as moscas-brancas, sendo o menos atrativo, seguido de \'Ivety\' e depois \'Santa Clara\' que foi o genótipo que apresentou maior número de moscas-brancas. Os três genótipos tratados com o inseticida ciantraniliprole, e o genótipo LA716 não tratado (resistência genética isoladamente) conseguiram reduzir a inoculação de ToSRV pelas moscas-brancas e provocar alta mortalidade dos insetos. Ademais, os genótipos tratados com ciantraniliprole, e \'Ivety\' não tratado apresentaram menor severidade de ToSRV do que \'Santa Clara\', o mais suscetível. Através da técnica de EPG, ficou evidenciado que LA716 e o tratamento dos três genótipos com ciantraniliprole promoveram efeitos semelhantes em B. tabaci biótipo B, em que houve redução do número de eventos da onda np, de prova, da onda C e da onda G por inseto, além de reduzir significativamente a proporção de indivíduos que realizaram as ondas pd, E1, E2, F, G, ingestão no floema por tempo prolongado, provas curtas, e aumentar a duração da onda np e reduzir a duração do tempo de prova, onda C, número de provas curtas e número de E2 prolongado por inseto. Ainda, a integração da resistência de LA716 com ciantraniliprole promoveu efeitos adicionais, como a redução da proporção de moscas-brancas que realizaram prova, onda C e G, em relação aos genótipos não tratados com o inseticida, e aumento da duração da onda np, prova e C por evento. Pela análise dos resultados, pode-se concluir que LA716 é altamente resistente a B. tabaci biótipo B. Além de ser menos atrativo, o genótipo proporciona efeitos semelhantes ao inseticida ciantraniliprole quanto à alta mortalidade de moscas-brancas, à redução da incidência de ToSRV, e à ação negativa sobre o comportamento de prova do inseto. A associação da resistência genética de LA716 com ciantraniliprole é interessante para o manejo da transmissão de ToSRV, por promover efeitos adicionais. / Insect vectors of phytopathogens are responsible by significant losses in agriculture, especially by disseminating microorganisms that cause diseases in host plants. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci B biotype is an important pest in the tomato crop, capable to transmit several virus in this crop. Thus, this study aimed to: verify the resistance to the transmission of the begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) by B. tabaci B biotype in tomato genotypes treated and non treated with the insecticide cyantraniliprole; know about insectplant interactions through experiments of feeding and oviposition attractiveness by the insect and probe behaviour of viruliferous adults of B. tabaci biotype B in tomato genotypes monitored by Electrical penetration graph (EPG). It was selected five tomato genotypes: \'Santa Clara\' (susceptible to the whitefly), \'Ivety\' and \'Carina TY\' (resistant to ToSRV), LA1335 and LA716 (resistant to the whitefly), to an initial experiment to select the most susceptible genotype to the insect and to the virus, the most resistant to the virus, and the most resistant to the insect for carry out the others experiments. Thus, it was selected \'Santa Clara\' (susceptible to both organisms), \'Ivety\' (resistant to ToSRV) and LA716 (resistant to the insect). The attractiveness experiment showed that LA716 repelled the whiteflies, which was considered the least attractive, followed by \'Ivety\', and after \'Santa Clara\' which had the largest total number of whiteflies. The three cyantraniliprole treated genotypes, and the nontreated genotype LA716 (genetic resistance isolated) were able to reduce ToSRV inoculation by the whiteflies and to cause high mortality of insects, moreover, the cyantraniliprole treated genotypes, and non-treated \'Ivety\' had less ToSRV severity than \'Santa Clara\', the most susceptible. Through the EPG technique, it was clear that LA716 and the treatment of the three genotypes with cyantraniliprole promoted similar effects in B. tabaci B biotype, in which there was reduction of the number of events of waveform np, probe, waveform C and waveform G per insect, besides of reducting significantly the proportion of individuals that performed the waveforms pd, E1, E2, F, G, ingestion into phloem for long time, short probes, and increase the duration of the waveform np and reduce the duration of probe, waveform C, number of short probes and number of sustained E2 per insect. Moreover, the integration of the LA716 resistance with cyantraniliprole promoted additional effects, such as the reduction of the proportion of whiteflies that performed probe, waveform C and G, in relation to the non-treated genotypes, and an increasing in the duration of waveform np, probe and waveform C per event. Analyzing the results, it can be concluded that LA716 is highly resistant to B. tabaci biotype B. Besides of being less attractive, the genotype promotes similar effects to the insecticide cyantraniliprole considering the high mortality of whiteflies, the reduction of ToSRV incidence, and the negative effects in probing behaviour of the insect. The association of LA716 genetic resistance with cyantraniliprole is interesting to the ToSRV transmission management by promoting additional effects.
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Meloidoginoses da cultura do tabaco: identificação de espécies, caracterização de isolados e reação de genótipos de Nicotiana spp. a Meloidogyne enterolobii / Meloidogyne diseases in tobacco crops: identification of species, characterization of isolates and evaluation of Nicotiana spp. accessions for resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii

Araujo Filho, Jeronimo Vieira de 21 November 2012 (has links)
Espécies de Meloidogyne constituem o principal grupo de fitonematoides causadores de doenças em plantas. São espécies polífagas, distribuídas mundialmente e que se reproduzem profusamente nas mais variadas culturas agrícolas. O fumo não figura exceção, sendo severamente afetado por tais vermes. Globalmente, o controle destas moléstias é realizado essencialmente pela incorporação, em cultivares comerciais, de um único gene de resistência encontrado em Nicotiana tomentosa (gene Rk) e sabidamente efetivo contra às raças 1 e 3 de M. incognita. Todavia, a frequente ocorrência de plantas sintomáticas em cultivos nacionais sugere a existência de outros genótipos de Meloidogyne como agentes etiológicos da doença atualmente. Neste ensejo, realizou-se, no presente estudo, um levantamento das espécies de Meloidogyne ocorrentes em 39 áreas de plantio de fumo na região Sul do Brasil, em cultivares portadoras do gene Rk. Para isto, populações oriundas de raízes infectadas foram estabelecidas e mantidas em plantas de tomate e indivíduos das mesmas foram identificados em nível de espécie por meio da análise de isoenzimas (&alpha;-esterases), da observação de configurações perineais e do sequenciamento da região 18S-ITS1-5.8S do RNA ribossomal. Isolados obtidos a partir destas populações foram estabelecidos a partir de uma única massa de ovos, mantidos em plantas de tomate, agrupados em espécies com base nestes resultados e analisados quanto à patogenicidade em hospedeiros diferenciais e frente a várias características morfométricas. Identificaram-se M. incognita em dezoito amostras (46,2%), M. enterolobii em dez (25,6%), M. javanica em treze (33,3%), M. arenaria em duas (5,1%) e M. inornata em uma (2,6%). Populações mistas também foram encontradas (25,6%). Duas populações (5,1%) morfológica e bioquimicamente atípicas (LGM 27 e LGM 38) foram encontradas, mas com espectro de patogenicidade e sequências de 18S-ITS1-5.8S idênticas a M. enterolobii e M. incognita, respectivamente. Variações intra-específicas foram observadas sob o âmbito patogênico e morfométrico, porém geralmente próximas às suas descrições originais. M. incognita raça 2 foi predominante (79%) e variantes de M. enterolobii foi fato comum (40%). Tendo em vista a elevada ocorrência de M. enterolobii neste levantamento e a escassez de informações acerca de fontes de resistência a esta espécie, buscou-se, também, caracterizar, com base em índice de galhas (IG), a reação (resistência/suscetibilidade) de 97 acessos perante M. enterolobii. Destes, 7 genótipos (J102007T10, J1612008T12, J1612008T34, I112008T97, I112008T98, I112008T99 e I112008T100) foram identificados e avaliados em um segundo experimento. Estes mostraram-se como fontes promissoras de resistência, haja vista que exibiram valores baixos de severidade (IG<1,0). Diante dos resultados, depreende-se a necessidade de incluir resistência a biótipos virulentos, máxime raça 2, de M. incognita, a M. javanica, a M. arenaria e a M. enterolobii em cultivares comerciais. Sob este aspecto, este estudo definiu fontes de resistência para M. enterolobii, constituindo informação inédita na literatura fitonematológica. / Meloidogyne species are undoubtedly the major group of plant parasitic nematodes. Meloidogyne species are polyphagous, worldwide distributed and reproduce profusely in various agronomical crops. Tobacco crop is not an exception, being severely affected by these worms. Worldwide, the control of these diseases is based mainly on the incorporation in commercial cultivars of a single resistance gene found in Nicotiana tomentosa (gene Rk) and known to be effective against races 1 and 3 of M. incognita. However, the frequent occurrence of symptomatic plants in tobacco crops suggests the existence of other genotypes of Meloidogyne as etiological agents of the disease today. Therefore, our study aimed to perform a survey of Meloidogyne species occurring in 39 tobacco growing areas in Southern Brazil, in cultivars carrying the Rk gene. For this, Meloidogyne populations obtained from infected roots were established, maintained on tomato plants and specimens were identified at specific level by isoenzyme analysis (&alpha;-esterase), by analysis of perineal patterns and by sequencing of the 18S- ITS1-5.8S ribosomal RNA region. Isolates obtained from these populations were established from a single egg mass, maintained in tomato plants, grouped into species based on these results and analyzed for host range (pathogenicity) and several morphometric characteristics. From the total of samples, eighteen (46.2%) contained M. incognita, ten (25.6%) M. enterolobii, thirteen (33.3%) M. javanica, one (2.6%) M. arenaria and one (2.6%) M. inornata. Mixed populations were also found in 25.6% of the samples. Two populations (LGM 27 e LGM 38) (5.1%) were morphologically and biochemically atypical, but with host ranges and ITS1-5.8S-18S sequences identical to M. enterolobii and M. incognita, respectively. Intraspecific variations were observed in relation to host range and morphometric characters, but usually close to their original descriptions. M. incognita race 2 was predominant (79%) and strains of M. enterolobii were common fact (40%). Due to the high incidence of M. enterolobii found in this survey and the absence of information about resistance sources to this species, we characterized, based on gall index (GI), the reactions (resistance/susceptibility) of 97 accession of Nicotiana spp. to M. enterolobii. Seven genotypes (J102007T10, J1612008T12, J1612008T34, I112008T97, I112008T98, and I112008T99 I112008T100) were identified and evaluated in a second experiment. These were considered promising sources of resistance, once they exhibited low severity values (IG <1.0). From of our results, it is obviously necessary to include resistance to virulent biotypes (mainly race 2) of M. incognita, M. javanica, M. enterolobii and M. arenaria in commercial cultivars. This study defined resistance sources for M. enterolobii thus providing novel information for the literature related to plant nematodes.

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