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While Aluminium has lots of unique properties and is seen as a material of the future, its production and manufacturing has significant environmental impacts. For complex and dimensional shapes casting remains the main manufacturing method and in this study the environmental pressure of different casting techniques is compared. A screening LCA is conducted to determine the environmental impacts of plaster mould castings in a case study at the Ventana Hackås AB foundry in Mid Sweden. The findings are compared to models of sand, pressure die and lost wax castings, based on literature datasets. The most relevant factors for the environmental performance are identified as the production of the aluminium alloy and the amount and source of energy. For plaster mould castings additionally the plaster consumption is significant, while lost wax castings are dominated by the mould production and general processes. Under similar circumstances a relatively similar performance was found for all casting techniques except the lost wax process, which is at least 3 times more emission intensive. Of the remaining techniques pressure die castings performed the best and plaster mould castings the worst, but different sources of uncertainties have been identified in this comparison. In addition a carbon footprint interface is created based on these findings, to enable specific comparisons of different casting method setups. Customizable variables allow the adaptation of three scenarios to real world conditions. As the main influencing factors the aluminium alloy, source of electricity and casting technique have been identified. / <p>2018-10-10</p>

The diploma thesis dealt with the possibilities of of utilization fiber-based and secondary easy-renewable raw sources in the production of lightweight building materials. The theoretical part includes literature search of the researches, which dealt with this issue. Appropriate sources of fibers were selected within the theoretical part and the findings were used in the practical part of the thesis. Within the practical part laboratory measurements and subsequent selection of the most suitable fibers were performed. Laboratory measurements and subsequent selection of the most suitable fibers were performed in the practical part. Subsequently, designs of thermal insulating plasters (with the possibility of using as repairing plasters) were made on the basis of lightweight glass aggregate, to which the production of test specimens was connected. Laboratory tests were performed on fresh and hardened mortars and subsequently evaluated. In conclusion, an economic evaluation and assessment of the competitiveness of the proposed plasters was carried out.

Les travaux s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la protection contre la propagation d’incendie. On distingue les protections actives,regroupant l’ensemble des actions allant de la détection d’un incendie à l’intervention des secours, des protections passivesparties intégrantes de la structure des bâtiments. Ces protections peuvent être appliquées directement sur les structures à protéger par projection, ou venir les recouvrir au moyen de panneaux plus ou moins épais assemblés. L’assemblage de panneaux permet également de former des conduits de ventilation ou de désenfumage. Les travaux entrepris portent sur la caractérisation du comportement de matériaux minéraux dédiés à la construction sous chargement thermique sévère. Le cas de liants hydratés homogènes fortement perméables est particulièrement étudié et les matériaux à base de sulfate de calcium en est l’illustration. En effet, la faible conductivité thermique et la capacité de chaleur latente du plâtre représentent des critères importantspour limiter dans le temps les transferts thermiques. Cependant, son utilisation est limitée par ses faibles propriétésmécaniques. Afin d’identifier et de comprendre les différents mécanismes entrant en jeu lors d’une élévation de température de type incendie, une caractérisation multi-échelle a été développée sur des matériaux à base de gypse. Les travaux sont réalisés avec un plâtre pris fabriqué à partir d’un hémihydrate β naturel gâché à l’eau. A la micro-échelle, la composition du produit de base et ses propriétés thermiques ont été étudiées. Une attention particulière a été portée à lidentification des cinétiques de changements de phases. A la méso-échelle, une caractérisation mécanique et structurale est réalisée à température ambiante. Des essais thermogravimétriques sont également développés : (i) sur des échantillons cylindriques en condition isotherme, ce qui permet d’y associer une analyse dilatométrique et une caractérisation après refroidissement des résistances mécaniques et de la porosité ; (ii) sur des échantillons sphériques, à rampe de chauffe imposée, pour étudier les cinétiques de transferts pour une chauffe isotrope. Le rôle de la micro-échelle est mis en avant pour chaque configuration.A la macro-échelle, nous travaillons avec des panneaux plans dont une des faces est sollicitée thermiquement par élévationde température normalisée : ISO 834. La configuration d’étudeest horizontale. Une caractérisation du comportementthermique, hydrique, chimique, structurale et mécanique est alors mise en oeuvre. L’analyse du comportement espacetempspermet de distinguer l’influence de la température dansl’avancement de la déshydratation mais également le rôle desvitesses de chauffe et de la micro-échelle. Ces travaux se terminent par la caractérisation multi-échelle de mélanges plâtre-fumée de silice. Ces formulations permettent notamment d’améliorer la tenue du matériau à haute température et ainsi de prolonger la durée de protection / The presented works is part of the study of protection against fire propagation. Two kinds of protections are distinguished : active protection, from detection to help the interventions of the firemen and passive protection. Passive protection is directly linked to the building structure. This protection can be directly applied to the structures to protect by projection or can be used under panel-forms to recover them. The layout of those panels can constitute ventilation ducts and smoke extraction ducts. Present research works focuses on the characterisation of the behaviour of mineral materials dedicated to the construction under severe thermal load. Homogeneous hydrated and highly permeable binders are particularly studied like material based on calcium sulphate. Indeed, the low thermal conductivity and the capacity of latent heat of the plaster are important criteria to delay the thermal transfers. However, its use is limited due to its low mechanical properties. To identify and understand mechanisms involved during a fire event, a multi-scale characterisation is developed with the use of gypsum-based materials. Works have been undertaken with gypsum, prepared from a natural β-hemihydrate mixed with water. At micro-scale, the composition of raw material and its thermal properties are studied. A particular attention was carried out the identification of the kinetics of phases transitions. At meso-scale, mechanical and structural characterisations are carried out at room temperature. Thermo-gravimetric tests are also developed: i) on cylindrical samples under isothermal condition. Shrinkage properties are analysed and, after cooling, a characterisation of the mechanical resistances and the porosity are carried out; ii) on spherical samples, with imposed heating rate, to study the transfer kinetics under isotropic temperature increase. The contribution of micro-scale is highlighted for each configuration. At macro-scale, investigations are done with plasterboard from which one face is exposed to a normalized temperature rise (ISO 834). The retained configuration is horizontal. The behaviour is described by a combined study of thermal, hydric, chemical, structural and mechanical properties. The space-time behaviour analysis allows distinguishing the influence of the temperature on the dehydration progress but also the influence of the heating rate and the micro-scale. The last part is dedicated to a multi-scale characterisation of plaster and silica fume mixtures. Those formulations allow in particular to improve the fire behaviour of the material and so to extend the duration of protection

Digital image correlation techniques (DICT), a non-contact deformation measuring technique based on gray value digital images, have become increasingly used over the last years. By using the DIC technique during a tensile test, the deformation behavior of different engineering material under an applied load can be determined and analyzed. Digital images, acquired from a tensile test, can be correlated by using DICT software and from that the local or global mechanical properties can be calculated. The local or global mechanical properties determination of a flat test specimens are based on the displacements or changes in a previous stochastic sprayed or natural pattern. The used material for this purpose is cast silicon (Si) based aluminium (Al) component, designated as AlSi7Mg0.3 (Anticorodal-78 dv). The hypoeutectic Al- Si alloy is widely applicable for engine constructions, vehicle and aerospace constructions, shipbuilding, electrical engineering and constructions for food industry. There are many microstructural parameters in a binary system Al- Si alloys, which the mechanical properties can be depended on, for instance phase distribution, Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS), morphology of Si particles (Roundness) and microscopic defects or pores. All these parameters can contribute to enhance the proper mechanical performance (e.g. Strength and ductility) in the Al-Si cast components.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JaqueligiaBS_Capa_ate_referencias.pdf: 4148676 bytes, checksum: c08764d974461ebcf86494a06a296078 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In building, during the implementation process of major or even minor works, there is a considerable waste of plaster in the steps of coating, making it is a negative factor because of the loss of these processes constructive remains incorporated into buildings, as component, whose final dimensions are higher than those projected. Another negative factor is the disposal of waste gypsum in inappropriate places, thus contributing to the degradation of environmental quality, due to the leaching of this waste and may trigger the formation of sulfuric acid. Therefore, based on this picture, processing and reuse of waste coating, combined with the ceramics industry, which is a strong potential in the reuse of certain types of waste, promote mutual benefits. Thus the overall objective of this work is to conduct a search with scientific and technological aspects, to determine the effect of the incorporation of the residue of plaster for coating, from the building, the formulation of bodies for red ceramic. The residue of plaster coating was collected and characterized. They were also selected raw materials of two ceramic poles of the state of Rio Grande do Norte and formulations have been made with the intention of obtaining those with the best physical and mechanical properties, the residue was added the percentage of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%, in the best formulation of ceramic industry 1 and, according the properties analyses, 5%, 10% and 15% as the best results of ceramic industry 2. The samples were sintered at temperatures of 850 ?C, 950 ?C and 1050 ?C, the heating rate of 5 ?C / min with isotherm of two hours. They were submitted to testing technology, such as lineal shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent density and bending resistence. The residue incorporation best results in the formulations of mass in red ceramic, were observed between the temperatures of 850 ?C and 950 ?C, in those formulations that have illite clays and medium plastic in their composition, in the range of 0% to 15% residue incorporated / Na constru??o civil, durante o processo de execu??o de grandes ou at? mesmo pequenas obras, h? um desperd?cio consider?vel de gesso nas etapas de revestimento, tornando-se este um fator negativo, pois parte das perdas destes processos construtivos permanece incorporada nas constru??es, na forma de componentes, cujas dimens?es finais s?o superiores ?quelas projetadas. Outro fator negativo ? a disposi??o dos res?duos de gesso em locais inadequados, contribuindo assim para a degrada??o da qualidade ambiental, devido ao processo de lixivia??o deste res?duo, podendo desencadear na forma??o de ?cido sulf?rico. Baseado neste panorama, a transforma??o e o reaproveitamento dos res?duos de revestimento, aliada ? ind?stria da cer?mica, que ? um forte potencial no reaproveitamento de alguns tipos de res?duos, promoveria benef?cios m?tuos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi de realizar uma pesquisa com aspectos cient?ficos e tecnol?gicos, para verificar o efeito da incorpora??o do res?duo de gesso para revestimento, proveniente da constru??o civil, na formula??o de massas para cer?mica vermelha. As mat?rias-primas foram coletadas de dois p?los cer?micos do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e formuladas com o intuito de obter aquelas com as melhores propriedades f?sicas e mec?nica, tendo sido incorporados os percentuais 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% e 30% de res?duo, na melhor formula??o da ind?stria cer?mica 1 e, de acordo com a an?lise dos seus resultados, de 5%, 10% e 15% na melhor formula??o da ind?stria cer?mica 2. As amostras foram sinterizadas ?s temperaturas de 850 ?C, 950 ?C e 1050 ?C, ? taxa de aquecimento de 5 ?C/min com isoterma de duas horas e submetidas a ensaios tecnol?gicos, como retra??o linear de queima, absor??o de ?gua, porosidade aparente, massa espec?fica aparente e resist?ncia mec?nica ? flex?o. Os melhores resultados de incorpora??o do res?duo nas formula??es de massa de cer?mica vermelha foram observados na faixa de temperatura de 850 ?C a 950 ?C, naquelas que possuem argilas il?ticas e medianamente pl?sticas em sua composi??o, na faixa de 0% a 15% de res?duo incorporado

L’importante augmentation de fluage des plaques de plâtre en milieu humide est un vieux problème dans l’industrie du bâtiment, dont l’origine n’est pas encore établie. Afin d’en comprendre le mécanisme une étude à trois échelles (macro : réponse mécanique, micro : cinétique de dissolution et nano : observation atomique) a été réalisée. Une corrélation forte existe entre le fluage du plâtre en immersion et la cinétique de dissolution du gypse. La concordance de cette corrélation avec une loi de déformation par dissolution sous contrainte, très utilisés en géologie, permet de proposer la dissolution sous contrainte comme un des mécanismes responsables du fluage du plâtre en immersion. L’évolution de la topographie de la surface du cristal de gypse immergé dans une solution aqueuse de gypse est observée par microscopie à force atomique (AFM). La cinétique de migration des marches atomiques est très dépendante de la sous-saturation de la solution, de la force d’appui de la pointe de l’AFM ainsi que des additifs utilisés. L’étude de l’influence de la force d’appui sur les vitesses des marches met en évidence la présence de deux mécanismes complètement différents. A fortes forces (> 15 nN) on observe un mécanisme d’usure de la surface, tandis qu’à faibles forces (< 10 nN) le mécanisme observé semble être la dissolution sous contrainte. L’évolution des vitesses des marches atomiques avec la force appliquée par la pointe est concordante avec une loi connue de dissolution sous contrainte. / The huge enhancement of the creep of plasterboard by humid environments is an old problem in the building industry, but its origin remains unknown. To understand this mechanism a three scales study (macro : mechanical behavior, micro : dissolution kinetics, nano : atomic observation) has been done. There is a strong correlation between wet plaster creep and gypsum dissolution kinetics. The concordance between this correlation and the law of deformation by pressure solution, well-known in geology, permits to propose pressure solution as one of the mechanisms responsible of wet plaster creep. The topological evolution of the cleaved surface of a gypsum single crystal during its dissolution in a flowing under-saturated aqueous solution has been observed with an atomic force microscope. The kinetics of step migration strongly depends on the saturation state of the solution, the force applied by the tip on the surface, as well as the used additives. The study of the influence of the force applied by the tip on the step velocity evidence two different dissolution enhancement regimes. At high forces (> 15 nN) a corrosive wear behavior is observed, while at low forces (< 10 nN) pressure solution is the observed mechanism. The step velocity evolution with the force obeys the known kinetic law of pressure solution.

This diploma thesis deals with processing of technological preparation of the polyfunctional building in Vyškov. The work includes a technical report, a time and financial plan of the construction, a study of the implementation of the main technological stages and an itemized budget for the main building. It also solves the project site equipment including design of construction machinery. It further elaborates the technical regulations for interior plaster, floor design and stacked ceiling for which a control and test plan is developed.

The subject of this final thesis is elaboration of revitalization of multifunctional building in Prostějov. The main building has one basement and five floors and two extensions in closed yard. Load bearing system of building is partly from rainforced concrete frame and partly from brickwork. Floor structures are made from rainfroced concrete constructions, main building has a pitched roof and extensions has a flat roofs.