Since six decades the understanding of interplanetary propagation of solar flare accelerated, energetic charged particles in the inner heliosphere has not yet achieved sufficient closure. The essential mechanisms acting on these charged particles, which perform helical orbits along the large-scale magnetic field lines as probes, have already been identified. However, in particular the impact of the three-dimensional, small-scale magnetic fluctuations on the particles' trajectories has not yet been fully understood. These superimposed disturbances are expected to interact with the charges via resonance principle – leading to both field-aligned scattering and diffusive cross-field displacements of the particles' guiding center. Since numerical solutions and known theoretical formulations have failed to verify the measurements so far, Ruffolo's equation – which is a special formulation of the Fokker-Planck equation – is applied to take account of the current knowledge about field-parallel transport; The partial differential equation is extended to a two-dimensional model within the ecliptic plane by a spatial diffusion term perpendicular to the field. We assume an idealized Archimedean field neither with polarity changes nor large-scale disturbances such as traveling magneto-hydrodynamic shock waves or magnetic clouds. The transport equation is solved numerically by finite differences. For typical ratios of perpendicular to parallel diffusion coefficient as deduced from theory, various fits have been found in good agreement with multi-spacecraft measurements. Some events and the occurrence of observed sudden flux drop-outs suggest that scattering on magnetic field irregularities significantly varies from one flux tube to another. In addition to the already existing, but sparse set of particle observations at different positions, once the current solar minimum has passed by, a new set will be available from the recently launched STEREO satellites.

La reconnexion magnétique est un processus fondamental de conversion d'énergie qui se produit dans les plasmas spatiaux ainsi que dans les plasmas de laboratoire. La reconnexion a lieu dans des couches de courant très fines et a comme conséquence la reconfiguration de la topologie magnétique et la conversion d'énergie magnétique dans l'accélération et le réchauffement des particules. Actuellement, le rôle de la reconnexion magnétique est reconnue comme un processus majeur dans l’environnement Soleil-Terre, depuis la couronne solaire jusque dans vent solaire, dans la magnétogaine ainsi qu'à la magnétopause et dans la queue magnétique. La reconnexion se déclenche dans la région de diffusion électronique. Dans cette région, les électrons se démagnétisent et sont accélérés par les champs électriques de reconnexion. Malgré les progrès déterminants dans la compréhension du processus de la reconnexion magnétique qui ont été accomplis grâce à l'utilisation des mesures in-situ en synergie avec les simulations numériques, la physique de la région de diffusion aux échelles électroniques est encore largement inconnue. Ce n'est que dans les dernières années, avec le lancement de la mission Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) et l'impressionnant augmentation des capacités de calcul des superordinateurs, que la dynamique de la région de diffusion électronique a commencée à être comprise. Une des questions fondamentales - qui reste encore sans réponse - est de comprendre si la structure de la région de diffusion électronique est homogène ou hétérogène aux échelles électroniques et même au-dessous de ces échelles.La finalité de ma recherche est d’avancer dans la compréhension de la structure de la région de diffusion des électrons avec deux approches diffèrent : les observations par satellites et simulations numériques complètement cinétique de type Vlasov.La première partie de ce mémoire présente les observations issus des satellites MMS en traversant la magnétopause en proximité du point sub-solaire et avec une séparation très petite entre les satellites ($sim 6$ km) i.e. comparable à la longueur d'inertie des électrons $d_e sim 2$ km.L’analyse des donnée montre que la région de diffusion électronique n'est pas homogène en terme de courant électrique et de champ électrique aux échelles électroniques et que la distribution spatiale de la conversion d'énergie est irrégulière aux échelles électroniques. Ces observations indiquent que la structure de la région de diffusion électronique peut être bien plus compliquée que ce qu'indiquent des études expérimentales antérieures et les simulations numériques de type PIC.La présente analyse des données MMS a souligné la nécessité de réaliser des simulations avec une résolution spatiale plus élevée et un bruit numérique négligeable - en particulier pour le champ électrique - pour progresser dans la compréhension des processus cinétiques qui interviennent aux échelles électroniques. En poursuivant cette motivation, la deuxième partie du mémoire est consacrée à l'étude de la région de diffusion électronique en utilisant un nouveaux modèle Eulérien Vlasov-Darwin complètement cinétique qui nous avons implémenté dans le code numérique ViDA. Le code ViDA a été spécifiquement conçu pour perfectionner notre compréhension de la dynamique des plasmas non collisionnels aux échelles cinétiques en donnant accès aux détails de la fonction de distribution électronique dans l’espace de phase. Une première partie est consacrée aux tests du code avec une simulation 2D de la reconnexion magnétique symétrique. Les données de simulation avec bruit négligeable ont été utilisées par la suite pour étudier la contribution des différents termes qui forment la loi d’Ohm dans la région de diffusion électronique. Nous avons traité en particulier la contribution du terme d’inertie électronique qui est responsable de la démagnétisation des électrons. / Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental energy conversion process occurring in space and laboratory plasmas. Reconnection takes place in thin current sheets leading to thereconfiguration of magnetic field topology and to conversion of magnetic energy into acceleration and heating of particles. Today reconnection is recognized to play a key role in the Earth-solar environment, from the solar corona to the solar wind, to magnetosheath, at the Earth's magnetopause, and in the magnetotail. Reconnection is initiated in the Electron Diffusion Region (EDR), where electrons decouple from the magnetic field and are energized by electric fields. Despite the very significant advances that have been made in the understanding of the magnetic reconnection process by means of in-situ measurements (notably provided by the Cluster mission) and by numerical simulations, the small electron scale physics of the dissipation region remains basically unsolved.It is only in the last years, with the launch of the Magnetospheric MultiScale mission (MMS) together with the recent impressive increasing of computational capabilities of supercomputers, that the dynamics of the Electron Diffusion Region has started to be enlightened. One of the key, yet still open questions, is whether the EDR has a preferred homogeneous or inhomogeneous structure at electron scales and below.The purpose of this Thesis is to advance in the understanding of the structure of the Electron Diffusion Region using two different approaches, notably MMS spacecraft observations and kinetic full Vlasov simulations. The first part presents MMS observations of an EDR encounter at the subsolar magnetopause when the four MMS probes were located at the smallest interspacecraft separationof $sim 6 $ km, which is comparable to a few electron inertial length ($d_e sim 2$ km).We find that the EDR is rather inhomogeneous at electron scales in terms of current density and electric field which appear to be different at different spacecraft. In addition, the pattern of the energy conversion is patchy, showing that the structure of the EDR at the magnetopause can be much more complex than it has been found in other MMS events and than it is usually depicted by kinetic PIC simulations.Our MMS data analysis has pointed out the need of simulations with better spatial resolution and low noise on the electron scales, in particular on the electric field, in order to better understand the kinetic physics at play at electron scales. Following this motivation, the second part of the Thesis aims at studying the EDR by using a novel fully-kinetic Eulerian Vlasov-Darwin model which we have implemented in the numerical ViDA code.The ViDA code is specifically designed to improve our understanding of the kinetic dynamics of collisionless plasma at electron scales by giving access to the fine phase space details of the electron distribution function. A first part is devoted to the testing of the code by performing 2D symmetric magnetic reconnection simulations. Then, low-noise simulation data have been used to investigate the contribution of the different terms in the Ohm's law in the EDR, focusing on the contribution of the electron inertia term which is responsible for the decoupling of the electron dynamics from the magnetic field.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20727号 / エネ博第355号 / 新制||エネ||70(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 中村 祐司, 教授 田中 仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Plasma turbulence associated with the creation of an artificial dust layer in the earth's ionosphere is investigated. The Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE) aims to understand the mechanisms for enhanced radar scatter from plasma irregularities embedded in dusty plasmas in space. Plasma irregularities embedded in a artificial dusty plasma in space may shed light on understanding the mechanism for enhanced radar scatter in Noctilucent Clouds (NLCs) and Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSEs) in the earth's mesosphere. Artificially created, charged-particulate layers also have strong impact on radar scatter as well as radio signal propagation in communication and surveillance systems. The sounding rocket experiment was designed to develop theories of radar scatter from artificially created plasma turbulence in charged dust particle environment. Understanding plasma irregularities embedded in a artificial dusty plasma in space will also contribute to addressing possible effects of combustion products in rocket/space shuttle exhaust in the ionosphere. In dusty space plasmas, plasma irregularities and instabilities can be generated during active dust aerosol release experiments. Small scale irregularities (several tens of centimeter to meters) and low frequency waves (in the ion/dust scale time in the order of second) are studied in this work, which can be measured by High Frequency (HF), Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radars. The existence of dust aerosol particles makes computational modeling of plasma irregularities extremely challenging not only because of multiple spatial and temporal scale issue but also due to complexity of dust aerosol particles. This work will provide theoretical and computational models to study plasma irregularities driven by dust aerosol release for the purpose of designing future experiments with combined ground radar, optical and in-situ measurement. In accordance with linear analysis, feasible hybrid computational models are developed to study nonlinear evolution of plasma instabilities in artificially created dusty space plasmas. First of all, the ion acoustic (IA) instability and dust acoustic (DA) instability in homogenous unmagnetized plasmas are investigated by a computational model using a Boltzmann electron assumption. Such acoustic-type instabilities are attributed to the charged dust and ion streaming along the geomagnetic field. Secondly, in a homogenous magnetized dusty plasma, lower-hybrid (LH) streaming instability will be generated by dust streaming perpendicular to the background geomagnetic field. The magnetic field effect on lower-hybrid streaming instabilities is investigated by including the ratio of electron plasma frequency and electron gyro frequency in this model. The instability in weakly magnetized circumstances agree well with that for the ion acoustic (IA) instability by a Boltzmann model. Finally, in an inhomogeneous unmagnetized/magnetized dust boundary layer, possible instabilities will be addressed, including dust acoustic (DA) wave due to flow along the boundary and lower-hybrid (LH) sheared instability due to flow cross the boundary. With applications to active rocket experiments, plasma irregularity features in a linear/nonlinear saturated stage are characterized and predicted. Important parameters of the dust aerosol clouds that impact the evolution of waves will be also discussed for upcoming dust payload generator design. These computational models, with the advantage of following nonlinear wave-particle interaction, could be used for space dusty plasmas as well as laboratory dusty plasmas. / Ph. D.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The work described in this thesis is concerned with the experimental investigation of the acceleration of high energy proton pulses generated by relativistic laser-plasma interaction and their application. Using the high intensity 150 TW Ti:sapphire based ultra-short pulse laser Draco, a laser-driven proton source was set up and characterized. Conducting experiments on the basis of the established target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) process, proton energies of up to 20 MeV were obtained. The reliable performance of the proton source was demonstrated in the first direct and dose controlled comparison of the radiobiological effectiveness of intense proton pulses with that of conventionally generated continuous proton beams for the irradiation of in vitro tumour cells. As potential application radiation therapy calls for proton energies exceeding 200 MeV. Therefore the scaling of the maximum proton energy with laser power was investigated and observed to be near-linear for the case of ultra-short laser pulses. This result is attributed to the efficient predominantly quasi-static acceleration in the short acceleration period close to the target rear surface. This assumption is furthermore confirmed by the observation of prominent non-target-normal emission of energetic protons reflecting an asymmetry in the field distribution of promptly accelerated electrons generated by using oblique laser incidence or angularly chirped laser pulses. Supported by numerical simulations, this novel diagnostic reveals the relevance of the initial prethermal phase of the acceleration process preceding the thermal plasma sheath expansion of TNSA. During the plasma expansion phase, the efficiency of the proton acceleration can be improved using so called reduced mass targets (RMT). By confining the lateral target size which avoids the dilution of the expanding sheath and thus increases the strength of the accelerating sheath fields a significant increase of the proton energy and the proton yield was observed.

Ultracold neutral plasmas are created by photoionizing laser-cooled atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Due to their large electrical potential energies and comparatively small kinetic energies, ultracold plasmas fall into a regime of plasma systems which are called “strongly coupled.” A priority in the field of ultracold plasmas is to generate plasmas with higher values of the strong coupling parameter Γ, which is given as the ratio of the nearest-neighbor Coulomb potential energy to the average kinetic energy. The equilibrium strong coupling in ultracold plasmas is limited by the ultrafast relaxation of the ions due to spatial disorder in the initial system. This heating mechanism is called “disorder-induced heating” (DIH) and it limits the ion strong coupling in ultracold plasmas to order unity. This thesis describes experiments that explore ways to generate higher values of the strong coupling parameter in an ultracold neutral calcium plasma.One way to increase Γ is to mitigate the effects of DIH using electron screening. This thesis describes an experiment in which the initial electron temperature was systematically changed to determine the effect that electron screening has on the ion thermalization. At lower initial electron temperatures, corresponding to a higher degree of electron shielding, it was found that the screening slows the ion thermalization and reduces the equilibrium ion temperature by as much as a factor of two. However, electron screening also reduces the ion interaction strength by the same amount, which has the net effect of leaving the effective Γ unchanged.Another method for increasing the strong coupling of an ultracold plasma is to excite the plasma ions to a higher ionization state. Simulations predict that doubly ionizing the plasma ions can increase the strong coupling in an ultracold plasma by as much as a factor of 4, with the maximum value of Γ depending on the timing of the second ionization relative to the DIH process. This thesis describes an experiment designed to test these predictions in a Ca2+ plasma. Measurements of the change in the Ca+ ion temperature as a function of the timing of the second ionization pulses were made using laser-induced fluorescence. Results of these measurements show that the heating of the Ca+ ions due to the second ionization depends on the timing of the second ionization pulses, as predicted by MD simulations.