Denna studie undersöker konsumenternas beteende vid köp av bärkassar i livsmedelsbutiker. Konsumtionen av bärkassar är ett problem på flera sätt, denna rapport kommer undersöka konsumenternas kunskap om resurs och energiåtgång vid tillverkning, miljömedvetet beteende och konsumenternas förslag till beteendeförändring vid konsumtion av bärkassar. Syftet är att undersöka om kunskap får konsumenten att agera på ett visst sätt. För att kunna utföra arbetet har en enkätundersökning utförts, både i en vald ICA butik och på Facebook. Enkäten innehöll frågor om konsumtionen, som till exempel vad konsumenterna brukar köpa för bärkasse och hur ofta. Även hur konsumenten tagit sig till butiken är av intresse likaväl konsumentens tidigare kunskaper om resursåtgång vid tillverkning kommer att frågas efter. Sist kommer konsumentens inställning till ett infört förbud efterfrågas och vad som skulle kunna få personen att minska sin egen konsumtion. Studien har kommit fram till att det inte finns några kunskapsskillnader mellan de som köper och de som inte köper bärkassar. Det finns alltså ett value-action gap, konsumenten är medveten om att konsumtionen inte är hållbar men agerar inte utefter sin kunskap. Det mest effektiva sättet att minska konsumtionen anses därmed inte vara bättre kunskap om miljöpåverkan. Istället föredras ett förbud mot plastpåsar baserade på olja. Följaktligen borde butiker endast erbjuda miljökassar och de svenska papperspåsarna. Relativt få av de som deltagit i enkäten är mot ett förbud av engångsbärkassar och eftersom även konsumtionen av miljökassar och svenska papperspåsar har en negativ miljöpåverkan är också minskad konsumtion av alla dessa att föredra. Detta kan åstadkommas med ett ökat pris. / This study examines consumers’ behavior in the purchase of grocery bags in food stores. Consumption of all types of bags is a problem in several ways, and this report will examine consumers’ knowledge about resource and energy use in manufacturing, pro-environmental behavior and consumers’ suggestions to behavioral change while purchasing grocery bags. The purpose is to investigate whether knowledge causes the consumer to act in a certain way. To achieve the purpose, a survey was conducted, both in a selected ICA store and on Facebook. The survey contained questions about consumption such as, what bag consumers usually buy and how often. Even how the consumer went to the store is of interest as well as the costumers’ knowledge previous to the study regarding resource utilization in manufacturing. Lastly, the consumers’ attitude towards a potential ban was asked for, as well as what could make the person reduce his or her own consumption. The study found that there is no difference in knowledge between those who buy bags and those who do not. This leads to the conclusion that there is a value-action gap, one is aware that the consumption is not sustainable, but one does not act according to his or her knowledge. Thus, the most effective way of reducing consumption is not considered to be a better knowledge of environmental impact. Instead, a ban on plastic bags based on oil is preferred. Hence, environmental bags and Swedish paper bags would be more promising options. Relatively few of those who participated in the survey are against a ban on disposable bags. Because even the consumption of environmental bags and Swedish paper bags has a negative impact on the environment, a reduction of consumption of all bags is therefore preferable. This can be achieved with an increase in price.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-13T17:35:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEILA APARECIDA ALVIM DE PAULA FERREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 2101894 bytes, checksum: 086e0e07fb7a86bb4092c49f395ed931 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T17:35:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEILA APARECIDA ALVIM DE PAULA FERREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 2101894 bytes, checksum: 086e0e07fb7a86bb4092c49f395ed931 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação físico-química, morfológica e estrutural das bolsas de Policloreto de Vinila (PVC) para acondicionamento de sangue e hemocomponentes. As amostras de bolsas plásticas Nacionais e do Exterior utilizadas para este estudo foram selecionadas no Sistema de Dados da ANVISA - DATAVISA entre as bolsas regularizadas junto à ANVISA. As bolsas constituídas de PVC foram caracterizadas por Espectroscopia na Região de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Óptica (MO), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV)/ Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersa de Raios X (EDS), Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA) e Ensaios Mecânicos (Tração). As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Biomateriais (CERTBIO). De acordo com os resultados observados no ensaio de FTIR, pode-se afirmar que todos os componentes apresentam grupos funcionais semelhantes. No DRX foi observado que as amostras apresentaram um perfil de material com caráter semicristalino. Na MO e MEV observou-se um lado mais liso e outro mais rugoso com algumas irregularidades na superfície da amostra. Conforme o ensaio de EDS, os elementos químicos identificados, bem como a concentração dos mesmos, demonstrou que as bolsas seguem um mesmo critério de composição. Baseado nos resultados de ensaios mecânicos para ambos fabricantes, as bolsas de sangue sem anticoagulante apresentaram menor deformação em relação as bolsas de sangue com anticoagulante. Todas as bolsas apresentaram comportamento de material viscoelástico. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que todos os ensaios de caracterização utilizados neste trabalho foram relevantes para avaliação da qualidade das bolsas plásticas para acondicionamento de sangue e hemocomponentes existentes no mercado, considerando os requisitos gerais e específicos estabelecidos nas normas e legislações vigentes. / This research has the objective the physical chemical, morphological and structural evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) bags for blood filling and hemocomponentes. The samples from national and imported blood bags used for this research were selected through ANVISA database from blood bags regularly released by that. The PVC blood bags were characterized by Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersed spectroscopy X-ray (EDS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Mechanical Testing. The analyses were performed on Biomaterial development and evaluation lab (CERTBIO). On Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) it was observed that all components show chemical similarity. On XRD was noticed that the samples have showed a semi crystalline characteristics. On OM and SEM it was noticed that the sample has a smooth side and other with sprinkles on surface. ON EDS assay it was observed conformity on chemical compounds identified as well as on their strength. It demonstrates that blood bags follow the same composition criteria. Based on mechanical tests results for both manufacturers, the blood bags without anticoagulant showed less deformation compared to blood bags with anticoagulant. All bags showed viscoelastic material behavior. Thus, we can conclude that all characterization tests used in this study were relevant to assessing the quality of the bags that are used as containers of blood and its components existing on the market, considering the general and specific requirements established in rules and regulations.

La presente investigación busca analizar el impacto financiero y tributario que tiene el Impuesto al Consumo de las bolsas plásticas en los agentes de percepción, tomando como estudio los supermercados de Lima Metropolitana, año 2019. Se busca conocer el proceso de sensibilización que el gobierno ha venido llevando a cabo para la concientización de los consumidores sobre los beneficios que conlleva principalmente al medio ambiente de gravar con un impuesto a las bolsas plásticas y el grado de afectación que este tiene en todos los agentes involucrados. La aplicación del presente impuesto busca aparte de generar una fuente de ingreso al fisco, la reducción, y posterior desaparición del consumo de plástico. Para la investigación hemos planteado la situación problemática, los objetivos e hipótesis y las limitaciones y parámetros. En cuanto a la metodología de la investigación hemos desarrollado el objetivo y nivel de la investigación, diseño de la investigación, investigación cualitativa, cuantitativa, como las técnicas para el procesamiento y análisis de la información, y la matriz de operacionalización de las variables. En el desarrollo se han consultado diversas fuentes bibliográficas y se ha investigado los pareceres sobre el particular de los gerentes financieros y personal contable. Además, se ha consultado con expertos en temas tributarios y financieros para la validación de las encuestas, planteamos un caso práctico aplicado a una empresa para el mejor entendimiento de la investigación. Por último, tenemos el análisis de los resultados donde muestra detalladamente con gráficos los resultados de las encuestas, el análisis del estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo, las dimensiones y del caso práctico a través de gráficos. / This research seeks to analyze the financial and tax impact that the tax on the consumption of plastic bags has on withholding agents, taking as a study the supermarkets of Metropolitan Lima, year 2019. It seeks to know the sensitization process that the government has been carrying out for the awareness of consumers about the benefits that it entails mainly to the environment of recording with a tax on plastic bags and the degree of affectation that this has in all the agents involved. The application of this tax seeks, apart from generating a source of income to the treasury, the reduction, and subsequent disappearance of plastic consumption. For the investigation we have raised the problematic situation, the objectives and hypotheses and the limitations and parameters. Regarding the research methodology, we have developed the objective and level of the research, research design, qualitative and quantitative research, such as techniques for information processing and analysis, and the operationalization matrix of the variables. During the development, various bibliographic sources have been consulted and the opinions of financial managers and accounting personnel have been investigated on the matter. In addition, we have consulted with experts in tax and financial issues for the validation of the surveys, we present a practical case applied to a company for a better understanding of the investigation. Finally, we have the analysis of the results where it shows in detail with graphics the results of the surveys, the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative study, the dimensions and the practical case through graphics. / Tesis